1. The Tertullian Project tertullian latin texts, translations, editions, bibliography, links, manuscripts, text criticism, early christians, fathers http://www.tertullian.org/

The Tertullian Project A collection of material ancient and modern about the ancient Christian Latin writer Tertullian and his writings. Last updated 16 th September 2010 What's New? Digital Library/Online Books and articles Books Search ... Site Map Never heard of him? Read this first , and A popularising modern account Jerome , Altaner's Patrology: English Français Deutsch , Bardenhewer's Patrology: English De Labriolle Was Tertullian a Jurist? Theology His Writings and comments on them Overview Ad Martyras Ad Nationes Ad Scapulam ... Scripture References Texts and Translations Latin Texts ; Translations : English (ANF+) Français Deutsch Italiano ... Brazilian-Portuguese Montanists and Tertullianists Montanism Tertullianistae Excerpts of Praedestinatus ... De Haeresibus Testimonia Who read Tertullian in antiquity? The Renaissance Rediscovery Trithemius Manuscripts Introduction Table of Codices (VERY BIG) Table of lost codices Stemma Manuscripts of the Apologeticum ... Classification MSS: Agobardinus Keppel fragment M P ... Various Italian Lost Manuscripts and Inventories Divionensis Gorze Masburensis Lorsch ... Hirsau , Inventories: Bardeney Cluny Corbie Cologne ... Other catalogues Collected Editions Early Editions (1450-1850) Modern Critical Editions (1851-Date) Bibliography - Online articles Annotationes Big bibliography Digital Library Online Books and articles ... Series of English Translations of the Fathers Other

2. Tertullian Of Carthage (c. 160 - 225) Overview of tertullian s contributions, methods of exegesis, rhetoric, anti-intellectualism, and Montanism. Includes sources. http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/tertullian.php

Tertullian of Carthage (c. 160 - 225) About Key Site Map Introductions ... People Alexander of Alexandria Ambrose of Milan Arnobius Athanasius Athenagoras Augustine of Hippo Basil of Caesarea Boethius John Cassian Celsus Clement of Alexandria Clement of Rome Constantine Cyprian Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem Ephraem the Syrian Epiphanius Eusebius of Caesarea Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa Gregory Thaumaturgus Hermas Hilary of Poitiers Hippolytus Ignatius of Antioch Irenaeus of Lyons Julius Africanus Jerome John Chrysostom Josephus Justin Martyr Justinian I Lactantius Marcellus of Ancyra Melito of Sardis Methodius Minucius Felix Novatian Origen Pachomius Papias Philo Polycarp Tatian Tertullian Theodore of Mopsuestia Theodoret Theophilus Tyconius Ulfilas Victorinus of Pattau Marius Victorinus Philosophy Writings ... Contact me Updated: 07:52 pm, 28 Jul 2010 - QUICK FIND INDEX - Synopsis Primary Sources Secondary Sources Biographies Web earlychurch.org.uk Click on thumbnail for information on how to purchase a larger version of this image (see Synopsis Quintus Septimus Florens Tertullianus was born in Carthage to pagan parents, but became a Christian at some point before AD 197. According to Jerome[

3. The Development Of The Canon Of The New Testament - Tertullian tertullian s citations of New Testament writings and other related works. http://www.ntcanon.org/Tertullian.shtml

The Development of the Canon of the New Testament Authorities Writings Table Lists ... Vulgate Tertullian of Carthage (b. 155/160 Carthage - d. 220? CE) Tertullian, an early Christian author and polemicist, helped to establish Latin rather than Greek, which was the most widely used language at that time as an ecclesiastical language and as a vehicle for Christian thought in the West. He coined many new theological words and phrases and gave currency to those already in use, thus becoming a significant thinker in forging and fixing the vocabulary and thought structure of Western Christianity for the next 1000 years. Because he was a moralist rather than a philosopher by temperament which probably precipitated his famous question: "What has Athens to do with Jerusalem" Tertullian's practical and legal bent of mind expressed what would later be taken as the unique genius of Latin Christianity. The life of Tertullian is based almost wholly on information written by men living over a century after him and from obscure references in his own works. On this basis a general outline of his life has been constructed, but most of the details have been continually disputed by modern scholars. Tertullian was born in Carthage in the Roman province of Africa, present Tunisia, approximately 155-160 CE. Carthage at that time was second only to Rome as a cultural and educational center in the West, and Tertullian received an exceptional education in grammar, rhetoric, literature, philosophy, and law. Little is known of his early life. His parents were pagan, and his father may have been a centurion in an African-based legion assigned to the governor of the province. After completing his education in Carthage, he went to Rome, probably in his late teens or early 20s, to study further and perhaps begin work as a lawyer.

4. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Tertullian Ecclesiastical writer in the second and third centuries tertullian (Q UINTUS S EPTIMIUS F LORENS T ERTULLIANUS). Ecclesiastical writer in the second and third centuries, b http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14520c.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... T > Tertullian Tertullian (Q UINTUS S EPTIMIUS F LORENS T ERTULLIANUS Ecclesiastical writer in the second and third centuries, b. probably about 160 at Carthage , being the son of a centurion in the proconsular service. He was evidently by profession an advocate in the law-courts, and he shows a close acquaintance with the procedure and terms of Roman law , though it is doubtful whether he is to be identified with a jurist Tertullian who is cited in the Pandects . He knew Greek as well as Latin , and wrote works in Greek which have not come down to us. A pagan until middle life , he had shared the pagan prejudices against Christianity , and had indulged like others in shameful pleasures. His conversion was not later than the year 197, and may have been earlier. He embraced the Faith with all the ardour of his impetuous nature . He became a priest , no doubt of the Church of Carthage . Monceaux, followed by d'Ales , considers that his earlier writings were composed while he was yet a layman , and if this be so, then his ordination was about 200. His extant writings range in date from the

5. Tertullian - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Quintus Septimius Florens tertullianus, anglicised as tertullian (ca. 160 – ca. 220 A.D.), was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian

Tertullian From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Tertullian Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus anglicised as Tertullian (ca. 160 – ca. 220 A.D.), was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. He is the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian literature. He also was a notable early Christian apologist and a polemicist against heresy . Tertullian has been called "the father of Latin Christianity Though conservative, he did originate and advance new theology to the early Church. He is perhaps most famous for being the oldest extant Latin writer to use the term Trinity (Latin trinitas and giving the oldest extant formal exposition of a Trinitarian theology. Other Latin formulations that first appear in his work are "three Persons, one Substance" as the Latin "tres Personae una Substantia " (itself from the Koine Greek "treis Hypostases Homoousios citation needed verification needed ... discuss Some of Tertullian's ideas were not acceptable to the orthodox Church; in later life he became a Montanist Contents Life Writings General character Chronology and contents ... After Millennium, world’s destruction and Heaven

6. Tertullian's Letter On Prayer PRAYER. by tertullian Chapter 1 Jesus Christ our Lord the Spirit of God and the Word of God and the Reason of Godthe Word (which expresses) the Reason, and the Reason (which http://www.pseudepigrapha.com/LostBooks/tertullian_prayer.htm

7. Tertullian (Christian Theologian) :: Tertullian As A Montanist -- Britannica Onl tertullian (Christian theologian), tertullian as a Montanist, Britannica Online Encyclopedia, Sometime before 210 tertullian left the orthodox church to join a new prophetic http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/588511/Tertullian/7176/Tertullian-as-a

document.write(''); Search Site: Advanced Search With all of these words With the exact phrase With any of these words Without these words Home SHOP BROWSE BLOG ... HELP Username: Password: Remember me Forgot your password? Help Email " is the e-mail address you used when you registered. Password " is case sensitive. If you need additional assistance, please contact customer support Enter the e-mail address you used when enrolling for Britannica Premium Service and we will e-mail your password to you. Tertullian My Britannica CREATE MY Tertullian NEW ARTICLE ... SAVE Tertullian Table of Contents: Tertullian Article Article Life Life Literary activities Literary activities Tertullian as a Montanist Tertullian as a Montanist Assessment Assessment Additional Reading Additional Reading Related Articles Related Articles Supplemental Information Supplemental Information - Quotations Quotations External Web sites External Web sites Citations Article Life Literary activities Tertullian as a Montanist ... Citations Tertullian as a Montanist Sometime before 210 Tertullian left the orthodox church to join a new prophetic sectarian movement known as Montanism (founded by the 2nd-century Phrygian prophet Montanus), which had spread from

