1. Introduction To Lichens Information about lichens including fossil record, life history, ecology, morphology and systematics. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichens.html

Introduction to Lichens an alliance between kingdoms Lichens are unusual creatures. A lichen is not a single organism the way most other living things are, but rather it is a combination of two organisms which live together intimately. Most of the lichen is composed of fungal filaments , but living among the filaments are algal cells, usually from a green alga or a cyanobacterium In many cases the fungus and the alga which together make the lichen may each be found living in nature without its partner, but many other lichens include a fungus which cannot survive on its own it has become dependent on its algal partner for survival. In all cases though, the appearance of the fungus in the lichen is quite different from its morphology as a separately growing individual. Click on the buttons below to learn more about lichens. For more about lichens, try the list of resources prepared by the American Bryological and Lichenological Society , or visit the World of Lichenology by Clifford Smith. If you're looking for a general introduction to lichen biology, you may also want to visit LichenLand at Oregon State University.

2. Lichens An illustrated introduction to the lichens with information on their ecology and reproduction. http://www.backyardnature.net/lichens.htm

LICHEN STRUCTURE: S tructurally, lichens are among the most bizarre of all forms of life. That's because every lichen species is actually composed of two, possibly even three, distinct species of organisms. One species is a kind of fungus . Usually the other species is an alga , but sometimes it can be a photosynthesizing bacterium known as a cyanobacterium . Sometimes all three organisms are found in one lichen. The drawing at the right gives an idea of what fungal hyphae wrapping around alga cells might look like at the microscopic level. Since all three kinds of organism are profoundly different from one another, what lichens do is almost like merging a shrub with a dog to produce something that looks and lives unlike either shrub or dog! In this amazing association the fungus benefits from the algae because fungi, having no chlorophyll, can't photosynthesize their own food. A lichen's fungal part is thus "fed" by its photosynthesizing algal part. The algae benefit from the association because the fungus is better able to find, soak up, and retain water and nutrients than the algae. Also, the fungus gives the resulting lichen shape, and provides the reproductive structures. This kind of relationship between two or more organisms, where both organisms benefit , is known as mutualism The main body of a lichen is called a thallus At the left you see the British Soldier Lichen Cladonia cristatella . It's only about ¼-inch high (6 mm). In this common lichen the red spore-producing reproductive structures are clearly visible. The lichen's name

3. Lichens On German Web Photos of lichens taken during British Lichen Society field trips in Britain. Contains general information and related links. http://www.lichens.de

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4. Walton Hall Nature Trail Lichens General information. http://www.open.ac.uk/Nature_Trail/Lichen.htm

Lichens Lichens consist of a symbiosis between an algae and a fungus. The algae contains the pigment chlorophyll which it uses during photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates. These are required by the algae itself but are also absorbed and used for growth by the fungus. Thus the fungus obtains nutrients from the algae, the fungal tissue in turn may provide shelter for the algae allowing it to grow in harsh conditions such as rock surfaces where it would otherwise be destroyed. Most of the lichens in the churchyard are crustaceous species, forming a crust over the substrate, and may grow as little as 1mm per year. In other, less polluted and wetter, parts of Britain such as the west coast of Wales and Scotland there are many leafy (foliose) and shrubby (fruticose) lichens which can grow at several centimetres per year. Some of these used to be collected on a commercial scale for dying wool. Indeed our own bright orange Xanthoria parietina was also used in medieval times as a remedy for jaundice. Some notes on the cryptogams within the churchyard at the OU by Richard Tofts Churchyards are of acknowledged importance for lichens in Britain, and the British Lichen Society's Churchyard Project is now well under way. Churchyards provide one of the best and longest established 'outcrops' of stone in lowland England, and many different types of stone may be present in a small area, each supporting characteristic species of bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) and lichens.

