41. (Page 7 Of 34) - Cantankerous Cooperation: Democracies, Authoritarian Regimes An Unformatted Document Text 7 great deal more (Mueller 1992; Huntington 1991). Young, Joseph. and Urlacher, Brian. http://www.allacademic.com/pages/p89891-7.php

Info/Citation FAQ Research All Academic Inc. Document Cantankerous Cooperation: Democracies, Authoritarian Regimes and the Prisoners Dilemma Unformatted Document Text: Authors: Young, Joseph. and Urlacher, Brian. Page 7 of 34 great deal more (Mueller 1992; Huntington 1991). For the purpose of this study, the behavior of elites in a democratic state must be modeled. Therefore, giving each agent a vote allows for a model of representative democracy that is characterized by elite bargaining. Although direct democracy is gaining momentum in some states in America as well as the rest of the world, most democracies still primarily decide policies based upon negotiations among elected elites. Of course, these elites have different goals and constituencies. To model this aspect of reality, we have allowed for each agent in a decision-making group to have a unique personal experience and thus a distinctive propensity to cooperate. This model develops a democratic decision making group that will make choices based upon majority rule. The most accepted definition of an authoritarian regime was developed by Juan Linz in 1975. According to Linz:

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44. (Page 13 Of 34) - Cantankerous Cooperation: Democracies, Authoritarian Regimes A Unformatted Document Text 13 agents are able to break into patterns of Young, Joseph. and Urlacher, Brian. http://www.allacademic.com/pages/p89891-13.php

Info/Citation FAQ Research All Academic Inc. Document Cantankerous Cooperation: Democracies, Authoritarian Regimes and the Prisoners Dilemma Unformatted Document Text: Authors: Young, Joseph. and Urlacher, Brian. Page 13 of 34 agents are able to break into patterns of cooperation, one will defect sending the whole system crashing back into defection (See Figure 1). This can be seen in real world negotiations (such as the Israeli Palestinian conflict or Northern Ireland) where even minor stumbling blocks can unravel the limited trust that brought opposing sides to the bargaining table in the first place. After such a collapse, it often requires a period of time before both sides will acknowledge that the only viable strategy is to once again work towards cooperation. Macy noted a similar pattern in his model and suggested that the key to success was early cooperation (Macy 1991, 818-820). If agents are able to break into cycles of cooperation initially they can avoid the disastrous defection induced crashes. Once caught in the defection trap the only way out is for an unusually low string of random numbers that allow for a long streak of mutual cooperation. This can push the agents up over the threshold of defections and

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