41. Charles Babbage Institute CBI is a research center dedicated to promoting the study of the history of computing and its impact on society, and preserving relevant documentation. http://www.cbi.umn.edu/

University of Minnesota http://www.umn.edu/ Main navigation Main content Campuses: Twin Cities Crookston Duluth Morris ... myU Search U of M Web sites College of Science and Engineering Spotlight Fall 2010 CBI Newsletter Now available Gender Codes ... Contact About CBI About CBI CBI Blog Visitor Information CBI Newsletter ... About Charles Babbage Collections About the Archives Search Collection Guides Oral History Database Burroughs Photographs ... CBI Hosted Publications Research Program Research Projects Norberg Travel Fund Tomash Fellowship CBI Reprint Series ... CBI Staff Publication List Related Resources Related Web Sites Vintage Computer Sources Computing Industry in MN Welcome to the Charles Babbage Institute The Charles Babbage Institute (CBI) is an archives and research center dedicated to preserving the history of information technology and promoting and conducting research in the field. Primary support for CBI is provided by the University of Minnesota, through the and the University Libraries . Additional support is provided by corporate donors and individuals through the Friends of CBI CBI Archives The CBI Archives collects, preserves and provides access to rich archival collections and rare publications documenting the history of technology. Detailed

42. The History Of Computers And How They Have Evolved Over The Years We offer the most interesting history articles including history of computers, history of basketball, NBA, history of cars and more. http://www.learnabouthistory.com/history-of-computers.php

History Home History of Baseball History of Basketball History of Cars ... History of Video games History of Computers The history of computers goes back much further than many people might thing. Many people feel that the first computer was the abacus. As far back as the fourth century, the abacus was helping people count, a prelude to modern computers. The next machine to help man was the Antikythera mechanism. This was used to both register and predict the movement of planets and stars. Believe it or not, it was in 1623 when Wilhelm Schickard, of Germany, built the first mechanical calculator, although it never left the prototype stage. It was Blaise Pascal who managed to do that in 1642 with his calculator that had capacity for eight digits. It was not until 1941 that the first programmable calculator was created by Konrad Zuse. It was during the 1940s that many new developments occurred. The British were using a computer called Colossus to break code, the US had its own Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer (ENIAC) for creating artillery firing tables and Bell Telephone Laboratories created the transistor. The next two decades also brought on many advances in the history of computers. In 1951, the Universal Automatic Computer could store 12,000 digits. During this time, computers were used mainly for military and scientific study. The first mainframe in the history of computers was introduced in 1964 by IBM. By 1968, the first word processor was created by Doug Engelbart.

43. TRS-80.org Enthusiast site covering TRS-80 history, computers, software, hardware, books, magazines, and games. http://www.trs-80.org

The World Power Systems Fraud In March 1979, a company named World Power Systems began running multi-page advertisement in many popular computer magazines, including Byte Creative Computing Interface Age , and Kilobaud Microcomputing . World Power Systems, founded by Jim Anderson, advertised a number of interesting and unusual products for the TRS-80 and S-100 computers at prices that seemed almost too good to be true. As it turned out, they were too good to be true; Jim Anderson was actually a prison escapee named Norman Henry Hunt and World Power Systems was an elaborate scam that ended up costing customers and suppliers hundreds of thousands of dollars. Read more... Model I Level II BASIC ROM Versions The original TRS-80 Microcomputer System, later known as the TRS-80 Model I, shipped with Level I BASIC when it was introduced on August 3, 1977. An improved Level II BASIC written by Microsoft was announced at the time but was released some time later. Over the lifetime of the Model I, Radio Shack used four different versions of the Level II ROM even though the part number (26-1120) remained the same. Radio Shack never officially named the ROM versions, or even acknowledged the existence of any version other than the last, so the names used were created by users. Read more...

