21. Desert Varnish And Lichen Crust Images Of Desert Varnish And Rock lichens VarnishCoated Boulder In Colorado Desert; Modern Petroglyph Carved In Desert Varnish; Desert Varnish In Alabama Hills Of California http://waynesword.palomar.edu/pljan98.htm

Wayne's Word Index Noteworthy Plants Trivia ... Crustose 3 Major Topics To Be Discussed: Lichenized Fungi Vs. Lichenicolous Fungi Crustose Marine Lichens Of The Pacific Coast Crustose Terrestrial Lichens Of North America Lichen Succession On Bark Rock Surfaces ... The Remarkable Kingdom Of True Fungi Images Of Desert Varnish And Rock Lichens: Varnish-Coated Boulder In Colorado Desert Modern Petroglyph Carved In Desert Varnish Desert Varnish In Alabama Hills Of California See Colorful Rock Lichens On Basalt Outcrop ... Photographs Of Foliose Lichens Introduction R ugged mountain peaks and sun-baked boulders throughout the arid southwest are often colored in beautiful shades of orange, green, yellow and gray. At first glance the colorful coatings resemble a layer of paint, but close examination reveals that this unusual phenomenon is caused by a thin layer of microscopic organisms. The organisms include colonies of bacteria called "desert varnish" (Kingdom Monera), and colonies of symbiotic algae and fungi called lichens (Kingdoms Protista and Fungi). These miniature rock dwellers have survived for countless centuries in some of the most seemingly inhospitable environments on earth, and may represent some of the oldest living colonial life forms. Symbiogenesis: New Species Resulting From Genomic Mergers L ong-term stable symbiotic relationships between two or more organisms may lead to evolutionary change. This phenomenon, known as symbiogenesis, is described in the book entitled

22. Lichens Of The National Forests In Alaska 2 What is a Lichen? You can think of lichens as fungi that have discovered farming. Instead of parasitizing or scavenging other organisms for a living (such as molds, mildews http://gis.nacse.org/lichenair/doc/AK_lichens.pdf

23. Lichen: Definition From Answers.com See V. Alimadjian, The Lichen Symbiosis (1967); M. E. Hale, Jr., The Biology of lichens (1970); I. M. Brodo et al., lichens of North America (2001). http://www.answers.com/topic/lichen

24. Lichens lichens lichens are symbiotic relationships between a fungus and algae or a cyanobacterium housed by the fungus in a thallus. http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/fungifromweb/lichens.html

The fungal world: Basic traits Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidomycetes ... Slime molds (P) Oomycota Deuteromycetes Lichens: Lichens are symbiotic relationships between a fungus and algae or a cyanobacterium housed by the fungus in a thallus. As the algae or cyanos can live independent of the fungi but not the reverse in nature, it is thought that the fungus is parasitizing the photosynthetic partner. There are 20,000 species of lichens! The fungal component is the unique feature as 90% of the photosynthetic partners come from only 5 genera. They grow very slowly, 0.1 - 1mm a year. Thus large lichens found in nature are estimated to be incredibly old 4,500-5000 years. They can grow in the most extreme environments - in the arctic, the deserts, on trees or any surface for that matter (glass, plastic). Yet in the last few decades a noticeable reduction of their growth has been noted in those sites with air pollution. Thus they are now used as indicators of pollution or biomarkers. The thallus consists of layers of hyphae of an ascomycete ( and in a few cases of a basidiomycete). The top layer is made up of tightly knit hyphae forming a protective barrier, below which the photosynthetic organisms live. Below them the hyphae are loosely knit, demarcated by a substrate layer which again can be made up of more compacted hyphae.

25. Lichens, Education, Taxonomy, Database Offers ways to find out more about lichens including Lichenlite, an introduction for children. For more advanced study there is a synoptic key and an identification aid. http://ocid.nacse.org/lichenland/

Lichens are a successful alliance between a fungus and an alga. Each doing what it does best, and thriving as a result of a natural cooperation. They live as one organism, both inhabiting the same body. Here we offer some ways of finding out more. Lichens - A friendly alliance! - Witness the meeting - Find out about Lichen Biology LichenLand Main Door : A fun way for novitiates to get into the game, with teaching aides to help you learn about lichens. Lichen Lite : An introduction to Lichens and the query interface Synoptic Key : to Some NW Lichens, Provides additional character choices. These lichen pages provided with NSF funding and in association with Northwest Alliance for Computational Science and Engineering School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University and Dept of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University Acknowledgements People who kindly contributed time, photographs, ideas, and materials to this project. References used to construct these pages Other Lichen and Biology sites to explore Questions and comments to Webmaster

