81. Aristotle, Classic Technique, And Greek Drama A brief study of the Poetics, by Martha Fletcher Bellinger. http://www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/spectop007.html

Home Theatre Links Advertise Here Email Us Aristotle, Classic Technique, and Greek Drama By MARTHA FLETCHER BELLINGER This article was originally published in A Short History of the Drama . Martha Fletcher Bellinger. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1927. pp. 61-67. I T is to the Greeks that we owe not only the first great plays, but also the first principles of criticism and of dramatic construction. Not every Athenian was a good critic, as some would have us think; but we know that the comic poets took it upon themselves to deliver judgments, to compare one writer with another, and in some measure, to lay down the laws of drama. It fell, however, to Aristotle , a philosopher and teacher born in the first quarter of the fourth century, to become not only the most important mouthpiece of Greek dramatic criticism, but also one of the most important influences in all the history of literature. He analyzed the plays of the fifth century as well as those of his own time, classified the kinds of drama, and laid down rules for the construction of tragedy. Aristotle had the very human characteristic of harking back to the good old days, and thinking them much better than the days in which he lived. Taking scant account of

82. Aristotle --Great Minds, Great Thinkers most famous scientists, Greatest Minds, Greatest Thinkers, Artists, Engineer , Astronomers, Marie Curie, aristotle, Plato, Gauss, Isaac Newton, Scientist, Albert Einstein http://www.edinformatics.com/great_thinkers/aristotle.htm

EDinformatics Home Today is More Great Thinkers Aristotle Aristotle , known as Aristoteles in most languages other than English ( Aristotele in Italian), (384 BC - March 7, 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher. Along with Plato, he is often considered to be one of the two most influential philosophers in Western thought. Introduction The three greatest ancient Greek philosophers were Aristotle, Plato, who was a teacher of Aristotle, and Socrates (c. 470-399 BC), whose thinking deeply influenced Plato. Among them they transformed early (now, "presocratic") Greek philosophy into the foundations of Western philosophy as we know it. Socratespossibly as a result of the reasons articulated against writing philosophy attributed to him in Plato's dialogue Phaedrus wrote nothing, and his ideas come down to us only indirectly through Plato and a few other ancient writers. The writings of Plato and Aristotle form the core of Ancient philosophy. Their works, although connected in many fundamental ways, are very different in both style and substance. Plato wrote several dozen philosophical dialoguesarguments in the form of conversations, usually with Socrates as a participantand a few letters. Though the early dialogues are concerned mainly with methods of acquiring knowledge, and most of the last ones with justice and practical ethics, his most famous works expressed a synoptic view of ethics, metaphysics, reason, knowledge, and human life. The predominant ideas were that knowledge gained through the senses is always confused and impure, and that true knowledge is acquired by the contemplative soul that turns away from the world. The soul alone can have knowledge of the Forms, the real essences of things, of which the world we see is but an imperfect copy. Such knowledge has ethical as well as scientific import. Plato can be called, with qualification, an idealist and a rationalist.

83. Benjamin Morison - On Location: Aristotle's Concept Of Place - Reviewed By Mohan Mohan Matthen reviews this book by Benjamin Morison. From Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. http://ndpr.nd.edu/review.cfm?id=1180

84. The Internet Classics Archive | On Dreams By Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E, translated by J. I. Beare Internet Classics Archive. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/dreams.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help On Dreams By Aristotle Commentary: Several comments have been posted about On Dreams Download: A 23k text-only version is available for download On Dreams By Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E Translated by J. I. Beare Part 1 We must, in the next place, investigate the subject of the dream, and first inquire to which of the faculties of the soul it presents itself, i.e. whether the affection is one which pertains to the faculty of intelligence or to that of sense-perception; for these are the only faculties within us by which we acquire knowledge. If, then, the exercise of the faculty of sight is actual seeing, that of the auditory faculty, hearing, and, in general that of the faculty of sense-perception, perceiving; and if there are some perceptions common others, as colour, sound, taste, peculiar [each to its own sense]; and further, if all creatures, when the eyes are closed in sleep, are unable to see, and the analogous statement is true of the other senses, so that manifestly we perceive nothing when asleep; we may conclude that it is not by sense-perception we perceive a dream.

85. The Internet Classics Archive | On Prophesying By Dreams By Aristotle Translated by J. I. Beare Internet Classics Archive. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/prophesying.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help On Prophesying by Dreams By Aristotle Commentary: A few comments have been posted about On Prophesying by Dreams Download: A 12k text-only version is available for download On Prophesying by Dreams By Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E Translated by J. I. Beare Part 1 As to the divination which takes place in sleep, and is said to be based on dreams, we cannot lightly either dismiss it with contempt or give it implicit confidence. The fact that all persons, or many, suppose dreams to possess a special significance, tends to inspire us with belief in it [such divination], as founded on the testimony of experience; and indeed that divination in dreams should, as regards some subjects, be genuine, is not incredible, for it has a show of reason; from which one might form a like opinion also respecting all other dreams. Yet the fact of our seeing no probable cause to account for such divination tends to inspire us with distrust. For, in addition to its further unreasonableness, it is absurd to combine the idea that the sender of such dreams should be God with the fact that those to whom he sends them are not the best and wisest, but