5. Lichen - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia lichens are composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic association of a fungus (the mycobiont) with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont or phycobiont), usually either http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen

Lichen From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search "Lichenes" from Ernst Haeckel 's Artforms of Nature Lichen-covered tree: Grey, leafy Parmotrema perlatum on upper half of trunk; yellowy-green Flavoparmelia caperata on middle and lower half and running up the extreme right side; and the fruticose Ramalina farinacea Tresco Isles of Scilly , UK For other uses, see Lichen (disambiguation) Lichens (pronounced /ˈlaɪkən/ sometimes /ˈlɪtʃən/ ) are composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic association of a fungus (the mycobiont) with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont or phycobiont), usually either a green alga (commonly Trebouxia ) or cyanobacterium (commonly Nostoc The morphology, physiology and biochemistry of lichens are very different from those of the isolated fungus and alga in culture. Lichens occur in some of the most extreme environments on Earth— arctic tundra , hot deserts , rocky coasts and toxic slag heaps . However, they are also abundant as epiphytes on leaves and branches in rain forests and temperate woodland , on bare rock, including walls and gravestones and on exposed soil surfaces (e.g.

6. Life History And Ecology Of Lichens lichens Life History Ecology. lichens are formed from a combination of a fungal partner (mycobiont) and an algal partner (phycobiont). The fungal filaments surround and grow http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichenlh.html

Lichens Lichens are formed from a combination of a fungal partner ( mycobiont ) and an algal partner ( phycobiont ). The fungal filaments surround and grow into the algal cells, and provide the majority of the lichen's physical bulk and shape. In the picture below at left of the lichen Physia , the fungal filaments have been stained blue, and the scattered algal cells red. Also in the Physia section, you may notice a dark red layer along the top. This is an apothecium , much like the ones atop the British soldier lichen, below at right. An apothecium is a fungal reproductive structure, in which the fungus reproduces itself through the production of spores . These spores will disperse and germinate into new fungi, but they will not produce new lichens. For a lichen to reproduce, but the fungus and the alga must disperse together. Lichens reproduce in two basic ways. Firstly, a lichen may produce soredia , or a cluster of algal cells wrapped in fungal filaments. These may disperse and form new lichens. A second way for the lichen to reproduce itself is through isidia , which are much like soredia except that isidia are enclosed within a layer of protective cortex tissue. An isidium is much more like a miniature lichen.

7. Cladonia - Club Lichens/Cup Lichens Photographs and information on these lichens, their description, habitat and other notes. http://www.borealforest.org/lichens/lichen4.htm

BACK Common Brophyte and Lichen Species of the Northwest Forest TREES SHRUBS HERBS GRAMINOIDS GLOSSARIES Terminology Pictorial Cladonia Club Lichens/Cup Lichens Cladoniaccae Description General - short, hollow vertical projections growing in small patches; varied shapes, from cup-shaped to narrowly pointed, generally unbranched or sparsely branched; small scale-like squamules usually surround the base of the podetia; colour varies from yellow to green to grey, the fruiting structures on the podetia are usually blackish or red. Habitat Found in small patches on rotting wood, tree bark, mineral soil and humus; very drought resistant, common in dry, exposed locations. Overall, they occur on a wide range of substrates in a variety of environments throughout Northwestern Ontario's boreal region; circumpolar. Notes Many species of Cladonia are found throughout Northwestern Ontario; they include C. coniocraea, C. gracilis, C. crispata and C. unicalis . As a highly variable and diverse genus, they cannot be easily separated with certainty in the field, but they are easily identified using chemical tests. Return to Top of Page Home Forest Capital of Canada About Our Website ... Site Map

8. Lichens Of North America Details of the book of this name, and an interesting introduction to the biology of lichens and their relationships with man and the environment. http://lichen.com/

The Book Lichen Biology and the Environment Lichens and Wildlife Lichens and People ... Useful Links For a new site with approx. 6,300 photos of lichens and lichen-related topics, please go to the Sharnoff Photography website and click on the Lichens Home Page LICHENS OF NORTH AMERICA This website grew out of the activities of Sylvia and Stephen Sharnoff, who did the photographic fieldwork for the book Lichens of North America, by Irwin M.Brodo and the Sharnoffs, published in November, 2001 by Yale University Press. For more information about the book, please go to The Book . For a brief introduction to lichen biology and how lichens interact with the greater environment, go to Lichen Biology and the Environment . Information about lichens and wildlife, including invertebrates, can be found at Lichens and Wildlife . For a description of how people have made use of lichens, including an extensive bibliographical database, click on Lichens and People . Check out the Useful Links page for many useful connections to this project and to the world of lichens. Please note that the scientific names on this site were the ones in use in 2001 and have not been updated. I try to keep names on the