44. The Computer History's Story The Computer Daily News 2010 Alton C. Crews Middle School Spring Issue 2010 http://www.crews.org/curriculum/ex/compsci/articles/history.htm

Home Viruses Computers The Internet ... History Pt.1 History Pt2 The Computer Daily News ©2010 Alton C. Crews Middle School Spring Issue 2010 Volume 1 No. 1 FREE Student Web design App. The Computer Emerges! Computer Breakthrough has caught many by surprise. Many ask what is next? by Roderick Hames E arly Start C omputers have been around for quite a few years. Some of your parents were probably around in 1951 when the first computer was bought by a business firm. Computers have changed so rapidly many people can not keep up with changes. O ne newspaper tried to relate how the fast changes in computer technology would look to a similar pace in the auto industry: "Had the automobile developed at a pace (equal) to that of the computer during the past twenty years, today a Rolls Royce would cost less than $3.00, get 3 million miles to the gallon, deliver enough power to drive (the ship) the Queen Elizabeth II, and six of them would fit on the head of a pin!" T hese changes have occurred so rapidly that many people do not know how our modern computer got its start.

45. ACE-University Of Bath - Centre For Advanced Studies In Architecture The Centre for Advanced Studies in Architecture is concerned with the integration of architectural history and computing. http://www.bath.ac.uk/casa/

Skip to content Centre for Advanced Studies in Architecture Welcome Research ... Practice CASA Research Research Vision CASA People ... Research CASA Head of CASA: Vaughan Hart Further contact details Centre for Advanced Studies in Architecture Founded in 1992, CASA has an established record in the application of digital technology to problems of architectural history and modern urbanism and garden design. Members of the group have published significant monographs on Classical, Italian Renaissance, English Baroque and Corbusian modernist architecture. CASA hosts the MPhil in Architectural History and Theory, and the taught MSc courses in Conservation of Historic Buildings, and Conservation of Historic Gardens and Cultural Landscapes. For the AHRC scholarships associated with the conservation courses, see here. We normally advise all candidates to make contact with a potential supervisor from our academic staff . Information on scholarships and application procedures can be found here and in the Postgraduate Prospectus Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK

46. History Of Computers - Research And Read Books, Journals, Articles History Of Computers Scholarly books, journals and articles History Of Computers at Questia, world's largest online library and research service. Subscribe now and do better http://www.questia.com/library/science-and-technology/computers-and-the-internet

47. Chessopolis! Complete directory with archive, books, clubs, history and computer chess links. http://www.chessopolis.com

Home Chess Links Discussion Forum Chess Files ... Contact Us whole site Links ChessFiles Advanced Search Chess links - Our massive world famous chess links directory. Discussion forum Chess files - Web interface to the chess file archive at the University of Pittsburgh Chess Club. Store Contact Us

48. History Of Computers During 1980 To 1990 Listing of major computer history events during the 1980's to 1990. http://www.computerhope.com/history/198090.htm

Home Free help Tips Dictionary ... Contact Computer history - 1980 - 1990 Year Event On January 3 Hewlett Packard introduces its HP-85. A microcomputer with 16kB of RAM and a 5-inch CRT display. IBM hires Paul Allen and Bill Gates to create an operating system for a new PC. The pair buy the rights to a simple operating system manufactured by Seattle Computer Products and use it as a template. IBM allows the two to keep the marketing rights to the operating system, called DOS IBM hires Microsoft to develop versions of BASIC FORTRAN COBOL , and Pascal for the PC being developed by IBM. Microsoft licenses Unix and starts to develop a PC version, XENIX. The programming language FORTRAN 77 is created. The first Tandy Color computer is introduced. AST is founded. Atari FIC is founded. Iomega is established. Quantum is founded. ARPANET experiences first major network crash causing it to go down for four hours October 27, 1980. Jeff Dailey, a 19-year old becomes the first person to die from computer gaming after dying from a heart attack after posting a score of 16,660 on Berzerk. Satya Pal Asija receives the first U.S. patent for a computer software program May 26, 1981.

