21. Native American Languages Native American Languages Variety A common misconception is that there was one Native American language. In reality, there were perhaps a thousand languages spoken in the http://www.cogsci.indiana.edu/farg/rehling/nativeAm/ling.html

Native American Languages Variety A common misconception is that there was one Native American language. In reality, there were perhaps a thousand languages spoken in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans - about 250 in the present territory of the United States alone. In addition, these languages showed tremendous variety between one another. A trio of individuals from three areas a hundred miles apart might very likely have been completely unable to communicate by speech. There was, however, a sign language used in some areas to allow communication between those of different tribes. This is described in detail in William Clark's book, "The Indian Sign Language". Complexity The spoken languages were neither primitive nor simple, and many had grammars as complex as those of Russian and Latin. However, with the exception of an ideographic system used by the Mayans and their neighbors near the Yucatan peninsula, none of the native languages of America had a writing system until the arrival of Europeans. More on the Mayan system of writing.

22. MC3 : Native American Language Immersion Authored by Dr. Janine PeasePretty On Top, this study focuses on Native American language immersion schools and projects. The W. K. Kellogg Foundation http://www.mc3edsupport.org/community/knowledgebases/native-american-language-im

23. Native Language Web Sites Links to resources for many different indigenous languages. http://bolt.lakeheadu.ca/~jomeara/languageSites.html

NALA 2711: Introduction to Native American Linguistics Department of Languages / Faculty of Education Lakehead University Summer 2002 Native Language Web Sites The following sites contain information on a variety of World Wide Web sites that either contain information about Canadian and U.S. aboriginal languages or contain useful pointers to sites that do. One of the most useful sites for Native Languages is the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas . This site contains an enormous amount of information about native languages, researchers, links to other sites, educational resources, and other information. This site is searchable. Contents are updated frequently. The Ethnologue site contains what is probably the most comprehensive listing of languages worldwide, and contains basic information about languages, language families, and estimated numbers of speakers. The LINGUIST List of Linguistic Information and Resources provides a wide variety of information on linguistics, and includes links for linguistics resources and personal pages of linguists. Lisa Mitten's List of Native Web Pages contains numerous links to web sites in the United States in Canada with native content, including many

24. Howstuffworks "Native American Language Groups" Other Native American Language Groups contains information on smaller Native American language families. Learn about other Native American language groups. http://history.howstuffworks.com/native-american-history/other-native-american-l

HSW.sm.loadPageInfo(442618); OAS_AD('TopBanner'); HowStuffWorks Search HowStuffWorks and the web Video Podcasts Blogs Quizzes Games RSS Adventure Animals Auto Culture ... Other Language Groups other language groups library E-mail This Facebook Digg This Yahoo! Buzz ... Reddit Smaller groups of Native American languages are found in our Other Native American Language Groups section. Here you can learn about some of these languages and the groups of people that used them. Featured Article: Kutenai Kutenai, Kootenay , or Kootenai a tribe of Indians usually considered to form a distinct language family. Articles 1-19 of 19 Arawak Indians Arawak Indians, the name given by Spanish explorers to several tribes who spoke related languages. Arikara Indians Arikara Indians, also called Arikaree and Ree, a loosely organized confederacy of subtribes of the Caddoan language family. Flathead Flathead (or Salish ) Indians, a North American tribe of the Salishan language family. Haida Indians a group of tribes living on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, and the southern part of Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. Kiowa Indians Kiowa Indians, a North American Indian tribe. The Kiowa language is closely related to the languages spoken by tribes of the Tanoan language family.

25. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SALISH AND NEIGHBORING LANGUAGES Conference reports on Salish and other languages. Some links given. http://www.cas.unt.edu/~montler/icsnl.htm

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SALISH AND NEIGHBORING LANGUAGES The 39th International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages will be hosted by the Squamish Nation and will take place in North Vancouver, British Columbia on August 11-13, 2004. Papers on all aspects of the study, preservation, and teaching of Salish and neighboring languages are welcome. Papers for the ICSNL should be submitted by Friday, May 28, 2004, and will be printed and distributed prior to the conference by the University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, as was done last year. There are no page limits. Electronic submissions are encouraged. Word files with any special fonts will be accepted; however, PDF files are preferred. A style sheet is available at http://www.linguistics.ubc.ca/UBCWPL/ . Contact the editors at Linguistics- UBCWPL@arts.ubc.ca for updated information. Papers should be submitted to: The editors, ICSNL 39, 2004 UBCWPL c/o Department of Linguistics, UBC E-270 1866 Main Mall Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z1

26. Native American Language Native American Languages, the indigenous languages of the native peoples of North, Middle, and South America. The precise number of Native American languages is unknown http://treelover.tripod.com/nal.html