9. Lichens lichens (Cannot be given a single taxonomical name) Most of the textual information presented here is drawn from the magnificent book by Irwin M. Brodo http://www.saguaro-juniper.com/i_and_i/lichens/lichens.html

LICHENS Cannot be given a single taxonomical name) Most of the textual information presented here is drawn from the magnificent book by Irwin M. Brodo, Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, and Stephen Sharnoff, Lichens of North America , 2001, Yale University Press, New Haven. Lichens are unique forms of vegetation in that they are a composite life form: a fungus living in symbiosis with a photosynthesizing organism (which may be a green algae or a cyanobacteria, or both This combination has been so successful that nearly 14,000 species of lichens are known to exist, ranging globally from pole to pole and on every type of land surface. Fungi form a kingdom distinct from “true plants” in that they lack chlorophyll and thus must find food as animals do, accomplishing this either by living on dead organic materials or on living organisms as parasites. (Familiar fungi types include mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, blights, and ringworm.) Lichen-forming fungi are mostly “sac fungi” (named after the sacs that contain their reproductive spores), but enough unrelated fungi engage in lichen formation that lichens cannot be traced to a single ancestry their unity as a type derives from their mode of nutrition:

10. Lichens Of North America Information about lichen biology, lichens and wildlife, lichens and people, and the book of the same title, which was published in 2001. http://www.lichen.com/

The Book Lichen Biology and the Environment Lichens and Wildlife Lichens and People ... Useful Links For a new site with approx. 6,300 photos of lichens and lichen-related topics, please go to the Sharnoff Photography website and click on the Lichens Home Page LICHENS OF NORTH AMERICA This website grew out of the activities of Sylvia and Stephen Sharnoff, who did the photographic fieldwork for the book Lichens of North America, by Irwin M.Brodo and the Sharnoffs, published in November, 2001 by Yale University Press. For more information about the book, please go to The Book . For a brief introduction to lichen biology and how lichens interact with the greater environment, go to Lichen Biology and the Environment . Information about lichens and wildlife, including invertebrates, can be found at Lichens and Wildlife . For a description of how people have made use of lichens, including an extensive bibliographical database, click on Lichens and People . Check out the Useful Links page for many useful connections to this project and to the world of lichens. Please note that the scientific names on this site were the ones in use in 2001 and have not been updated. I try to keep names on the

11. Lichens Home Page This page links to 17 index pages 16 of them provide links to photos of identified lichens, including those that are identified to genus but not to species. http://www.sharnoffphotos.com/lichens/lichens_home_index.html

Sharnoff Photos Home Page Lichens Home Page Nature Photos This page links to 17 index pages: 16 of them provide links to photos of identified lichens, including those that are identified to genus but not to species. It also links to an index page providing access to about 300 "mystery" lichens that are completely unidentified, and a page that links to topics in lichen natural history. There are about 6,300 photos on the site, illustrating approximately 1,250 species. Most of the photos were taken for the book, Lichens of North America , with text by Dr. Irwin Brodo, published in 2001 by Yale University Press. There are two photos by others. Almost all are from the continental U.S. and Canada, but there are some from Baja California, Mexico, and a few from southern France. Most of the identifications for the photos were made by Dr. Brodo from voucher specimens that Sylvia and I collected between 1973 and 1998. A smaller number of images were taken by me between 1999 and 2007 and were identified by a number of other lichenologists, including Mariette Cole, Theodore Esslinger, Thomas H. Nash III, Trevor Goward, Roger Rosentreter, Bruce McCune, Stephen Clayden and others. Enormous thanks are due to all who helped! I have attempted to keep the names current with the North American Checklist by Esslinger and Egan, and with other recent sources such as the Sonoran Desert Flora. For the sake of simplicity I have not italicized the scientific names. In particular, we owe more than I can express to Ernie Brodo, without whose generosity, energy, and steadfastness our project with lichens would have never developed beyond a passing fancy.