26. The Earth Life Web, What Is A Lichen Introducing lichens, their form and function A lichen is a symbiosis. That means that it is two or more organisms living together such that both are more successful within the http://www.earthlife.net/lichens/lichen.html

What is a Lichen A lichen is a symbiosis. That means that it is two or more organisms living together such that both are more successful within the partnership than they would have been if they were living on their own. With lichens the basic components of this partnership are 1) a fungus called the 'mycobiont' and 2) one or more algae and/or a cyanobacteria called the 'photobiont'. The true nature of the symbiosis between this two partners is still being debated by scientists and some would maintain that the fungus is a parasite on the photobiont. However, in many cases, the algae in question cannot survive alone in the habitat occupied by the lichen any more than the unattached fungi can, so it is not realistic to use the term parasite. The fungal partners are mostly (over 95%) Ascomycetes. Most of the rest are Basidiomycetes. As far as science has been able to discover few if any of the fungi involved can survive and reproduce in the wild on their own. Each lichen species contains a different species of fungi and so it is according to the species of fungi that lichens are classified. This classification is generally based on characteristics of the thallus and reproductive organs. There are between 13500 and 17000 species of lichen depending on whose classification you believe. About 20% of fungal species are involved in lichen partnerships. The algal partners are far less numerous than fungal partners. In other words any given species of algae will probably form part of several if not many different lichens. Many, if not all the algal partners can exist on their own in some habitats, however, normally when part of a lichen they have a much greater distribution.

27. The Lichens On Myspace Music - Free Streaming MP3s, Pictures & Music Downloads Myspace Music profile for The lichens. Download The lichens Folk Rock / Acoustic / Indie music singles, watch music videos, listen to free streaming mp3s, read The lichens's blog http://www.myspace.com/thelichens

28. Lichens lichens biography Robert Lowe plays bass and sings in 90 Day Men. 90 Day Men have released three albums and several EPs, rapidly developing from an angular, harsh postpunk http://www.kranky.net/artists/lichens.html

Lichens biography Robert Lowe plays bass and sings in 90 Day Men. 90 Day Men have released three albums and several EPs, rapidly developing from an angular, harsh post-punk band into their current expansive, near-progressive swirl of guitars, keyboards and vocals. He has also collaborated on tour with Castanets. Lichens is Lowe's personal vehicle, created for performance and recording solo and with collaborators. Lichens has performed in Chicago, beginning at the Arthur magazine sponsored Million Tongues Festival in summer 2004 and New York solo and in duos. Lichens live is a transfixing experience, looping wordless vocals into curtains of drone. Lowe adds acoustic and electric guitars, percussion and other effects to create alternately thick and delicate works. Lowe has recorded and released a Lichens CD-R on his own, each hand assembled and released in a limited edition. Lichens contributed a track to the One Bright Sunny Day compilation CD, the debut releases from the Chicago-based IC Recordings label. Further touring is planned. In addition to the release of The Psychic Nature of Being (which is being released on vinyl by the estimable folk/psych/heavy imprint Holy Mountain) Chocolate Industries is releasing a limited edition 7 inch single by Lichens packaged inside a book of art Lowe curated with contributions by Jon Beasley, Justin Schaeffer, Devendra Banhart and others. Recorded as a one-time improvisation without overdubbing, the three tracks on

29. Lichens Of Ireland Profiles Ireland's lichens with descriptions of their biology, how to collect and name lichens and their role in ecology and biodiversity. http://www.lichens.ie/

30. The Earth Life Web, Growth And Development In Lichens Each species of lichen has its own preferred substrate. This article describes how and where they grow and the extremes of climate that they can tolerate. http://www.earthlife.net/lichens/growth.html