Build your own FREE website at Tripod.com Share: Facebook Twitter Digg reddit document.write(lycos_ad['leaderboard']); document.write(lycos_ad['leaderboard2']); Major Languages Linguistic Borrowings Classification Linguistic Traits Given their extreme genetic diversity, it is not surprising that Native American languages differ greatly from one another in their phonology (sound systems) and grammar. No linguistic trait exists, however, that is the exclusive property of Native American languages. This diversity is illustrated by the broad range of traits listed below, which show the structural characteristics of Native American languages. Phonology Native American languages show great variety in their sound systems. Consonants Vowels Voiceless, or whispered, vowels are found in North America in Zuñi, Hopi, and Keresan (all spoken by Pueblo peoples), in the Plateau Shoshone languages (Uto-Aztecan), and in Cheyenne (Algonquian-Ritwan); in Middle America in Totonacan and some Otomanguean languages; and in South America in the Ticuna and others. Nasalized vowels (as in French bon) occur in North America in the Athabascan, eastern Algonquian, Iroquoian, Siouan, Muskogean, and Kiowa-Tanoan groups. They are also found in Middle America in the Otomanguean languages and in South America in various languages, notably in the Macro-Gê, Tupian, and Panoan groups. The vowel i, a high, central, unrounded sound, occurs in North America in Comanche (Plateau Shoshone) and Coast Tsimshian, and in Middle America in the Mixe-Zoquean family, Cholan and Yucatecan Mayan, Otomí (Otomanguean), and others. It is common in South America, occurring in Araucanian, Guaraní, Guaymí (Chibchan), the Panoan and Tucanoan families, and

27. Cherokee, Native American Language — Infoplease.com Cherokee Gospel songs and language revitalization. (Whispering Wind) American Indian culture at risk. (Cherokee anthropologist Robert Thomas reports language and culture loss among http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0811702.html

28. TRAILS Language Education Software - Fully Customizeable With Multi-language Cap Software packages for archiving and teaching indigenous languages. http://www.trails-indigenouslanguages.com

LANGUAGE EDUCATION SOFTWARE Teaching, R estoration and Archiving of International / Indigenous Languages Software "T.R.A.I.L.S. - Pathways to Knowledge and Understanding" T.R.A.I.L.S. is a "cookie free" website Welcome to T.R.A.I.L.S. - We appreciate your interest in our unique Language Education Software! T.R.A.I.L.S. is a one of a kind computer application designed for the purpose of providing a uniform tool for teaching all languages of the world. It's multi-language capability makes it truly a global application for Indigenous Peoples, Educators, Linguists and Archaeologists.

29. The Importance Of Native American Language Different Tribal dialects of the ancient Native American language. http://www.native-net.org/na/native-american-language.html

Native American Language As diverse and widespread as the Native American tribes and cultures have been for thousands of years they also each have their own form of Native American language. When European settlers first settled in America there were over one thousand dialects of Native American language that was spoken throughout the Americas. There are still many Native Languages that are spoken among tribes to this day but the majority of these tribes also speak English. Many tribal reservations and cultural organizations try to keep the languages alive among their communities in order to help remember their past and ensure the future of their cultural Native languages. Many people that study linguistics try to understand many of these Native Languages as well and they work on putting these languages into writing to help better understand the dialect. There is no definitive proof of the exact origin of many of these languages or if they all branched off from one Ancestral language because they were never put into written form for thousands of years after they had been spoken. Some of these languages had similarities to others so linguistic experts made groupings based off of this. American Indians American Indian Arrowheads American Indian Artifacts American Indian Baskets American Indian Bows ... Tecumseh Looking for something different? Search our site.

30. Awesome Library - English - Languages - Native American Provides information on how many speak each Native American language in the USA and where they are located. 700. Purchase Resources. Language Translations (World Language Resources) http://www.awesomelibrary.org/Classroom/English/Languages/Native_American.html

Awesome Library Search Here: Home Classroom English Languages > Native American Native American Also Try Native Americans - By Language or Tribe Lesson Plans Completing the Circle Reading Curriculum (Wambdi.BIA.edu) Does not provide lessons in Native languages, but does incorporate Native culture in the reading program. Designed by Dr. Sandra Fox. 12-03 Lists Native American Language Act of 1992 (Legal Information Institute) Provides the federal act that provides funds for projects to preserve Native American languages. 5-02 Native American Languages (Indian Languages - Gliese) Provides places that teach Native American Languages, listed by language. 5-02 Native American Languages (Native-Language.org) Provides information on up to 800 languages. 11-03 Papers Endangered Languages - Resources (Tribal College Journal of American Indian Higher Education - Reyhner) Provides an annotated list of resources for preserving endangered Native American languages. 7-00 Endangered Languages Grant (Legal Information Institute) Provides the US Code under which grants are available "to ensure survival and continuing vitality of Native American languages." 7-00 Native American Culturally Based Education (NWREL.org - Sherman)