49. Rising: The Tower Of Pin Includes a history of computer pinball simulations, rulesheets for many games, and reviews. http://www.pcpinball.com/

Index Reviews News Store ... Guestbook Last Updates Page Last Updated: 101022 Mac Pinball History continues! Visual Pinball Highscore Registry and Visual PinMAME Highscore Registry , Dedicated pages added for posting highscores to tables made using the Visual Pinball editor. hey, it smiles? does it want to tell us that there's something hidden at the end of the highway? (the truth about it is simply to scan the page closely) This page is solely about pinball simulations. The true art of pinball, the one and only highway Sam Gabrielsson Page hosted by, and part of the project: older updates

50. History Of Computers Computers are used for different things. A few of the things people use computers for are to solve math problems, write and check the spelling of their words, play games, do http://library.thinkquest.org/3884/historyofcomputers.html

Computers are used for different things. A few of the things people use computers for are to solve math problems, write and check the spelling of their words, play games, do homework, help fly airplanes, and keep track of information. Computers have changed a lot over the past 150 years. An early computer that helped people keep track of numbers and solve math problems is the abacus. Chinese people have used them for thousands of years. Charles Babbage made a device in 1823 that was a calculating machine. It was used to solve math problems. He developed the idea of a machine having a central processing unit, memory for storing numbers, and programs on punch cards that would run the computer. As electricity developed, so did computers. The other major invention that helped to develop computers was the microprocessor. Ted Hoff made the first microprocessor in 1970. This was important because a lot of information could be programmed on a small chip. Computers that used to take up a whole room could then be made much smaller. When computers were really big, not many people could afford to have one. The microprocessor helped to make the size needed for a computer much smaller and more affordable. Before there were computers, there were other ways to send information over wires. Morse code was made up by a man named Samuel F. B. Morse in 1838. Morse code uses dots and dashes. A dot is when you hold down the telegraph for a short time. A dash is when you hold down the telegraph longer. The most widely used signal is sos. Here is the way you can signal sos in Morse code. To do a "s" you do three dot's. The "o" uses three dashes. People used to have to make the signals by themselves using their hands. Modern computers have transistors that use switches that turn on and off to send signals.

51. Museums: Virtual Library Museums Pages (VLmp) A virtual museum that includes an eclectic collection of WWW hyperlinks connected with the history of computing and on-line computer-based exhibits available both locally and around the world. http://icom.museum/vlmp/computing.html

52. History Of Computers | History Of Things Obviously one of the great inventions of our time has been the computer. Today, billions use computers in their daily life. While the first computers were http://www.historyofthings.com/history-of-computers

53. Digital Retro Paintings - Great History Of Computing On A Canvas Acrylic paintings reflect the history of computing, old computer games, game remakes and famous people involved in the industry. http://www.digitalretro.org/

Welcome to the gallery of original acrylic paintings reviving the abandoned computer-related history, old computer games and people. P aintings About Contact ... Forum Author: Boris Kalinin, 2008 Acrylics on a pressed wood (Dimensions: 50 x 50 x 0,4 cm, 1.4 kg) available Apple Tree Author: Boris Kalinin, 2008 Acrylics on a pressed wood (Dimensions: 50 x 50 x 0,4 cm, 1.4 kg) available Author: Boris Kalinin, 2008 Acrylics on a canvas (Dimensions: 50 x 50 x 0,4 cm, 0.5 kg) available Author: Boris Kalinin, 2008 Acrylics on a canvas (Dimensions: 50 x 50 x 0,4 cm, 1.4 kg) available Author: Boris Kalinin, 2008 Acrylics on a pressed wood (Dimensions: 50 x 50 x 0,4 cm, 1.4 kg) available Author: Boris Kalinin, 2008 Acrylics and oil pastels on a pressed wood (Dimensions: 50 x 50 x 0,4 cm, 1.4 kg) available Author: Boris Kalinin, 2007 Acrylics on a pressed wood (Dimensions: 50 x 50 x 0,4 cm, 1.4 kg) available Author: Boris Kalinin, 2007 Acrylics on a pressed wood (Dimensions: 50 x 50 x 0,4 cm, 1.4 kg) available Author: Boris Kalinin, 2006

54. History Of Computers Essay An essay or paper on History of Computers. Hardly anything defines modern life better than the computer. Whether we like it or not, computers have infiltrated every aspect of http://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/53898.html

