61. Thumbnails About 40 images of lichens, including some unidentified ones. http://www.earthlife.net/lichens/images/photos/thumbs/thumbs1.html

The Earthlife Web Lichen Image Directory All images copywrite Mr G. Ramel and The Earthlife Web p_cannina.jpg c_thallincola.jpg cladonia_sp.jpg cladonia3.jpg d_canescens.jpg e_prunastri.jpg g_scripta.jpg h_physodes.jpg l_dispersa.jpg l_incana.jpg l_incana2.jpg lichen5.jpg lichen6.jpg lichen7.jpg lichen8.jpg lichen9.jpg lichens.jpg lichens2.jpg o_atra.jpg a_calcarea.jpg p_caperata.jpg p_saxatilis.jpg p_saxatilis2.jpg r_geographicum.jpg lichen10.jpg r_fastigiata.jpg lichen11.jpg lichen12.jpg lichen13.jpg lichen14.jpg lichen15.jpg lichen16.jpg lichen17.jpg t-flavicans.jpg lichen18.jpg lichen19.jpg lichen20.jpg lichen21.jpg lichen22.jpg lichen23.jpg Return to Menu Running this site, and the other sites I am currently making or have made, on Birds, Mammals, Insects and Fish costs money. There are two simple ways you can help. First visit the Earthlife Web Shopping Mall below, anything you buy will help this site. Secondly use the search engine also below, everytime you do a search from an Bird-World page using this search engine below I get 3 cents. So please, why not support this site, you can do so by simply book marking these pages and using them to do your web searching and shopping. In this way, at no cost to yourself, you will be helping maintain and create one of the best educational resources on the web. Or why not use the special Bird-World GoTo search page for all your future searches.

62. Lichens - Definition And More From The Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary Definition of word from the MerriamWebster Online Dictionary with audio pronunciations, thesaurus, Word of the Day, and word games. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lichens

63. The Earth Life Web, Reproduction And Reproductive Structures In Lichens Outline with diagrams of the two fundamentally different sorts of reproductive bodies possessed by lichens, and the three main types of vegetative reproduction where pieces of lichen detach. http://www.earthlife.net/lichens/reproduction.html

Apothecia Lichen Reproductive Structures Lichens have two fundamentally different sorts of reproductive bodies. These are 1) spore forming bodies and 2) vegetative reproductive bodies. Spore formation is a function of the fungal partner only and the form that the spores occur in reflects the type of fungus involved. As we already know that two main types of fungus are involved it will come as no surprise that each can be identified by its manner of spore production. The most common fungal partners in Lichens are the Ascomycetes. Ascomycetes are so called because they produce their spores in a bag or ascus. There are 8 ascospores per ascus and any of the fruiting bodies mentioned below will contain numerous asci (which is the plural of ascus). Just to confuse you some (about 8,000) Ascomycetes also produce spores not in an ascus, but on the sides of, or at the tips of, special hyphal filaments. These structures are called conidiomata and the spores they produce are called conidiospores. Conidiomata come in different forms but by far the commonest is the Pycnidium, see below. The other main group of fungal partners are Basidiomycetes. Basidiomycetes are relatively rare as lichen partners, and one of the ways they differ from Ascomycetes is that they produce their spores on a basidium, a special structure which normally holds four spores at its top.

64. Symbiosis: Mycorrhizae And Lichens Symbiosis Mycorrhizae and lichens Introduction. In its most common usage, symbiosis is used to describe the intimate association between two distantly, related species that http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot201/Symbiosis/Symbiosis.htm