Lichens on a Rock Growth and Development in Lichens Like all living things lichens need nutrients and energy to grow. Nutrients they obtain from the air (including dust), water and some from the substrate they are growing on. Energy they obtain through photosynthesis, which is the role of the algal partner. They can also be incidentally fertilised by bird and insect dung. Lichens will and do grow on just about everything, natural or manmade. Different species of lichens prefer, or only grow on different substrates. Thus some species will be found on smooth barked trees, some on rough barked and some on only one species of tree. Also some lichens grow on basic rocks while others only grow on acidic rocks and some have particular mineral requirements, thus Acarospora sinopica only grows on rocks with a high iron content. However where ever they grow lichens grow slowly so what ever it is they are growing on, the 'substrate' needs to have been around for a few years. Lichens grow differently at different times in their lives. When young and very small they grow slowly, then once they are reasonably well established they grow much more quickly, obviously when they are dying, for what ever reason they grow more slowly again, or not at all. Lichens grow by extending their thallus outwards, from either its tips or edges. They grow very slowly, some species more slowly than others. Rates of growth can vary from 0.5mm per year to 500mm per year. Their slow growth rate equates with their long life. However the question "How long does a lichen live?" is difficult to answer. The reasons for this are twofold. Firstly because they can reproduce vegetatively, and because any part of the thallus that becomes detached from the main plant can continue growing as new part of the same plant (genetically they are the same individual) it is hard to define the limits of an individual lichen. Secondly, in some cases, when two members of the same species meet they simply merge together to become one plant, again this make identifying an individual lichen difficult.

31. Lichens Orange Lichen on Tombstone. The plantlike appearance of lichens hides their true identity. A lichen is not a single organism, but the result of a partnership (mutualistic http://herbarium.usu.edu/fungi/FunFacts/lichens.htm

Home Catalog Lichens are Fungi! Orange Lichen on Tombstone The plant-like appearance of lichens hides their true identity. A lichen is not a single organism, but the result of a partnership (mutualistic symbiosis) between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacteria. Some lichens are formed of three or more partners. The body of a lichen consists of fungal filaments (hyphae) surrounding cells of green algae and/or blue-green cyanobacteria. The basis of the mutualistic symbiosis in lichens is similar to the mycorrhizal partnership between some species of fungi and the roots of most plants. The lichen fungus provides its partner(s) a benefit (protection) and gains nutrients in return. The complexity of lichen partnerships has caused lichens to be described as "small ecosystems". They are classified as members of the Fungus Kingdom by systematists because the fungus partner is always the major partner. After a lichen symbiosis is established, the fungus has the greatest influence on the final form of the lichen body’s shape, and whether it is tough or flexible. The algal and bacterial partner(s) each have their own scientific names, but the lichen symbiosis is known only by the name of its fungus. The great majority of the 13,500-18,000 species of lichenized fungi are Ascomycetes, the "cup fungi". About 20 species in the tropical and temperate rain forests are Basidiomycetes, the "mushrooms". About 40 genera of algae and cyanobacteria are found in lichen partnerships.

32. Peltigera Aphthosa - Freckle Pelt Lichen Photograph and description of the freckle pelt or spotted dog lichen, its habitat and other notes. http://www.borealforest.org/lichens/lichen8.htm

BACK Common Brophyte and Lichen Species of the Northwest Forest TREES SHRUBS HERBS GRAMINOIDS GLOSSARIES Terminology Pictorial Peltigera aphthosa Freckle Pelt Lichen "Spotted Dog Lichen" Peltigeraceae Description General - leaf lichen, loosely attached; lobes broad, 2 - 5 cm wide, dull grey-green when dry, bright green when moist, bearing scattered 'warts'; lower surface veinless or with broad, cottony, inconspicuous veins, that darken abruptly inward from the lobe tips; fruiting bodies large, reddish to blackish brown, on upper surface of extended lobes. Habitat On moss, humus, decaying logs, and occasionally rocks, typically in forested areas; very common and widespread across Northwestern Ontario's boreal forest north to Arctic; occasional in northern parkland; circumpolar.. Notes Freckle pelt is often confused with P. leucophlebia, which has conspicuous, well-developed veins that darken only gradually towards the centre. Both lichens undergo a dramatic colour change from grey-green to bright green, with wetting. The brown to black dots or 'warts' on the upper surface of freckle pelt contain tiny colonies of cyanobacteria, which supply the lichen with nitrogen. These organisms can extract nitrogen from the air and supply this nutrient to the lichen fugus and its green algal partner. Freckle pelt is a symbiosis among representatives of 3 of the 5 kingdoms of life - Monera, Protista, and Fungi. *Mountain caribou forage for this lichen in winter. The name Peltigera is from the Latin pelta