Acceptance Essays Arts Custom Papers English ... Acceptable Use Policy History of Computers Hardly anything defines modern life better than the computer. Whether we like it or not, computers have infiltrated every aspect of our society. Today computers do much more than simply compute. For instance: supermarket scanners calculate our bill while keeping store inventory, computerized telephone switching centers play traffic cop to millions of calls and keep lines of communication untangled, and ATM’s let us conduct banking transactions from virtually anywhere in the world. But where did all this technology come from and where is it heading? To fully understand and appreciate the impact computers have on our lives and promises they hold for the future, it is important to understand their evolution. The real beginnings of computers start with an English mathematics professor, Charles Babbage. Frustrated at many errors he found while examining calculations for the Royal Astronomical Society, he declared, "I wish to God these calculations had been performed by steam!" With those words, the automation of computers had begun. By 1812, Babbage noticed a harmony between machines and mathematics: machines were best at performing tasks repeatedly without mistake, while mathematics often required a repetition of steps. The p The problem was applying the ability of machines to the needs of mathematics. Babbage's first attempt was in 1822 when he proposed a machine to perform differential equations, called a Difference Engine. It was powered by steam and large as a locomotive. The machine would have a stored program and could perform calculations and print the results automatically. After working on the Difference Engine for ten years, Babbage was suddenly inspired to begin work on the first

55. A Brief History Of Computing A complete timeline by Oxford professor, Jonathan Bowen. Discusses origins in ancient Greece, Arabia and England, analytical machines, boolean algebra and recent developments in the field. http://trillian.randomstuff.org.uk/~stephen/history/

A Brief History of Computing I have compiled this history purely out of my personal interest in the subject, and I apologise for any omissions or mistakes in the documents. If you have any suggestions, comments, corrections or additions, please e-mail me: swhite@ox.compsoc.net I've re-organised the timelines, by splitting everything into a series of smaller timelines. There's still a bit of work to do in sorting out exactly what should be in each timeline and I've got quite a lot of updating that I want to do. Hopefully it's now much easier to find things, and people on slower connections can avoid downloading the entire timeline! The entire timeline is still available for those who want it. Timelines of computer development Links to other related sites Bibliography Hardware History Overview ... History of WIMPs (Windowing Systems) Hardware History Overview Modern computing can probably be traced back to the 'Harvard Mk I' and Colossus (both of 1943). Colossus was an electronic computer built in Britain at the end 1943 and designed to crack the German coding system - Lorenz cipher. The 'Harvard Mk I' was a more general purpose electro-mechanical programmable computer built at Harvard University with backing from IBM. These computers were among the first of the 'first generation' computers. First generation computers were normally based around wired circuits containing vacuum valves and used punched cards as the main (non-volatile) storage medium. Another general purpose computer of this era was 'ENIAC' (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) which was completed in 1946. It was typical of first generation computers, it weighed 30 tonnes contained 18,000 electronic valves and consumed around 25KW of electrical power. It was, however, capable of an amazing 100,000 calculations a second.

56. Seventeen And Yellow Pigs Facts about the number 17 in history, computing, and astronomy. http://www.vinc17.org/yp17/

17 (dix-sept) et cochons jaunes [Mes 17 et CJ [Histoire] [Liens] Mes 17 et cochons jaunes Commençons par ma collection de 17 ; il s'agit d'une vieille page (dernièrement mise à jour le 7 mars 1998), qui sera récrite quand j'en aurai le temps. Cette page ne contient pas les propriétés mathématiques de 17. Pour avoir la liste complète sur les 17, il vous faut la version LaTeX Version française: [source LaTeX ou PDF Version anglaise: [source LaTeX ou PDF Si vous avez d'autres 17 intéressants, vous pouvez me les envoyer Note: ce site a participé aux Webs d'Or 96 sous le numéro 1207 = 17 × 71. Ma page sur les cochons jaunes Histoire Vous voulez certainement savoir d'où viennent les 17 et les cochons jaunes. Laissons parler Daniel Loeb (vous trouverez une traduction partielle et rapide ci-dessous)... Ah, there are two mathematicians. David C. Kelly and Mike Spivak . They were graduate students together at Princeton (?) in the 1960's. They reportedly got the yellow pig 17 idea at a bar. Since then, Mike Spivak has become a famous author of math text books and has hidden a yellow pig in each book (e.g. one book is dedicated to a chinese (

57. The Early History Of Computers The computer is one of the most important advances in business history. The ideas that led to the invention of the modern computer date back as far as the 1700's but the real http://campus.udayton.edu/~hume/Computers/comp2.htm