8. Tertullian tertullian Quintus Septimius Florens tertullian (b. ca. 150160, d. ca. 220-240) was the first great writer of Latin Christianity. He was born, lived, wrote, and died in http://www.fact-index.com/t/te/tertullian.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Tertullian Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullian (b. ca. , d. ca. ) was the first great writer of Latin Christianity . He was born, lived, wrote, and died in Carthage , and was one of the most notably grand and original writers of the early Church. Table of contents 1 Life 2 Writings 2.1 General Character 2.2 Chronology and Contents ... 4 Moral Principles: Life Of his life very little is known, and that little is based upon passing references in his own writings, and upon Eusebius of Caesarea Hist. eccl., II, ii. 4, and Jerome De viris illustribus, On famous men ) chapter 53. His father held a position ( centurio proconsularis, "aide-de-camp") in the Roman army in Africa, and Tertullian's Punic blood palpably pulsates in his style, with its archaisms or provincialisms, its glowing imagery, its passionate temper. He was a scholar, having received an excellent education. He wrote at least three books in Greek, to which he himself refers; but none of these are extant. His principal study was jurisprudence, and his methods of reasoning reveal striking marks of his juridical training. He shone among the advocates of Rome, as Eusebius reports. His conversion to Christianity took place about 197-198 (so Harnack, Bonwetsch, and others), but its immediate antecedents are unknown except as they are conjectured from his writings. The event must have been sudden and decisive, transforming at once his own personality; he himself said that he could not imagine a truly Christian life without such a conscious breach, a radical act of conversion: "Christians are made, not born" (

9. Tertullian: Biography From Answers.com (born c. 155/160, Carthage — died after 220, Carthage) Early Christian theologian and moralist. Educated in Carthage, he became impressed by the courage, morality, and http://www.answers.com/topic/tertullian

10. Tertullian: Against The Valentinians tertullian against the valentinians. in which the author gives a concise account of, together with sundry caustic animadversions on, the very fantastic theology of the sect. http://www.gnosis.org/library/ter_val.htm

T HE G NOSTIC S OCIETY L IBRARY Tertullian: Against the Valentinians TERTULLIAN AGAINST THE VALENTINIANS. IN WHICH THE AUTHOR GIVES A CONCISE ACCOUNT OF, TOGETHER WITH SUNDRY CAUSTIC ANIMADVERSIONS ON, THE VERY FANTASTIC THEOLOGY OF THE SECT. THIS TREATISE IS PROFESSEDLY TAKEN FROM THE WRITINGS OF JUSTIN, MILTIADES, IRENAEUS, AND PROCULUS. [TRANSLATED BY DR. ROBERTS.] CHAP. I.INTRODUCTORY. TERTULLIAN COMPARES THE HERESY TO THE OLD ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES. BOTH SYSTEMS ALIKE IN PREFERRING CONCEALMENT OF ERROR AND SIN TO PROCLAMATION OF TRUTH AND VIRTUE. CHAP. II.THESE HERETICS BRAND THE CHRISTIANS AS SIMPLE PERSONS. THE CHARGE ACCEPTED, AND SIMPLICITY EULOGIZED OUT OF THE SCRIPTURES. CHAP. III.THE FOLLY OF THIS HERESY. IT DISSECTS AND MUTILATES THE DEITY. CONTRASTED WITH THE SIMPLE WISDOM OF TRUE RELIGION. TO EXPOSE THE ABSURDITIES OF THE VALENTINIAN SYSTEM IS TO DESTROY IT. CHAP. IV.THE HERESY TRACEABLE TO VALENTINUS, AN ABLE BUT RESTLESS MAN. MANY SCHISMATICAL LEADERS OF THE SCHOOL MENTIONED. ONLY ONE OF THEM SHOWS RESPECT TO THE MAN WHOSE NAME DESIGNATES THE ENTIRE SCHOOL.