33. Lichens lichens . A lichen is an association of a fungus and a photosynthetic symbiont resulting in a stable vegetative body having a specific structure according to the definition http://www.sierrapotomac.org/W_Needham/Lichens.htm

Lichens A lichen is "an association of a fungus and a photosynthetic symbiont resulting in a stable vegetative body having a specific structure" according to the definition accepted by the International Association of Lichenologists. On a lighter note, a lichen has been called a "fungus that discovered agriculture." The fungus provides structural stability, water and minerals and the alga provides complex carbohydrates. This close mutual relationship allows lichens to occupy extremely adverse environmental habitats that range from isolated rock outcrops in the frigid rarefied atmosphere at elevations over 6,000 meters to arid deserts devoid of virtually any other sign of life. Globally, there are about 14,000 species of lichens; 3,600 species are in North America. In the most generalized sense, lichens are divided into five categories according to their basic morphology: crustose, foliose, fruticose, squalmulose and leprose. Crustose lichens are the most familiar, as they are the tightly adherent crust-like growths typically found on any relatively old stone surface like a grave marker. Foliose and fruticose are the lichens that look like little leaves ( folium is the Latin word for leaf) or little shrubs ( frutex is the Latin word for shrub and has nothing to do with fruit). The last two are essentially variants of the crustose variety; squamulose lichens are crust-like with upturned scales (a squama is a scale) and leprose lichens are crust-like with a loose powdery surface. There are also combinations of these basic types; most species of the genus

34. Lichen Photos From Hawaii By Jupiter Nielsen Photographs of several species of lichen growing in their natural habitat in Hawaii. http://nativehawaiianflora.com/pages/l-n/lichen.html

Lichen Back to L - N (Sterocaulon vulcani)

35. Celebrating Wildflowers - Interesting Plants - Lichens Celebrating Wildflowers is events, wildflower viewing areas, wildflower photos, native plant information, pollinators, just for kids, coloring pages, teacher resources, ferns http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/interesting/lichens/index.shtml

USDA Forest Service Celebrating Wildflowers skip to page content skip to page navigation Lichens There are approximately 3,600 species of lichens in North America and those are just the ones we know about! New discoveries are being made every year. Lichens are found all across North America and all over the world. They are found in a vast diversity of habitats and climates, from the Sonoran desert on the Coronado National Forest, to the alpine tundra of Alaskan mountains on the Chugach National Forest, and in the tropical rainforests of the El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico. Lichens are interesting organisms. They are diverse, adaptable, functional, and little understood. They play an important role in our natural ecosystems and can let us know when those ecosystems are in trouble. Lichens are beautiful, especially when you view a lichen-drenched Douglas-fir or a colorful crust-covered cliff, and up close when viewed under a hand-lens or microscope. Welcome to the world of lichens on our national forests and grasslands! Spotlights on Lichens What are lichens?

36. Invasion Of Pollution-tolerant Lichens Research on the distribution of four pollution-tolerant non-native lichens in the Pacific Northwest. http://lichens.science.oregonstate.edu/invasion.htm

Invasion of Pollution-tolerant Lichens in the Pacific Northwest and Other Contributors Last updated: September 1998 Introduction The species Methods Sampling design and site selection Field procedures Recognizing the target species Data sheet Data management Results You can contribute

37. TPWD: Lichens -- Young Naturalist Young Naturalist, Plants, lichens Among the hardiest and most resistant of all plant organisms are the lichens (LIkens). http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/nonpwdpubs/young_naturalist/plants/lich

Local Navigation Main Content TPWD Home Print Friendly ... Young Naturalist Table of Contents Preface Part I: Discovering Nature Part II: Animals Part III: Plants ... Part IV: Earth Sciences Related Young Naturalist Links Young Naturalist Series Texas Nature Trackers Outdoor Learning Lichens For assistance with accessibility on any TPWD documents, please contact accessibility@tpwd.state.tx.us Among the hardiest and most resistant of all plant organisms are the lichens (LI-kens). These primitive plants can stand long periods of drought, incredible heat, and freezing temperatures, making it possible for them to live where nothing else can. Rock surfaces appear to be splashed with paint when the colorful orange star lichen or the green stud lichen cover them. Since some lichens appear to grow out of solid rock, primitive man believed that the rocks produced them. This idea was still accepted by many people until 1866, when a scientist with the aid of a microscope proved it incorrect. He discovered that the fungus part of the plant anchors the lichen to the rough surface of a bare rock with tiny threadlike growths. Rock-growing lichens play an important role in nature's plan by converting rocks into soil. They produce a weak acid which slowly dissolves the minerals, forming tiny cracks in the surface of the rock. As the tiny cracks appear, the threads of the fungus dig deeper into the rock. These threads shrink in dry weather and swell in wet weather, enlarging the cracks. During cold weather, the moisture in these cracks freezes, often breaking or splitting off pieces of the rock.