The Early History of Computers The computer is one of the most important advances in business history. The ideas that led to the invention of the modern computer date back as far as the 1700's but the real work started around the 1860's. The following article is grouped into different sections outlined below. Click on the computer of the desired section to go to that section or scroll down to start at the beginning. 1. In the Beginning 4. The Beginnings of the Commercial Computer. 2. Computing Before the Modern Electronic Computer. 5. Stored-Program Computer The Mechanical Office and the Big Four IBM and compatibility In the Beginning The word computer as we know it today comes from the original early 20 th century word computer meaning a person who solved mathematical equations. The first computers were used to do just that; solve mathematical equations that would have taken people forever to figure out by hand due to time restraints (Ceruzzi 1) The picture to the left is that of the world’s first computers. The world’s first computers were "human computers” working away. This particular picture was taken in Los Angeles. Even after the first computers were developed, much of large-scale data processing was performed manually by large numbers of clerks. This was done until today’s modern computer was bor n around the 1950’s (Ceruzzi 2).

58. Jim Wickre Writing about family,life, books, movies, music, politics, news, history, computers, sports, and the Oregon Ducks. http://www.jimwickre.blogspot.com/

Jim Wickre The views expressed on this blog are my own personal views and are not made in any professional capacity and do not reflect that of any organization I am associated with nor other members of my family. If you believe you have the sole right to any picture or writings posted here please advise and I will remove it. GO DUCKS! My Profile Jim Wickre Medford, Oregon, United States My wife and I have been married for the last 35 years. We have two adult children who because of work/education live on the East Coast. We are very proud of them. I am a municipal court judge and attorney. My wife works with me as a para legal. I grew up in Coos Bay/North Bend Oregon and graduated from North Bend High School. I graduated from the University of Oregon in Eugene both undergraduate and law school. Between college and law school I spent two years in the U.S. Army (1969-1971).My passion Is the Oregon Ducks!Go Ducks! View my complete profile Blog Archive November Veterans Day 2010 I Do Miss George W. Bush Washington Week Postscript ... July Links to My Favorite Sites A. allmusic

59. History Of Computers The History in Computer Science is a major topic. Many people have come and gone that have set a http://techcenter.davidson.k12.nc.us/fall022/index2.htm

Development Inventors Five Generations Machines ... Data "The Best Past and Present Information" History Links Computer Museum DCS Techcenter Vintage Festival Digital Century ... Softlord Short Info Did You Know? Corey's Bio Andy's Bio Chad's Bio Bibliography Timeline 1936-1973 Welcome The History in Computer Science is a major topic. Many people have come and gone that have set a standard for todays modern environment. Most of these people have never been heard of. Here you will find information about the people and the machines. This is the best source for your past and present information. Thank You for your time at the supreme website of Computer History. Computers Develoment Inventors Five Generations Machines ... Data

60. The Modern History Of Computing (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy) Historical survey from Babbage onward; by B. Jack Copeland. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/

Cite this entry Search the SEP Advanced Search Tools ... Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free The Modern History of Computing First published Mon Dec 18, 2000; substantive revision Fri Jun 9, 2006 Historically, computers were human clerks who calculated in accordance with effective methods. These human computers did the sorts of calculation nowadays carried out by electronic computers, and many thousands of them were employed in commerce, government, and research establishments. The term computing machine Babbage Analog Computers The Universal Turing Machine Electromechanical versus Electronic Computation ... Related Entries Babbage The Swedes Georg and Edvard Scheutz (father and son) constructed a modified version of Babbage's Difference Engine. Three were made, a prototype and two commercial models, one of these being sold to an observatory in Albany, New York, and the other to the Registrar-General's office in London, where it calculated and printed actuarial tables. Babbage worked closely with Ada Lovelace, daughter of the poet Byron, after whom the modern programming language ADA is named. Lovelace foresaw the possibility of using the Analytical Engine for non-numeric computation, suggesting that the Engine might even be capable of composing elaborate pieces of music. A large model of the Analytical Engine was under construction at the time of Babbage's death in 1871 but a full-scale version was never built. Babbage's idea of a general-purpose calculating engine was never forgotten, especially at Cambridge, and was on occasion a lively topic of mealtime discussion at the war-time headquarters of the Government Code and Cypher School, Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire, birthplace of the electronic digital computer.

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