81. Robert Woodrow Wilson - Nobel Lecture Robert Woodrow Wilson Nobel Lecture. http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1978/wilson-lecture.html

Home FAQ Press Contact Us ... Nobel Prize in Physics Robert Woodrow Wilson - Nobel Lecture About the Nobel Prizes Facts and Lists Nobel Prize in Physics All Nobel Prizes in Physics ... Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies Sort and list Nobel Prizes and Nobel Laureates Create a List All Nobel Prizes Nobel Prize Awarded Organizations Women Nobel Laureates Nobel Laureates and Universities Prize category: Physics Chemistry Medicine Literature Peace Economics The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 Pyotr Kapitsa, Arno Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 Summary Press Release Speed Read ... Nobel Lecture Nobel Lecture Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1978 The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation The Lecture in Text Format Pdf 385 kB From Nobel Lectures , Physics 1971-1980 , Editor Stig Lundqvist, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1992 In order to read the text you need Acrobat Reader TO CITE THIS PAGE: MLA style: "Robert Woodrow Wilson - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 31 Oct 2010 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/wilson-lecture.html About Nobelprize.org

82. Sciences And Exploration Directorate - NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Describes observations using balloons, rockets and satellites. http://universe.gsfc.nasa.gov/xrays/history.html

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center Skip Navigation (press 2) Search: Flight Projects Sciences and Exploration X-ray Astrophysics Laboratory, Code 662 for Everyone About Us SED Home (600) SED Offices ... Atmospheric Experiments Laboratory (699) A History of X-ray Astronomy at Goddard A History of X-ray Astronomy at Goddard Balloons In 1965, at the suggestion of Frank McDonald, Elihu Boldt initiated Goddard's program in X-ray astronomy with a series of balloon-borne experiments. At an early stage he was joined by Peter Serlemitsos, who had just completed his PhD space physics thesis on magnetospheric electrons, and by Guenter Riegler, a University of Maryland physics graduate student interested in doing his dissertation research in astrophysics. From 1965 to 1972 there were over a dozen balloon-borne experiments (mostly from New Mexico), including the first such to take place from Australia (1966), one in which hard X-ray emission was discovered (albeit with crude angular resolution) from a region towards the galactic center whose centroid is located among subsequently identified sources GX1+4, GX3+1, and GX5-1. A balloon-borne experiment in 1968 was based on the multi-anode multi-layer xenon gas proportional chamber that had recently been developed in our lab and represented the first use of such a high performance instrument for X-ray astronomy. Due to the attenuation of soft X-rays by the residual atmosphere at balloon altitudes these early experiments were restricted to energies above ~20 keV. Observations down to lower eneregies were begun with a series of high altitude sounding rocket experiments; by this stage Steve Holt had already joined the program. A 1972 rocket-borne observation of Cas A, the youngest supernova remnant in our galaxy, yielded the first detection of an X-ray spectral line, iron K-line emission at ~7 keV.

83. Exegesis Of Hindu Cosmological Time Cycles An accurate calendar and the progenitor of the sexagesimal (base 60) degree, minutes, seconds measurement system. http://westgatehouse.com/cycles.html

Exegesis of Hindu Cosmological Time Cycles by Dwight William Johnson 1942-2008 ©1985, 1991, 1996, 1997, 2003 Dwight William Johnson There are more things in Heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy. (Shakespeare, Hamlet) Table of Contents PREFACE INTRODUCTION WESTERN SCHOLARS AND THE ORIGIN OF INDIAN ASTRONOMY OVERVIEW OF HINDU COSMOLOGICAL TIME CYCLES ... Dwight Johnson: Writings

84. SETI Institute An overview of the history of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence using radio frequencies. Includes photos. http://www.seti.org/Page.aspx?pid=572

85. Astronomy 19th-21st Centuries Part of the history of astronomy covering the discoveries of the size and nature of the universe. http://www.cosmicelk.net/gamma.htm

Cosmic Elk Links News from the Cosmic Elk. Time Before Clocks asteroids and exoplanets Mercury - its history - its transit Messenger Venus - its history - its transit Venus Express Mars - its history latest updates Jupiter - its history latest updates Saturn - its history and Cassini updates Uranus - its history Neptune - its history Siberia History of Siberia ... Part One the geology and early history mammoth hunters and World-Surveyor-Man Chukchi Directions ... Directions of Time and feng shui origins bronze and iron age civilizations from Siberia Shamans and Time Medieval Siberian ... Tunguska event As seen by shamans and scientists Siberia: 1917 to present The Great Bear and the Cosmic Hunt the ancient sky calendar and myths. The Moon The Moon and Calendars Origins of modern calendar Moon and Eclipses and history links Stonehenge and Winter Solstice Spring Equinox The Cosmic Mill Early views of the rotation of the northern stars. Iron Age astronomy: the mathematicians. The Ptolemy Effect Medieval astronomy. Ulughbek Astronomy in the 17th century The impact of the telescope new observatories France, China and