Symbiosis: Mycorrhizae and Lichens Introduction In its most common usage, symbiosis is used to describe the intimate association between two distantly, related species that are mutually benefiting from this association. These associations are obligatory ones in which neither organisms can survive in nature if the two organisms are separated. However, in the strict sense of this term, as it was proposed by de Barry in 1879, symbiotic relationships include a wide range of associations: Phoresy : A loose association where a usually, smaller organism is using a larger one as a transport host. Normally used in references to arthropods and fishes. An example of the latter is the remora (Fig. 1). Fig. 1: The remora is a one of several species of marine fishes that have sucking disks with which they attach themselves to sharks, whales, sea turtles, or the hulls of ships. Commensalism : An association in which one species, usually the smaller, benefits from the association while the other species seems to be unaffected. Such relationship are usually not obligate and neither species will die if the association does not form. A common example is the relationship between cattle egrets and grazing cattle. The cattle egrets are birds that feed where cattle or herbivores may be grazing. The grazing cattle flushes out insects from the vegetation, which benefits the birds, but this relationship does not seem to benifit the cattle nor does it do any harm. Cattle egrets are widespread and have been introduced to Hawai‘i.

65. The World Of Lichenology Information on the International Association of Lichenologists, photographs of various lichens and links to other lichen-related websites. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/cpsu/lichen1.html

[Back to Beginning] [International Association of Lichenologists] [Homepages on Lichen and Lichenologists] [Pictures of Lichen] Any Questions or Comments Please Email: Cliff@hawaii.edu

66. Fungi lichens secrete a variety of unusual chemicals; some of these probably assist in the breakdown of rock substrates like the one shown here. The lower image is of the colorful lichen http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/F/Fungi.html

Index to this page Characteristics Mycorrhizal fungi Ascomycetes Lichens ... Zygomycetes Fungi Approximately 100,000 species of fungi have been identified. Characteristics of Fungi Most fungi grow as tubular filaments called hyphae . An interwoven mass of hyphae is called a mycelium The walls of hyphae are often strengthened with chitin , a polymer of N -acetylglucosamine The linkage between the sugars is like that of cellulose and peptidoglycan and produces the same sort of structural rigidity. Fungi are heterotrophic Some live as saprophytes , getting their nourishment from the surroundings (often having first digested it by secreting enzymes ). They perform a crucial role in nature by decomposing dead organisms are releasing their nutrients for reuse by the living. Some live in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with another organism, often a plant. The association of fungus and plant root is called a mycorrhiza . Some 80% of land plants benefit from symbiotic mycorrhiza. The plant benefits by more-efficient mineral (especially phosphorus) uptake. The fungus benefits by the sugars translocated to the root by the plant.

67. Lichens This site is no longer maintained and has been left for archival purposes Text and links may be out of date http://www.biology.ed.ac.uk/research/groups/jdeacon/microbes/lichen.htm

This site is no longer maintained and has been left for archival purposes Text and links may be out of date The Microbial World: Lichens Produced by Jim Deacon Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh Lichens have been described as "dual organisms" because they are symbiotic associations between two (or sometimes more) entirely different types of microorganism - a fungus (termed the mycobiont a green alga or a cyanobacterium (termed the photobiont There are many examples of symbiosis in nature, but lichens are unique because they look and behave quite differently from their component organisms. So, lichens are regarded as organisms in their own right and are given generic and species names. However, for taxonomic purposes the names are actually fungal names: lichens are regarded as a special group of fungi - the lichenised fungi There are an estimated 13,500 to 17,000 species of lichens, extending from the tropics to the polar regions. Some of them grow on the bark of temperate trees or as epiphytes on the leaves of trees in tropical rain forests. Others occupy some of the most inhospitable environments on earth, growing on cooled lava flows and bare rock surfaces, where they help in the process of soil formation, and on desert sands where they help to stabilise the surface and enrich it with nutrients (see

68. Cladina - Reindeer Lichens Information and photographs of Cladina mitis, C. rangiferina and C. stellaris, their description, habitat and other notes. http://www.borealforest.org/lichens/lichen3.htm