11. The Ecole Glossary Brief biography, by Elise M. Bender. http://www2.evansville.edu/ecoleweb/glossary/tertullian.html

2007 Archive Edition - See the Archive Notice on the Project Homepage for more information. The Ecole Glossary Tertullian Tertullian (c - c CE) of North Africa (probably Carthage) was a Christian apologist and writer, one of the first to write extensively in Latin. Around , he converted to Christianity from Paganism. Later he joined the Montanists, a strict, puritan sect, and thereby passed outside of the orthodox Church. He was well-educated and admired by Jerome and Cyprian. Known as the greatest theologian of the West until Augustine , he is described as brilliant, sarcastic, and intolerant. Skeptical of the value of Greek philosophy in articulating Christian truths, Tertullian asked "What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?" His treatises, thirty-one of which still exist, are arranged according to Apologetic, Disciplinary and Controversial texts. His Apology is dedicated to proving the social injustice directed against Christians, and his Against Praxeas was written to refute Modal Monarchianism . Tertullian was the first to use the term Trinitas (trinity) to describe the Godhead. In so doing, he paved the way for the development of orthodox Trinitarian and Christological doctrines.

12. Tertullian : The Works Of Tertullian tertullian latin texts, translations, editions, bibliography, links, manuscripts, text criticism, early christians, fathers http://www.tertullian.org/works.htm

The Works of Tertullian Tertullian has left us 31 extant treatises, all in Latin. There are also a number of lost works , and a number of spurious works which have passed under his name at one time or another. Approximate English translations of the titles are attached, but the usage varies so much that texts will be referred to using the usual Latin titles. All must date between 190-220AD, but there is no agreement among scholars about a definitive dating or sequence, although there is a current chronology Works that are clearly Montanist are marked with an symbol, although Montanism began as a tendency within the church, rather than separate from it, and only gradually influenced Tertullian. His most obviously Montanist works are those written after the New Prophecy was rejected by the church authorities, and are recognisable because of his attacks upon those responsible for quenching what he saw as a movement of the Spirit. Descriptions, excerpts of passages of interest, and a summary of the lines of argument and editions are on the linked pages. Against unbelievers Apologeticum (Apology) Everyone sneers at the Christians - you can say anything about them, however negative, without fear of contradiction. Tertullian points out that it is unbelievers, not Christians, who have something to be ashamed of.

13. Tertullian tertullian was an interesting theologian and writer who has been respected by history despite his flirtation with a dangerous heresy. http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/tertullian/Tertullian.htm

zWASL=1 zGL='0';zGR='ca-about-radlink'; zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zDO=0 Home Education Ancient / Classical History Ancient / Classical History Search Ancient History Wars Filed In: People and Places People Christians S-Z Tertullian Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus) was was born a pagan in Carthage around A.D. 200. He became a Christian theologian and writer who has been respected by history despite his flirtation with a dangerous heresy. Tertullian - Christian Theologian. Tertullian was an important Christian theologian. Tertullian Appendix. Against All Heresies by Tertullian. Tertullian summarizes some of the major heretics. zSB(3,3) 'Noddy" Guide to Tertullian A "read this first" biography for those unfamiliar with Tertullian. He was born a pagan in Carthage around A.D. 200. Tertullian has been called the first Protestant a Montanist. Tertullian From Ecole Initiative. Tertullian was one of the first Christian apologists to write in Latin. He had little use for Greek philosophy, and was first to use the term trinitas (trinity).

14. TERTULLIAN ON FASTING (A Drive) Survey on individual, communal, and stational fasts in tertullian s Carthaginian community. http://people.vanderbilt.edu/~james.p.burns/chroma/practices/fastmcgowan.htm

TERTULLIAN ON FASTING Andrew McGowan Introduction If anything, Tertullian is too good a source on fasting, as enthusiastic theorist of an ascetic tendency within the Carthaginian Church. In the treatise devoted specifically to this subject he over-argues and over-explains fasting, describing not so much a world of asceticism as one of its poles. The passing comments are often as revealing, or more so, than the detailed invective. It is possible nonetheless to use both the polemical and the incidental references in his writings as sources for partial reconstruction of the ascetic dietary practices of the Christian community in Carthage, bearing in mind that they, like the Church itself, involved considerable diversity. Taken as a whole, these writings yield information on a variety of issues regarding fasting practice: communal fasts in time of drought, pre-baptismal and penitential fasting, the relationship between fasting and eucharist, and specific customs or bodily practices associated with undertaking individual fasts (kissing, kneeling). Although the development of Tertullian’s Montanist tendencies led to increased focus on the contrasts between ascetic practices common to the rest of the Church community (the "psychics") and those associated with the New Prophecy, there is no radical disjuncture between the picture given in earlier and later treatises, other than the uniquely fulsome rhetoric of On Fasting . The Ad Scapulam (4.6), among Tertullian’s latest works, gives information similar to that of the