86. Page Moved For each minor planet Where and when found, and by whom. http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/dc_home.html

NOTICE: this page has moved to http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?discovery You should be automatically redirected to the above location in 30 seconds. If you'd rather not wait, click here now If you've arrived here from a bookmark, please update your bookmark. If you've arrived from an external site's link, please notify that site's webmaster. This change is a result of a recent site upgrade (March 2006). What's New If you're unfamiliar with our new site, may we suggest you start from our new home page: http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ Alternatively, visit the new site directory which is similar in content to the old site's home page. We appreciate your patience. JPL Solar System Dynamics

87. Neptune And Pluto Mathematical discovery of planets http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Neptune_and_Pluto.html

Mathematical discovery of planets Mathematical Astronomy index History Topics Index Version for printing The first planet to be discovered was Uranus by William and Caroline Herschel on 13 March 1781. It was discovered by the fact that it showed a disk when viewed through even a fairly low powered telescope. The only other planets which have been discovered are Neptune and Pluto. These were predicted using ingenious mathematical arguments based on Newton 's laws of gravitation and then observed near their predicted locations. In fact Neptune could have been discovered without the mathematical arguments. It very nearly was discovered by Galileo , the first person who could possibly have discovered a new planet. Galileo turned his telescope on the planets and was immediately fascinated by the system of Jupiter and its moons which he observed. While he was observing the Jupiter system on 28 December 1612 he recorded Neptune as an 8 th magnitude star. Just over a month later on 27 January 1613, he recorded two stars in his field of view. One was Neptune and the other a genuine star. Remarkably, Galileo observed the pair again the following night when he noted that the two stars appeared to be further apart. How close he was at that point to discovering that one of the stars was the planet Neptune. See [

88. Orbits The development of the mathematics of planetary motion. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Orbits.html

89. Exploring The Planets-Discovery The five known in antiquity, three more since the telescope, and Ceres. http://www.nasm.si.edu/ceps/etp/discovery/etpdiscovery.html

Image credit The Renaissance The Age of The Telescope Galileo Image credit The Renaissance The Age of The Telescope Galileo ... Exploring The Planets

90. The Planet Mars: A History Of Observation And Discovery. Contents. University Of On-line version of the book by William Sheehan. http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/onlinebks/mars/contents.htm

The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery By William Sheehan The University of Arizona Press, Tucson The Arizona Board of Regents University of Arizona Press. This book is printed on acid-free, archival-quality paper. Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data British Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. To Brendan and Ryan and the Martians of the next generation Contents List of Figures Preface Chapter 1 Motions of Mars Chapter 2 Pioneers Chapter 3 "A Situation Similar to Ours" Chapter 4 Areographers Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Confirmations and Controversies Chapter 7 Lowell Chapter 8 How the Eye Interprets Chapter 9 Opposition 1909 Chapter 10 The Lingering Romance Chapter 11 Spacecraft to Mars Chapter 12 Mariner 9 Chapter 13 Vikings-and Beyond Chapter 14 The Hurtling Moons of Mars Chapter 15 Observing Mars Afterword Appendix 1. Oppositions of Mars, 19012035 Appendix 2. Perihelic Oppositions of Mars, 16082035 Appendix 3. Table of Data for the Planet Mars Appendix 4.

91. Orange A paper by Clyde Tombaugh relating his discovery of Pluto. http://pagesperso-orange.fr/olivier.granier/meca/vulga/pluton/pluton.htm

92. When Did The Asteroids Become Minor Planets? Discusses the discovery of the first asteroids, their designation as planets, and their reclassification. http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php

93. The Transits Of Venus Transits in the past and on June 8, 2004. http://www.venus-transit.de/index.html

94. Jean Houzeau In Jamaica Detailed biography of Belgian astronomer, Jean Charles Houzeau (1820-1888) http://joyousjam.tripod.com/jeanhouzeauinjamaica/

95. The Bruce Medalists Brief biographies, photos, and links to winners of this annual award for lifetime contributions to astronomy. http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/

If you are viewing this text, your browser lacks the ability to read frames. Don't worry, you can still enjoy our site. The Bruce Medalists

96. Memoirs Of A Space Engineer Stories from Doug Rickard s memoirs and his involvement in the early exploration of space. http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/memoirs/default.htm