BACK Common Brophyte and Lichen Species of the Northwest Forest TREES SHRUBS HERBS GRAMINOIDS GLOSSARIES Terminology Pictorial Cladina Reindeer Lichens Cladoniaccae Reindeer lichens provide important ground cover in northern woodlands. Cladina mitis Green Reindeer Lichen or Yellow Reindeer Lichen Description General - shrub lichen, upright, 4 - 7 cm (sometimes to 10 cm) tall, pale yellowish green, intricately branching from a main stem, not copiously fork-branching from the base; branches hollow, with dull, appressed-cottony surface; end branchlets tending to point in one direction. Habitat Forms mats on ground in open coniferous forest; common and widespread across Northwestern Ontario's boreal forest; circumpolar. Notes Tree reindeer lichen (C. arbuscula) is a similar, closely related species. Its branches tend to be coarser, more copiously branched from the base, and more strongly curved in one direction. The 2 species cannot be separated with certainty in the field, but they are easily identified using chemical tests. Prickle cladonia (Cladonia uncialis) is also similar at first glance, but its spreading branchlets and hard, shiny outer surface readily separate it from the

69. Lichens | Gardening Tips | Garden Guides lichens. Learn about lichens on GardenGuides.com. Info and videos including Uses for Reindeer Moss, Facts on Spanish Moss, How to Keep Reindeer Moss Green and much more. http://www.gardenguides.com/lichens/

70. UMFK's Lichen Research Program Information about Steve Selva s research program in lichenology. Includes a photo gallery of stubble lichens under the microscope. http://csdept.umfk.maine.edu/LichensWebsite/home.asp

HOME HERBARIUM RESOURCES LINKS ... CONTACTS Welcome to the University of Maine at Fort Kent (UMFK) Lichen Research Program . This site aims to assist fellow lichenologists and people of all professions, countries, and philosophies together to learn more about the program, its resources and the exciting world of lichens. Click on the above links to explore what we have to offer. To learn more about the research program itself please read on. Since coming to Maine in 1976, Steve Selva , Professor of Biology and Environmental Studies at the University of Maine at Fort Kent, has established an active research program in lichenology that has focused on Using Lichens to Assess Ecological Continuity in Northeastern Forests and the taxonomy and ecology of Calicioid Lichens and Fungi in Northern New England and Maritime Canada . Steve's contributions to the field of lichenology have been documented in a series of research reports and publications , and have been cited by others in a number of related studies . He has also prepared a photo gallery of Stubble Lichens Under the Microscope and bibliographies of The Lichen Literature of Maine and The Lichen Literature of New Hampshire The University of Maine at Fort Kent's Lichen Herbarium (UMFK) houses the largest collection of lichens in Maine. It includes the largest collection of calicioid lichens and fungi in northeastern North America as well as the world's largest assemblage of lichens from the old-growth forests of northeastern North America's Acadian Forest Ecoregion. Field data for the entire collection is currently being downloaded into a comprehensive

71. WSDOT - Ethnobotany - Lichens Bryoria fremontii Black TreeLichen, Black Moss , Bear Hair . A dark-colored, filamentous lichen hanging from the branches of coniferous trees; 4-24 long. http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Environment/CulRes/lichens.htm

Skip Top Navigation Skip to Content WSDOT Home Contact Us ... Environment You are here: Home Environment Cultural Resources Environment Cultural Resources E-mail Updates Frequently Asked Questions Cultural Resources Compliance ... Environmental Services Contacts Scott Williams willias@wsdot.wa.gov Questions about Ethnobotany? Contact: Scott Clay-Poole, PhD sclay-poole@esd.wa.gov Ethnobotany - Lichens Lichens Bryoria fremontii (Black tree lichen) Letharia vulpina (Wolf lichen) Usnea longissima (Methuselah's beard) By Scott Clay-Poole, PhD Bryoria fremontii Black Tree-Lichen, Black "Moss", Bear Hair A dark-colored, filamentous lichen hanging from the branches of coniferous trees; 4-24" long. When dry, the thallus is stiff and wiry, when wet, it is soft and limp. The individual branches, or filaments are round to flattened, smooth, and much entangled. Bryoria fremontii differs from several closely related, inedible species with which it may grow by its characteristically twisted dark, reddish-brown to chocolate-brown main branches, often flattened or pitted here and there, with short, much more slender, perpendicular side branches. Spore-bearing structures are uncommon. The greenish-yellow pigment in this and related species is a bitter, potentially toxic pulvinic acid derivative unique to lichens called vulpinic acid. Habitat: On branches of (usually) coniferous trees such as Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, and western larch (shown above) in montane forests.