12. Lichen Biology And The Environment LICHEN BIOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT. THE SPECIAL BIOLOGY OF lichens . Go to Lichen Vocabulary (A discussion of lichen growth forms and structures) Go to lichens and Ecosystems http://www.lichen.com/biology.html

Home The Book Lichens and Wildlife Lichens and People ... Useful Links LICHEN BIOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT THE SPECIAL BIOLOGY OF LICHENS Go to Lichen Vocabulary (A discussion of lichen growth forms and structures) Go to Lichens and Ecosystems (Nutrient cycling, soils, and environmental monitoring with lichens) Lichens are composite, symbiotic organisms made up from members of as many as three kingdoms. The dominant partner is a fungus. Fungi are incapable of making their own food. They usually provide for themselves as parasites or decomposers. "Lichens are fungi that have discovered agriculture" lichenologist Trevor Goward. The lichen fungi (kingdom Fungi) cultivate partners that manufacture food by photosynthesis. Sometimes the partners are algae (kingdom Protista), other times cyanobacteria (kingdom Monera), formerly called blue-green algae. Some enterprising fungi exploit both at once. Click on photos for enlarged views.) Lobaria pulmonaria (left) and a section through it (below) that shows a layer of green algae under an outer skin of fungus, a dark brown internal clump of cyanobacteria (called a cephalodium ), and a non-sexual reproductive structure called a

13. Fungus (biology) :: Lichens -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia fungus (biology), lichens, Britannica Online Encyclopedia, A lichen is an association between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium (bluegreen alga) that results in a form http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/222357/fungus/57971/Lichens

document.write(''); Search Site: Advanced Search With all of these words With the exact phrase With any of these words Without these words Home SHOP BROWSE BLOG ... HELP Username: Password: Remember me Forgot your password? Help Email " is the e-mail address you used when you registered. Password " is case sensitive. If you need additional assistance, please contact customer support Enter the e-mail address you used when enrolling for Britannica Premium Service and we will e-mail your password to you. fungus My Britannica CREATE MY fungus NEW ARTICLE ... SAVE fungus Table of Contents: fungus Article Article Importance of fungi Importance of fungi Form and function of fungi Form and function of fungi - Size range Size range - Distribution and abundance Distribution and abundance - Basic morphology Basic morphology - Structure of the thallus Structure of the thallus - Sporophores and spores Sporophores and spores - Growth Growth - Nutrition Nutrition - - Saprobiosis Saprobiosis - - Parasitism in plants and insects Parasitism in plants and insects - - Parasitism in humans Parasitism in humans - - Mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza - - Predation Predation Reproductive processes of fungi Reproductive processes of fungi - Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction - Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction - - Sexual incompatibility Sexual incompatibility - - Sexual pheromones (hormones) Sexual pheromones (hormones) - Life cycle of fungi Life cycle of fungi - Ecology of fungi Ecology of fungi Lichens Lichens - Basic features of lichens Basic features of lichens

14. Lichens - Definition Of Lichens By The Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus And Enc li chen (l k n) n. 1. A fungus, usually of the class Ascomycetes, that grows symbiotically with algae, resulting in a composite organism that characteristically forms a crustlike or http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lichens

15. Homepage Verplaatst Van Het Net Naar KPN - KPN Photos and information about lichen biology. In Dutch and English. http://www.homepages.hetnet.nl/~matthieuvw/

Spring naar content gedeelte Privé Zakelijk Corporate ... KPN Webmail Zoeken Zoek op de website Mobiel Internet Televisie Thuisbellen ... Klantenservice Mededeling Homepage verplaatst van Het Net naar KPN Winkelwagen items Winkelwagen Het Net heet voortaan KPN Het Net heeft een nieuwe naam: KPN. Het Net is al sinds 1999 onderdeel van KPN en heet nu voortaan KPN. Met deze wijziging wil KPN iedereen betere diensten en service bieden. Om deze reden zijn persoonlijke homepages verplaatst van Het Net naar KPN. De door jou opgevraagde homepage: document.write(bron); is voortaan bereikbaar via de nieuwe kpn url: document.write('' + ceid + ''); Tip: Sla de nieuwe url op in je favorieten. Meer informatie Heb je nog vragen over de naamswijziging, bekijk dan de meestgestelde vragen (en antwoorden) op deze pagina: meestgestelde vragen Mobiel bellen Alle telefoons Sim Only Prepaid Dongel ... Verlengen Interactieve TV alles in 1 pakketten Mobiel Alle mobiele telefoons Abonnementen ... Privacy

16. The Earth Life Web, All About Lichens All about lichens and their symbiosis, biology and ecology http://www.earthlife.net/lichens/intro.html