31. Languagegeek : Native Languages Fonts, keyboard mapping, and other orthographical aids for Native North American languages. http://www.languagegeek.com/

The indigenous peoples of the world speak an immensely diverse group of languages , belonging to over thirty distinctly different families just in North America. It is vital for all of us to promote and respect these languages so that we can transmit our legacy to future generations. Many languages use special characters or diacritic marks. Languagegeek’s free Unicode-compliant fonts contain everything you need to read your language in whichever orthography you prefer: Syllabic (Canadian and Cherokee), Roman / Latin, Phonetic, and others. Fonts let you read language, but to type it on your computer, you will need a specially designed keyboard layout. Languagegeek offers over 170 different keyboards for both Mac and Windows. All are free to download and easy to install. I also provide custom keyboard layouts. Each written language of the world has a history and evolution which have led to the common orthographies used today. To accurately represent languages in print, it is important to know where the system came from and how to follow the various typographic rules unique to that language.

32. Native American Languages: Information From Answers.com Only a few tongues, like Navajo and Cherokee, can claim more than 50,000 speakers; Navajo, spoken by about 150,000 people, is the most widely used Native American language in the http://www.answers.com/topic/native-american-languages

var isReferenceAnswers = true; BodyLoad('s'); On this page Library Animal Life Health History, Politics, Society ... Technology Native American languages Columbia Encyclopedia: Native American languages Home Library Miscellaneous Columbia Encyclopedia Native American languages, languages of the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere and their descendants. A number of the Native American languages that were spoken at the time of the European arrival in the New World in the late 15th cent. have become extinct, but many of them are still in use today. The classification "Native American languages" is geographical rather than linguistic, since those languages do not belong to a single linguistic family, or stock, as the Indo-European or Afroasiatic languages do. There is no part of the world with as many distinctly different native languages as the Western Hemisphere. Because the number of indigenous American tongues is so large, it is convenient to discuss them under three geographical divisions: North America (excluding Mexico), Mexico and Central America, and South America and the West Indies. It is not possible to determine exactly how many languages were spoken in the New World before the arrival of Europeans or how many people spoke these languages. Some scholars estimate that the Western Hemisphere at the time of the first European contact was inhabited by 40 million people who spoke 1,800 different tongues. Another widely accepted estimate suggests that at the time of Columbus more than 15 million speakers throughout the Western Hemisphere used more than 2,000 languages; the geographic divisions within that estimate are 300 separate tongues native to some 1.5 million Native Americans N of Mexico, 300 different languages spoken by roughly 5 million people in Mexico and Central America, and more than 1,400 distinct tongues used by 9 million Native Americans in South America and the West Indies.

33. Endangered Languages: Revival And Revitalization Essay on the struggle to save endangered American Indian languages. http://www.native-languages.org/revive.htm

Native American language index Native American people index What's new on our site today! Native Languages of the Americas: Endangered Language Revitalization and Revival Many American Indian languages are undergoing something called "revival" or "revitalization." What exactly, is this? To understand the terms "revival" and "revitalization," first you have to understand the current state of these languages. Linguists have a variety of grim-sounding terms for languages with few or no native speakers. A language which has no native speakers (people who grew up speaking the language as a child) is called "dead" or "extinct." A language which has no native speakers in the youngest generation is called "moribund." A language which has very few native speakers is called "endangered" or "imperilled." Language revival and language revitalization are attempts to preserve endangered languages, and that is precisely what our website project is about. Of the 800+ Amerindian languages, five hundred are endangered or worse. Most of the others are in Central and South America in North America only Navajo usage is increasing, and even the relatively "healthy" languages like Cherokeespoken by 22,000 peopleare threatened by low percentages of children learning the languages.

34. Civilizations In America: Language When Europeans first encountered Native Americans, they believed Native American language to be one such primitive language, and this notion survived into the late nineteenth http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CIVAMRCA/LANGUAGE.HTM

World Cultures Glossary World View agglutinative language. When verbs are collapsed with nouns it suggests that the culture does not think of actions (running, say) as independent from the the object doing the action, that is, that action is dependent on an actor; European languages make possible a world view in which action can be considered a separate entity from objects. natoaskuiinyemainxksini , from nataos ("holy, sacred"), kuiin ("pipe"), and ninxksini Richard Hooker Change to . . . Civilizations in America Olmecs Toltecs Mexicas / Aztecs Mayas Tiahuanaco Incas Native American Languages How to Speak Nahuatl Mayan Writing Arts in America Gallery of American Cultures American Cultures Timeline The Native American Anthology Atlas of American Cultures A Glossary of Native American Terms and Concepts Internet Resources on Native Americans About "Civlizations in America" Bibliography of Sources ©1996, Richard Hooker For information contact: Richard Hines Updated 6-6-1999