72. Lichens — Bay Nature Institute Is it a mushroom? A moss? Bacterial scum? Trod on underfoot or passed by in blissful ignorance, lichens are perhaps the least understood element of the Bay Area landscape. But http://baynature.org/articles/jan-mar-2002/lichens

73. Niebla And Vermilacinia Communities Photographs and information on the lichens in the Ramalinaceae family found in California and Baja California. http://www.worldbotanical.com/niebla_communities.htm

Niebla and Vermilacinia Communities The World Botanical Associates Web Page Prepared by Richard W. Spjut October 2005 Niebla and Vermilacinia (Ramalinaceae) from California and Baja California. Spjut, R.W., 1996. ISSN 0833-1475, 208 pp. Sida, Botanical Miscellany 14. Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Inc. Looking north from above Punta Escarpada towards Punta San Carlos. Mesa San Carlos. Despite its proximity to the coast, this area receives little fog; thus, there is a lack of Niebla communities here. Note tree cacti, Pachycereus pringlei Looking south from Mesa Santa Catarina to Mesa Camacho. Above: General view of Pacific Coast of Baja California Norte near Punta Canoas. Niebla communities are common along many mesas and thier slopes facing the sea. Saxicolous Vermilacinia is also found on stones along beaches. Corticolous species of Vermilacinia also occur here and further inland. Left: Phytogeographic regions of Baja California recognized by Spjut (1996). Looking south along the Pacific Coast of Baja California from Mesa Camacho to Punta Blanco Sand Niebla Community southeast of Puerto Catarina, primarily

74. The British Lichen Society - List Of British Lichens & Lichenicolous Fungi Provides a list of all the species known to be found in the United Kingdom. http://www.thebls.org.uk/content/checklist.html

The Society British Lichens Identification Publications ... Site Map Your Location: Homepage General Notes References Stand Alone Files ... Herbaria - BLS, BM The new Checklists for lichens (Coppins 2002) and Lichenicolous Fungi (Hawksworth 2003) have led to name changes, too many to enumerate here, but which can be tracked from the Checklists themselves and from the recently updated [ Synlist The list incorporates additions and corrections to the Checklists made to date since publication. Changes made since the last update (October 2002) on this web page are given in red and blue type (see below). Changes are also published in each issue of the twice-yearly British Lichen Society Bulletin. The list does not include undescribed species for which code numbers have been ascribed; for information on these please contact Brian Coppins or Mark Seaward. Anyone encountering difficulties regarding nomenclature or BLS code numbers, please email [ Brian Coppins ] (nomenclature, spelling, authorities, dates of publication) Email [ Mark Seaward ] regarding allocation of BLS numbers.

75. The Fifth Kingdom - Pictorial Supplement To Chapter 7 - Lichens Twenty four photographs ranging from lichen covered rock faces, through individual species to magnified sections, published in a pictorial supplement to the Fifth Kingdom. http://www.mycolog.com/chapter7.htm