15. What Early Christians Believed About ABORTION 210 AD tertullian Now we allow that life begins with conception because we contend that the soul also begins from conception; life taking its commencement at the same moment and http://www.bible.ca/H-Abortion.htm

What did early Christians believe about...? (Before 400 AD) Uninspired records of how early Christians worshipped and what doctrine they believed! Abortion-Not A 20th Century Phenomenon Read the story about the baby holding the surgeons finger from within the womb during fetal operation. 74 AD The Letter of Barnabas "The way of light, then, is as follows. If any one desires to travel to the appointed place, he must be zealous in his works. The knowledge, therefore, which is given to us for the purpose of walking in this way, is the following. . . . Thou shalt not slay the child by procuring abortion; nor, again, shalt thou destroy it after it is born" (Letter of Barnabas 19). 137 AD The Apocalypse of Peter "And near that place I saw another strait place . . . and there sat women . . . And over against them many children who were born to them out of due time sat crying. And there came forth from them rays of fire and smote the women in the eyes. And these were the accursed who conceived and caused abortion" (The Apocalypse of Peter 25). 150 AD Didache "The second commandment of the teaching: You shall not murder. You shall not commit adultery. You shall not seduce boys. You shall not commit fornication. You shall not steal. You shall not practice magic. You shall not use potions. You shall not procure [an] abortion, nor destroy a newborn child" (Didache 2:1)

16. Tertullian (Roberts-Donaldson) Extensive entry on tertullian encompasses his life and theological notions, and includes outlines of his tracts. From the Early Christian Writings. http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/info/tertullian-wace.html

Tertullianus (1), Quintus Septimius Florens. I. L IFE .The earliest of the great Latin Fathers, their chief in fire and daring, and the first to create a technical Christian Latinity, is known almost entirely through his writings. It can only be conjectured that he was born between A.D. 150 and 160, and died between 220 and 240, with preference for the later dates. He was born at Carthage (Hieron. Catal. Script. Eccl. 53; cf. Tertull. Apol. c. ix.) of heathen parents ( de Poen. c. i.; Apol. c. xviii. "de vestris sumus"), his father being a proconsular centurion (Hieron.). Tertullian received a good education ( Apol. c. xiv.; adv. Prax. c. iii.). In after-life he recalled his school studies in Homer ( ad Nat. i. c. x.); but poetry attracted him less than philosophy, history, science, and antiquarian lore. He spoke and composed in Greek, but his Greek writings are lost. He studied the systems of the philosophers if he mocked and hated the men (cf. de Anima , cc. i.-iii.). Possibly destined for state-official life, he was celebrated for his knowledge of Roman law (Eus. H. E.

17. Tertullian - Catholic Encyclopedia - Catholic Online Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia (Q UINTUS S EPTIMIUS F LORENS T ERTULLIANUS ). Ecclesiastical writer in the second and third centuries, b. http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=11392

18. Abortion - Pro Life - Quotes From Early Church Fathers On Abortion -- Tertullian tertullian (c. 160 240) That the unborn child is alive How are they dead unless they were first alive? But still in the womb an infant by necessary cruelty is killed when lying http://www.priestsforlife.org/magisterium/earlychurchfathers/tertullian.html

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES The Catechism From the Pope Encyclicals Letters, Addresses, and Homilies From the Vatican ... the Magisterium OTHER SECTIONS America Will Not Reject Abortion Until America Sees Abortion Prayer Campaign Join our Facebook Cause ... Clergy Resources SIGN UP FOR EMAIL Tertullian (c. 160 - 240) That the unborn child is alive: This Hippocrates taught, and Asclepiades, and Erasistratus and Herophilus, the dissector of adults, and the milder Soranos himself, - all of them certain that a living being had been conceived and so deploring the most unhappy infancy of one of this kind who had first to be killed lest a live woman be rent apart. Of this necessity of crime, Hicesius, I believe did not doubt, as he added souls to those being born from blows of cold air, because the word itself for "soul" among the Greek relates to such a cooling. De Anima They [John and Jesus] were both alive while still in the womb. Elizabeth rejoiced as the infant leaped in her womb; Mary glorifies the Lord because Christ within inspired her. Each mother recognizes her child and each is known by her child who is alive, being not merely souls but also spirits. - De Anima Thus, you read the word of God, spoken to Jeremias: "Before I formed thee in the womb, I knew thee." If God forms us in the womb, He also breathes on us as He did in the beginning: "And God formed man and breathed into him the breath of life." Nor could God have known man in the womb unless he were a whole man. "And before thou camest forth from the womb, I sanctified thee." Was it, then, a dead body at that stage? Surely it was not, for "God is the God of the living and not the dead."