35. Native American Languages: Influence And Survival — Infoplease.com Encyclopedia — Native American languages Influence and Survival. The Native American languages have contributed numerous placenames in the Western Hemisphere, especially in the http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/a0859892.html

36. EDSITEment - Lesson Plan Lesson plans, background information and links on the Tlingit, Lakota, and Cherokee languages. http://www.edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=378

37. Native American Language Translation, Interpreting, Transcription Services American Language Services specializes in providing professional certified Native American Language Translators, Interpreters and Transcriptionists worldwide. http://www.alsglobal.net/languages/native-american.php

Home Page Contact Us Locations Blog ... View list of featured clients Native American Language The Foundation of Native American Language The Diversity of Native American Languages Due to the diversity of this area, it is difficult to make generalizations that adequately characterize the entire region. Most North American languages have a relatively small number of vowels (i.e. four or five vowels). Languages of the western half of North America often have relatively large consonant inventories. The languages of the Pacific Northwest are notable for their complex phonotactics (for example, some languages have words that lack vowels entirely). The languages of the Plateau area have relatively rare pharyngeals and epiglottals (they are otherwise restricted to Afro-Asiatic and Caucasian languages). Ejective consonants are also common in North America, although they are rare elsewhere (except, again, for the Caucasus region, parts of Africa, and the Mayan family). Native American Writing System Native American has been written in a variety of alphabets over the centuries. The traditional Native American script was adapted from Uyghur script probably at the very beginning of the 13th century and from that time underwent some minor disambiguations and supplementations. Between 1930 and 1932, a short-lived attempt was made to introduce the Latin script in the Native American state, and after a preparatory phase, the Cyrillic script was declared as mandatory by government decree. Who are You Going to Trust with Your Vital Native American Language Needs?

38. Native American Language Products Native American language font products from Linguist's Software http://www.linguistsoftware.com/nativeam.htm

Native American Language Products Linguist's Software produces 23 font products that together support at least the following 88 Native American languages, plus hundreds of dialects. Check the list below for the product that best meets your needs. Product Languages Supported LaserCherokee Cherokee LaserCherokee in Unicode Cherokee, plus west European (Latin 1) languages LaserCheyenne in Unicode Cheyenne, plus west European (Latin 1) languages LaserChoctaw Choctaw LaserCree Cree LaserGwich'in The following Athapaskan languages: Hän, Kaska, Northern Tutchone, Southern Tutchone, Tagish, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, Tahltan, and Tlingit. A customized version of LaserGwich'in also supports Koyukan (specify if needed). Because of the variety of diacritics, many European, Roman-based languages, including French, German, and Spanish, are also covered. LaserGwich'in can even be used for some forms of Chinese transliteration. LaserHul'qumi'num' Hul' q umi'num' and English LaserInuktitut Inuktitut LaserIñupiaq Iñupiaq (including their Base-20 number system) and English LaserIroquoian in Unicode Iroquoian (currently available only for Macintosh) LaserJicarilla Jicarilla, Keres (both Western Keres Pueblo and Eastern Keres Pueblo)

39. NATIVE AMERICAN LANGUAGE IMMERSION 2 Native American Language Immersion Innovative Native Education for Children Families TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction by Richard Little bear, Ph. D. 5 i. http://www.collegefund.org/downloads/ImmersionBook.pdf

40. Teaching Indigenous Languages Home Page Papers from endangered languages conferences and short articles on the teaching of native American languages. Topics include policy, promotion, curriculum, schools, and community. http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/TIL.html

Teaching Indigenous Languages books conference articles columns ... home Important Information Indigenous Language News Some Basics of Indigenous Language Revitalization Status of Indigenous Languages Teaching Methods ... Purchasing Information Link Pages American Indian Education American Indian-General Bilingual Education Education (General) ... Parent Involvement The National Geographic Society's Enduring Voices Project notes: Every 14 days a language dies. By 2100, more than half of the more than 7,000 languages spoken on Earthmany of them not yet recordedmay disappear, taking with them a wealth of knowledge about history, culture, the natural environment, and the human brain. This National Geographic Society Project identified five language "hot spots" around the world where Native Indigenous languages are most rapidly being lost, two of which are in the United States of America. The Native American Languages Act of 1990 makes it U.S. Government policy to promote, protect, and preserve the Indigenous languages of the U.S.A. This "Teaching Indigenous Languages" web site is an outgrowth of a series of annual conferences started in 1994 at Northern Arizona University to help achieve the goals of the Native American Languages Act. These conferences focus on the linguistic, educational, social, and political issues related to the survival of the endangered Indigenous languages of the world. The

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