Pictorial Supplement to The Fifth Kingdom - Chapter 7 Lichens - Dual Organisms (24 pictures) (CD-ROM has full text, 66 pictures and one video sequence) Exposed rock faces on the north shore of Lake Superior, Northern Ontario, almost entirely covered by lichens. Landscape near Schefferville, northern Quebec. The spruce trees are there courtesy of their ectomycorrhizal fungal partners, and the ground cover is entirely composed of lichens. crustose lichens on tree bark - road to Dingo Beach, Queensland, Australia. Verrucaria zone on rocks along shore at Letite, New Brunswick, Canada (also seen along west coast) a basidiolichen with Omphalina (Tricholomataceae) as the mycobiont, the green alga Coccomyxa as phycobiont. The association is sometimes called Botrydina (courtesy of Fred Notzel) X 1.5 model of a lichen thallus, showing round algal cells among fungal hyphae. vertical section through lichen thallus: algal cells are stained dark blue. foliose and crustose lichens on rock, Highwood Pass, Alberta, Canada X 1/3 Cladonia rangiferina ("reindeer moss") (Cladoniaceae, Lecanorales), with sterile, branched podetia

76. Lichen-Feeding Moths As Bioindicators Of Air Pollution Technical article discussing how lichens play prominent roles in air pollution studies because of their sensitivity to different gaseous pollutants, particularly sulfur dioxide. http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/courses/en570/papers_1996/simonson.htm

Lichens and Lichen-Feeding Moths (Arctiidae: Lithosiinae) as Bioindicators of Air Pollution in the Rocky Mountain Front Range

77. Constancea 84: Tucker & Ryan, Catalog Of California Lichens 1575 species have been identified from this state, the great geographic diversity being responsible for the relatively large number of lichens found. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/constancea/84/index.html

Constancea University and Jepson Herbaria California Lichen Catalog Issued on: March 15, 2006 Revised Catalog of Lichens, Lichenicoles, and Allied Fungi in California Shirley C. Tucker tucker (at) lifesci.ucsb.edu Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 and Bruce D. Ryan School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287; deceased ABSTRACT This revision of the California lichen catalog reports 1,575 taxa (of which 65 are recognized at the level of variety, subspecies or forma) for the state, an increase of about 580 taxa since the 1979 catalog. The number of genera is 297. The lichen flora of California includes about 36% of the 4,429 species reported for the continental United States and Canada. All known references are given that cite each species as occurring in California. Synonyms are cross-referenced to the current names. Accepted names are listed first, followed by names of taxa that are either excluded or not confirmed. The bibliography includes 854 publications pertaining to California lichens. Type all or part of a lichen name into the search box.

78. Caloplaca Coralloides, Lichen Research project by Megan Kelso provides photographs and plenty of information on this lichen which can be found living on rocks close to the sea. http://www.mbari.org/staff/conn/botany/lichens/index.htm

79. Ramalina Fastigiata With Xanthoria Parietina Photograph of these two lichens growing together on a branch. http://www.clear-mind-photos.com/lichens_-_fruticose_-_on_bark/ramalina_fastigia

80. Lichen Education: Biology And Symbiosis s and photos of lichens....... http://ocid.nacse.org/lichenland/html/meeting.html

The Fungus meets an Alga Mr. Fungus is ready to greet our friend the alga Friend alga cell is prepared to greet Mr. Fungus. The Lichen is created between the fungus and the alga. After the first meeting If the fungus and alga are compatible, they can make a lichen body (thallus). This means that only certain algae and certain fungi can get together to form a lichen. Thus each fungus and alga form a unique type of thallus body; we can use this thallus body to help assign them names and make identifications. The alga will begin to use sunlight to make sugars or food which will feed both the fungus and the alga. The fungus will create a thallus or body that will house both organisms. When you finish with this page, try out a query and see some photographs - there is a link at bottom of page. The Lichen - A Description The drawing above represents a generalized foliose lichen. Each of the characteristics shown is described fully with photographs and text on the Query page. The illustration below shows a cross-cut section through a real lichen. It is only about as thick as a pencil lead . The top of this lichen has a hard surface called a cortex, but none on the lower surface. Most foliose lichens have a cortex on the lower, but some do not. Crustose lichens are attached directly to the surface of the rock or tree (the

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