19. Tertullian : MSS Known To Trithemius In 1492 Academic discussion of Trithemius on tertullian. http://www.tertullian.org/witnesses/trithemius.htm

Trithemius Pages Text Translation Discussion ... References In 1492 the Abbot Trithemius was writing his catalogue of Church Writers, De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis . Since only the Apologeticum had been printed at this date, any work he refers to must be a reference to a manuscript. Fascinatingly he refers to De extasi . The original edition was published by Johann Amerbach in 1494, but versions in manuscript form also exist. This photocopy is taken from a copy printed in 1515, the year before Trithemius died. I have seen the editio princeps also, which has the same text. The order of the treatises is attested in no known manuscript; but the contents correspond to a member of the beta-branch (Hirsau) of the Cluny collection , which lacked the Apologeticum in all but a few late copies. Pages The text I have also compared it with the later edition of 1546 which has extra appendices, Peter Quentel (Coloniae) has prefatory matter by Trithemius from Spanheim, 1492. Abbreviations have been expanded where possible. This is the entry for Tertullian. The 3 rd column is the first few words of each treatise: Tertullianus presbyter, patria carthaginensis africanae prouinciae, patre Centurione viro proconsulari, homo acris et vehementis ingenii, tam in diuinis qui in secularibus scripturis doctissimus, quippe qui apud carthaginem rhetoricam multis annis gloriose docuit, scripsit latino sermone pene infinita opuscula in quibus haereticorum errores fortiter contriuit. Huius scripta beatissimus martyr Cyprianus in tanta veneratione habuit, ut nullum sine eorum lectione diem preteriret. Dicere enim ad notarium suum consueuerat, Da magistrum, Tertullianum videlicet designans. Tandem in errorem Montani dilapsus dicitur propter quod eius opuscula inter apocrypha computantur.xv di.sancta romana. Et licet in aliquibus erraverit, in multis tamen bene scripsit, sicut eius volumina testantur, De quibus vidi:

20. Tertullian, Carthage, Ancient Christian Church tertullian c. 160 to 240 A.D. Ancient Christian Church Carthage / Tunisia tertullian was born about 160 A.D. in Carthage in what is modern Tunisia and Algeria. http://www.dacb.org/stories/tunisia/tertullian_.html

Home english french portuguese swahili ... site map About Us genesis vision what's new staff ... newsletter For Readers what's new background info histories churches ... links Story Indexes africa map all subjects new stories antiquity map ... churches Our Institutions guidelines institutions institution aids project luke ... training For Writers guidelines potential subjects references training ... links Contact Us offices give feedback support us Africa Countries algeria angola benin botswana ... zimbabwe Tertullian c. 160 to 240 A.D. Ancient Christian Church Carthage / Tunisia Tertullian was born about 160 A.D. in Carthage in what is modern Tunisia and Algeria. He was the son of a highly placed pagan centurion. Some scholars think that he was the son of a commander of the proconsul's guard. This may account for his use of military metaphors such as, for example, his remarks that "the Lord, in disarming Peter, unbelted every soldier." Tertullian considered that it was almost impossible for any Christian to hold public office or accept military service. This may be because he was a military man. One was expected not only to swear an oath of allegiance to the emperor but also to the gods. Tertullian's early years were surrounded by the household gods or deities of Rome. Later he contended vehemently against paganism. Tertullian had a good education and was a brilliant student. He studied rhetoric, the poets, and philosophy in Carthage and then went to Rome where he read law. He had much learning in Stoicism which remained with him throughout his life even when he became a Christian. He had a negative attitude toward philosophy which he considered profane.

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