86. The Internet Classics Archive | The Athenian Constitution By Aristotle Frederic Kenyon s translation from the Internet Classics Archive. Text-only version is available for download. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help The Athenian Constitution By Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E Translated by Sir Frederic G. Kenyon The Athenian Constitution has been divided into the following sections: Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Download: A 139k text-only version is available for download

87. The Internet Classics Archive | On Generation And Corruption By Aristotle English translation by H. H. Joachim Internet Classics Archive. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/gener_corr.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help On Generation and Corruption By Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E Translated by H. H. Joachim On Generation and Corruption has been divided into the following sections: Book I Book II Download: A 152k text-only version is available for download

88. The Internet Classics Archive | On Interpretation By Aristotle E. M. Edghill s English translation Internet Classics Archive. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/interpretation.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help On Interpretation By Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E Translated by E. M. Edghill On Interpretation has been divided into the following sections: Section 1 Section 2 Download: A 55k text-only version is available for download

89. The Internet Classics Archive | On Sophistical Refutations By Aristotle Translated into English by W. A. Pickard-Cambridge Internet Classics Archive. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/sophist_refut.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help On Sophistical Refutations By Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E Translated by W. A. Pickard-Cambridge On Sophistical Refutations has been divided into the following sections: Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Download: A 127k text-only version is available for download

90. The Internet Classics Archive | Posterior Analytics By Aristotle English translation by G.R.G. Mure Internet Classics Archive. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/posterior.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help Posterior Analytics By Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E Translated by G. R. G. Mure Posterior Analytics has been divided into the following sections: Book I Book II Download: A 189k text-only version is available for download

91. The Internet Classics Archive | Prior Analytics By Aristotle A.J. Jenkinson s English translation Internet Classics Archive. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/prior.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help Prior Analytics By Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E Translated by A. J. Jenkinson Prior Analytics has been divided into the following sections: Book I Book II Download: A 255k text-only version is available for download

92. The Internet Classics Archive | Metaphysics By Aristotle Translated by W. D. Ross Internet Classics Archive. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/metaphysics.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help Metaphysics By Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E Translated by W. D. Ross Metaphysics has been divided into the following sections: Book I Book II Book III Book IV ... Book XIV Download: A 604k text-only version is available for download

93. The Internet Classics Archive | On Memory And Reminiscence By Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E, translated by J. I. Beare Internet Classics Archive. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/memory.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help On Memory and Reminiscence By Aristotle Commentary: A few comments have been posted about On Memory and Reminiscence Download: A 27k text-only version is available for download On Memory and Reminiscence By Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E Translated by J. I. Beare Part 1 We have, in the next place, to treat of Memory and Remembering, considering its nature, its cause, and the part of the soul to which this experience, as well as that of Recollecting, belongs. For the persons who possess a retentive memory are not identical with those who excel in power of recollection; indeed, as a rule, slow people have a good memory, whereas those who are quick-witted and clever are better at recollecting. We must first form a true conception of these objects of memory, a point on which mistakes are often made. Now to remember the future is not possible, but this is an object of opinion or expectation (and indeed there might be actually a science of expectation, like that of divination, in which some believe); nor is there memory of the present, but only sense-perception. For by the latter we know not the future, nor the past, but the present

94. The Internet Classics Archive | On Sleep And Sleeplessness By Aristotle Translated by J. I. Beare Internet Classics Archive. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/sleep.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help On Sleep and Sleeplessness By Aristotle Commentary: A few comments have been posted about On Sleep and Sleeplessness Download: A 27k text-only version is available for download On Sleep and Sleeplessness By Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E Translated by J. I. Beare Part 1 With regard to sleep and waking, we must consider what they are: whether they are peculiar to soul or to body, or common to both; and if common, to what part of soul or body they appertain: further, from what cause it arises that they are attributes of animals, and whether all animals share in them both, or some partake of the one only, others of the other only, or some partake of neither and some of both. Further, in addition to these questions, we must also inquire what the dream is, and from what cause sleepers sometimes dream, and sometimes do not; or whether the truth is that sleepers always dream but do not always remember (their dream); and if this occurs, what its explanation is. Again, [we must inquire] whether it is possible or not to foresee the future (in dreams), and if it be possible, in what manner; further

95. The Internet Classics Archive | On The Soul By Aristotle Translated by J. A. Smith Internet Classics Archive. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/soul.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help On the Soul By Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E Translated by J. A. Smith On the Soul has been divided into the following sections: Book I Book II Book III Download: A 176k text-only version is available for download

96. Aristotle: Rhetoric (excerpts) Selected excerpts from this work by the Greek philosopher. http://praxeology.net/rhetoric.htm