Loveable Lichens Lichens are some of the most amazing living things on this planet. Often the first form of life to colonise a new area of rock they occur all across the known world. Lichens are commonly seen and also commonly overlooked. Any structure that has been standing for a reasonable amount of time is likely to be adorned with lichens. Particularly, they are common on older buildings, stone walls, in graveyards and on most perennial (living more than 2 years) plants, particularly trees. Lichen Menu Introduction What is a Lichen Lichen Growth Reproduction in Lichens ... Lichen Bibliography Introduction Lichens are inherently attractive, the more so the more you observe them. They are colourful - greens, greys, oranges and yellows are common colours. Cladonias often have bright red fruiting bodies adding to their attractiveness. The real beauty of lichens however is in their intricate shapes and often three dimensional forms. Lichens have very many shapes or forms and quite a number of these are like a delicate, intricately patterned filigree. Often lichens remind me of fine lace work, except that they are more colourful. Lichens are amazing living entities, in that they are not a single organism like plants, animals or fungi. Instead every single lichen is the result of two or more separate organisms living permanently together. All lichens are made up of a fungal partner and either/or an algal partner or a cyanobacterium partner, or both (

17. Lichens - EHow.com Learn about lichens on eHow.com. Find info and videos including What Is Lichen Planus?, How to Remove Lichen From Tombstones, Life Cycle of lichens and much more. http://www.ehow.com/lichens/

Family Food Health Home Money Style More Home Lichens Lichens Lichens Featured Articles What Is Lichen Planus? Lichen planus is a recurring inflammatory disease that appears as a rash on the skin and in the mouth. It may also show on the skin in the genital region, more commonly occurring in women than men. The disease causes one or two rash outbreaks that may last for months, or years, at a time. Lichen Planus Causes Lichen planus is a skin condition characterized by the presence of purple or red papules. These papules, simply solid bumps, are often no more than a few millimeters in width and are known for their flat edges, almost like that of a polygon. They appear in wide patches across the inside of the wrists, forearms and across the lower... Homeopathy for Lichen Planus The University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC) describes lichen planus as an itchy rash that occurs on the skin or in the mouth. A person might experience lesions, swelling, pimples or papule, and the occasional painful ulcer. With treatment, lichen planus should clear up in 18 months. Lichen on Fruit Trees Lichen is a slippery, moss like substance that grows on trees. If properly managed, lichen on fruit trees will not directly harm the tree's health.

18. Lichens | Define Lichens At Dictionary.com –noun 1. any complex organism of the group Lichenes, composed of a fungus in symbiotic union with an alga and having a greenish, gray, yellow, brown, or blackish thallus http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Lichens

19. Denali National Park And Preserve - Lichens (U.S. National Park Service) lichens are not actually plants at all. lichens are symbiotic organisms that are the result of an alga becoming associated with a fungal host . http://www.nps.gov/dena/naturescience/lichens.htm

/* Styles generated for CommonSpot elements */ Search this park Search nps.gov Site Index Frequently Asked Questions Contact Us view map text size: printer friendly Denali National Park and Preserve Lichens Lichen on rock. Lichens are not actually plants at all. Lichens are symbiotic organisms that are the result of an alga becoming associated with a fungal "host". The resulting organism is a partnership that is technically known as a lichenized fungi. This entity generally takes on a form very different than either of the two free-living members of the partnership (the fungus and the algae). Amazingly, this association can involve a combination of three or more partner organisms! In general, the algal symbiont contains photosynthetic pigments that allow the lichen to capture energy from the sun, and in some cases to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into a mineral form usable by the organism. The fungal partner, in turn, supplies the lichen with a home, protects it from desiccation (drying out) and is able to translocate water and nutrients to support life processes. Lichens are very important components of subarctic and arctic ecosystems due to their role in weathering of rock and minerals and their contribution of nitrogen and other nutrients to the soil. Lichens are often the very first life forms to colonize freshly exposed rock surfaces high in the mountains, and they immediately begin the very slow process of weathering minerals from the barren rock and incorporating them into their bodies. When the lichens subsequently decompose, these nutrients become available to other forms of plant life, literally breaking down rock into its component minerals that are then available for nutrition.

20. Forest Lichens Of New Zealand Photographs, general information, identification and related links. http://hiddenforest.co.nz/lichens

Forest Lichens Welcome to forest lichen web site. It looks like your Browser does not support frames. No matter go to the site map and navigate from there or use the arrow to browse the site. The Hidden Forest Site Map

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