38. IDENTIFYING NORTH AMERICAN LICHENS--A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE Provides general lichen references including works for beginners, lichen keys online, and a lichen bibliography by genus. http://www.huh.harvard.edu/collections/lichens/guide/index.html

Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University IDENTIFYING NORTH AMERICAN LICHENS: A GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE General lichen references, works for beginners, lichen keys online, and a lichen bibliography by genus by Philip F. May, Irwin M. Brodo, and Theodore L. Esslinger Unless you have fast Internet access, the Guide may take a long time to access. If you are using a dial-up modem, we recommend that you store the Guide permanently on your own computer using the SAVE command of your browser. You may then quickly access it via the File menu of your browser or from your computer's directory of files. Access Guide to the Literature Now (last update 2002 October 27; 853 KB) Keys and other lichen-related pages at Harvard Harvard Herbaria homepage Links to other lichen sites

39. Natural Perspective: Lichens (Phylum: Mycophycophyta) Page 16 of 38 Natural Perspective The Fungus Kingdom lichens (Last modified 15 July 1997) If the other fungi are nature's recyclers, lichens are nature's pioneers. http://www.perspective.com/nature/fungi/lichens.html

Page 16 of 38 Natural Perspective The Fungus Kingdom : Lichens (Last modified: 15 July 1997) If the other fungi are nature's recyclers, lichens are nature's pioneers. Lichens find their homes in some of the most barren and inhospitable parts of the world. From there they slowly begin the process of creating a foundation for habitation by others. Lichens are among the most fascinating organisms on this planet. Their very structure is unique: a symbioses of two organisms a fungus and algae so complete that they behave and look like an entirely new being. A lichen can literally eat stones, survive severe cold, and remain dormant for long periods without harm. Lichens rank among the least well known forms of life. Common names, when available, typically apply to the entire genus rather than to indvidual species. Classification of lichens is undergoing change as well. In fact, Mycologists now suggest eliminating the Lichens as a Phylum and, instead, reclassifying each invidual lichen according to its fungal component mostly Sac Fungi ( Ascomycota . Never-the-less, lichens look so different from other fungi that they deserve separate treatment here.

40. Endangered Lichens List of species protected by law in different countries. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/cpsu/endlich.html

ENDANGERED LICHENS IUCN Global Red List of Lichens Lichens that are protected by law in the countries listed. UNITED KINGDOM Under the provisions of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Species listed on Schedule 8. Bryoria furcellata Forked hair-lichen Buellia asterella Starry breck-lichen Caloplaca luteoalba Orange-fruited elm-lichen Caloplaca nivalis Snow caloplaca Catapyrenium psoromoides Tree catapyrenium Catillaria laureri Laurer's catillaria Cladonia stricta Upright mountain-lichen Collema dichotomum River jelly-lichen Gyalecta ulmi Elm gyalecta Heterodermia leucomelos Ciliate strap-lichen Heterodermia propagulifera Coralloid rosette-lichen Lecanactis hemisphaerica Churchyard lichen Lecanora achariana Tarn lecanora Lecidea inops Copper lecidea Nephroma arcticum Arctic kidney-lichen Pannaria ignobilis Caledonian pannaria Parmelia minarum New Forest parmelia Parmentaria chilensis Oil-stained parmentaria Peltigera lepidophora Ear-lobed dog-lichen Pertusaria bryontha Alpine moss-pertusaria Physcia tribacioides Southern grey physcia Pseudocyphellaria lacerata Ragged pseudocyphellaria Psora rubiformis Rusty alpine psora Solenopsora liparina Serpentine solenopsora Squamarina lentigera Scaly breck-lichen Teloschistes flavicans Golden hair-lichen For further information contact Dr. B. Coppins.

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