In the early 1960s, the US began setting up deep-space tracking stations in Australia. Doug Rickard found himself tracking missions to Mars and the moon. Friendly scientific rivalry and those small but spectacular mistakes in space exploration made for a rich episode in Doug's life. These are stories from his memoirs. © 2000 Australian Broadcasting Corporation

97. Who Is Prof. James Challis? Short description of Professor James Challis, the almost-discoverer of Neptune. http://www.winwaed.com/comp/challis/challis_bio.shtml

So Who is this Challis Bloke Anyway? Professor James Challis is a sort-of anti-hero of CUAS , the Cambridge University Astronomical Society. His notoriety originates in his failure to discover the planet Neptune. Le Verrier and John Couch Adams, independently predicted the position of Neptune. Le Verrier communicated his prediction to Galle at the Berlin Observatory, who eventually discovered Neptune. John Couch Adams approached George Airy (then Astronomer Royal), who wasn't interested. Airy did suggest that Adams approach the Director of the Cambridge Observatories: Prof. Challis. Challis' methodical search of the predicted area, concentrated on objects which appeared to move between observing sessions. On more than one occasion, he noted that one of the brightest objects in the search area showed a disk. The story is outlined in a number of books, but legend "blames" the genial hospitality of Mrs Challis! One evening, Challis was dining at Trinity College with the Rev. William Kingsley of Sidney Sussex College, when he mentioned that he had seen a 'star' with a small disk. Kingsley suggested that he uses a higher magnification, so they decided to go up to the Observatory that evening. On arrival at the Observatories, they were invited in for tea by Mrs Challis. Neither dared to refuse this offer, which was rather unfortunate because it had clouded over when they came back outside! Challis used the Northumberland Telescope in his search for Neptune. This is currently used by CUAS, and is probably the oldest telescope in the World which is still used on a regular basis.

98. The Legacy Of Ulugh Beg | Central Asian Monuments | Edited By H. B. Paksoy | CAR Article by Kevin Krisciunas, with notes and bibliography, about the grandson of Tammerlane, his observatory, and the significance of his work. http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-2/cam6.html

The Legacy of Ulugh Beg Kevin Krisciunas[1] Muhammed Taragai Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) was a Turk who ruled the province of Transoxiana (Maverannahr), a region situated between the River Oxus (Amu Darya) and the River Jaxartes (Syr Darya), the principal city of which was Samarkand. Ulugh Beg's grandfather was the famous conqueror Timur (1336-1405). Ulugh Beg became the ruler of Transoxiana in 1447 upon the death of his father. But his rule was of short duration. Two years later he was killed by an assassin hired by his son 'Abd al Latif. A principal source of our information about the astronomical activity at Samarkand is a letter of one Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid al-Kashi (d. 1429), which is available in Turkish and English (see Sayili 1960). This letter, originally in Persian, was written in 1421 or 1422. From it we deduce that serious astronomical activity began in Samarkand in 1408-10, and that the construction of Ulugh Beg's observatory was begun in 1420. Amongthe astronomers known to have been active at Samarkand, we know only a few by name, but according to al-Kashi there were sixty or seventy scholars at the madrasa who were well enough versed in mathematics to participate in some capacity in the astronomical observations and/or seminars. The observations were carried out systematically from 1420 to 1437. While observatories today are expected to carry on indefinitely, this was not the case in olden times. Rather, observations were carried out, for example, to update tables of planetary motions in order to predict their future positions. al-Kashi tells us (see Sayili 1960, p.106):

99. Charles Messier (June 26, 1730 - April 12, 1817) Detailed biography including links to his full catalogue of 110 objects. http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/history/biograph.html

Charles Messier (June 26, 1730 - April 12, 1817) Note: Because of newly occurred historical evidence, parts of this biography have been, and are in process to be further updated, as e.g. new historical data about Madame Messier , as well as Messier's years in Badonviller and other little known details on his life have to be integrated. Thanks to Jean-Paul Philbert for contributing most of these updates. See also Philbert (2000) Look at our systematic timeline of Messier's life Note our new account of Messier's Deepsky Observations More on the Charles Messier portrait of 1771 by Desportes Please send me any comments, corrections and additions. Especially, informations on Messier's private life are far from being complete and would have a good place here. Charles Messier was born in Badonviller , Meurthe-et-Moselle, Lorraine, France (20 miles from Luneville), then part of the Principality of Salm, as the 10th of 12 children of Nicolas Messier (1682-1741) and Francoise b. Grandblaise (d. 1765). At that time, the Principality was an independent small state, situated in the Vosges mountains, between the Duchy of Lorraine and the Kingdom of France. Many sources (including former versions of this webpage) say Charles Messier grew up in humble conditions, a rumor probably going back to incomplete remarks in Delambre's short biography (

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