Back to philosophy page Aristotle: Rhetoric (excerpts) From Book I, Chapter 5 It may be said that every individual man and all men in common aim at a certain end which determines what they choose and what they avoid. This end, to sum it up briefly, is happiness and its constituents. Let us, then, by way of illustration only, ascertain what is in general the nature of happiness, and what are the elements of its constituent parts. For all advice to do things or not to do them is concerned with happiness and with the things that make for or against it; whatever creates or increases happiness or some part of happiness, we ought to do; whatever destroys or hampers happiness, or gives rise to its opposite, we ought not to do. We may define happiness as prosperity combined with virtue; or as independence of life; or as the secure enjoyment of the maximum of pleasure; or as a good condition of property and body, together with the power of guarding one's property and body and making use of them. That happiness is one or more of these things, pretty well everybody agrees. From this definition of happiness it follows that its constituent parts are: good birth, plenty of friends, good friends, wealth, good children, plenty of children, a happy old age, also such bodily excellences as health, beauty, strength, large stature, athletic powers, together with fame, honour, good luck, and virtue. A man cannot fail to be completely independent if he possesses these internal and these external goods; for besides these there are no others to have. (Goods of the soul and of the body are internal. Good birth, friends, money, and honour are external.) Further, we think that he should possess resources and luck, in order to make his life really secure. As we have already ascertained what happiness in general is, so now let us try to ascertain what of these parts of it is.

97. The Internet Classics Archive | Rhetoric By Aristotle Translated by W. Rhys Roberts, from the Internet Classics Archive. Text-only version available for download. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/rhetoric.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help Rhetoric By Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E Translated by W. Rhys Roberts Rhetoric has been divided into the following sections: Book I Book II Book III Download: A 373k text-only version is available for download

98. Aristotle Poetics. Complexity And Pleasure: Aristotle's 'Complex Plot' And The P An essay by Souvik Mukherjee, which considers the Poetics in the context of Plato and more recent writers. http://www.literature-study-online.com/essays/aristotle_poetics.html

Aristotle's Poetics Complexity and Pleasure: Aristotle's 'Complex Plot' and the pleasure element in tragedy by Souvik Mukherjee Bookshop English Literature Aristotle York Notes ... GCSE Books First, the instinct of imitation is implanted in man from childhood, one difference between him and other animals being that he is the most imitative of living creatures, and through imitation learns his earliest lessons; and no less universal is the pleasure felt in things imitated. We have evidence of this in the facts of experience. Objects which in themselves we view with pain, we delight to contemplate when reproduced with minute fidelity [Poetics Chapter lV] In his Poetics [1] Aristotle (384-322 BC) classifies plot into two types: simple [haplos], and complex [peplegmenos]. The simple plot is defined as a unified construct of necessary and probable actions accompanied by a change of fortune. The complex plot, says Aristotle, is accompanied by two other features, namely; peripeteia or reversal, and anagnorisis, or recognition. It is this which Aristotle feels is the best kind of tragic plot, in that it provides the best possibility of delivering tragic pleasure. Before we look at the distinctive features of the complex plot, it would perhaps be instructive to examine those features which it shares with the simple plot. The unity of structure recommended by Aristotle includes the tripartite division of the plot into the beginning, the middle and the end, as well as the unities of time and action. He stresses unified action, where all action in the plot carries a definite link to other actions, and subsequent actions are the necessary and probable outcomes of the former.

99. Aristotle University of Michigan site explaining how the Greek philosopher believed in a geocentric universe and four elements. http://www.windows.ucar.edu/cgi-bin/tour_def/people/ancient_epoch/aristotle.html

100. Aristotle - Philosopher - Biography Featuring the Greek philosopher s life and discussing his writings about logic, physical and psychological works, and works on natural history. http://www.egs.edu/library/aristotle/biography/

Administration About President's Office Divisions ... Links Aristotle of Stagirus - Biography Aristotle of Stagirus In 343 Aristotle was invited back to Macedonia by the King to tutor the young Alexander. The differing ambitions of the two friends (teacher and student), made for an intense scholarly relationship. Aristotle was working on establishing a new philosophical world-view with Greece at its center, however Alexander was preparing to conquer an empire far exceeding the boundaries of the Greek world. Aristotle supported a nationalistic strategy, which would protect Greek culture from the "barbarians," whereas Alexander eventually supported the inclusion of non-Greek culture into his policies to ease his rule of the outer provinces. When Alexander succeeded King Philip and launched his first series of campaigns, extending his rule to India and Egypt, Aristotle returned to Athens for the first time since Plato's death. Platonism had become the dominant philosophy of Athens, and the Platonic school was running successfully under the leadership of Xenocrates. Aristotle decided to establish his own school at the Lyceum. For the next thirteen years he concentrated on teaching and writing the philosophical treatises, which would become his published works. In the morning at the Lyceum Aristotle would facilitate detailed discussions for his more advanced students, and in the afternoon he would lecture on popular topics of discourse for a general body of philosophers and students. His followers became known as "peripatetics," meaning "to walk about," referring to Aristotle's habit of walking back and forth while relating his lectures.

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