81. Fossil Plants Prem Subrahmanyam provides photographs and information on Pennsylvanian plant fossils he has found in Alabama. http://www.premdesign.com/fosplant.html

Fossil Plants Following are Pennsylvanian plants collected in in the Cahaba coal field near a "town" called Marvel north of Montevalo, AL and south-southwest of Birmingham, AL. The trick is to collect in the bedding shale on either side of a coal seam, or in the spoil pile left over after strip or shaft mining. The strip pits where these were collected are not accessible by regular car, and were it not for the help of one of the locals with a 4x4, we would have gone home empty-handed. The plants represented here are Calamites , a giant horsetail (sphenophyte), and its foliage, assigned to the genus Annularia Stigmaria , the rhizome of a lepidodendroid club moss (lycophyte); and Sphenopteris , a seed fern (pteridosperm). Click a thumbnail to get a large picture Calamites sp. Note the "bamboo" like appearance of the stem, with numerous parallel veins and a jointed stem. Along the joint, one can see two radial scars where smaller branches split off of the main stem. While the genus Calamites is extinct, modern horsetails still live today, but at generally under a meter tall, they do not attain the tree-like proportions (estimated up to 20 meters or 65 feet) of their extinct relatives.

82. ..:: Welcome To BIRBAL SAHNI Institute Of Palaeobotany ::.. Information on the institute, including staff, lectures, vacancies, and services. http://www.bsip.res.in/

The academic activities of the Institute during 2008-09 include publication of 76 research papers, 125 scientific abstracts, and 25 reports / articles, besides 36 research papers, which are accepted for publication. view more At present 14 Sponsored Projects are running. view more Symposium on "Glimpses of Godwana Research" during the Indo-Brazilian project Meeting will be held on November 24, 2010 at Institute and a field workshop during November 24-29,2010 More View past events 53, University Road, Lucknow -226 007 (India) Ph. : +91-0522-2740008,2740011 Fax : +91-0522-2740485 marg software solutions Maintained by Website Committee , BSIP, Lucknow

83. Palaeozoic Forests This web version contains the original illustrations as appeared in the printed version and many links directly related to the history of Palaeozoic forests. http://www.uni-muenster.de/GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/ewald.html

A H ISTORY OF P ALAEOZOIC F ORESTS H ANS K ERP This paper was originally published in German in Natur und Museum ( 1996, Vol. 126, No. 12, pp. 421 - 430 ) under the title: The December 1996 issue of Natur und Museum contains four contributions to Palaeozoic Palaeobotany and can still be ordered from: Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main GERMANY Fax: 00-49-69-74 62 38 This web version contains the original illustrations as appeared in the printed version and over links directly related to the history of Palaeozoic forests. Clicking the high-lighted key words in the text brings you to an index of links from where you can start your virtual palaeobotany tour around the world. As some groups of plants appear to be more common on the web than others, we have added some photos from our own archives to complete this selection. These photos are of course particularly recommended! Because the various researchers sometimes use different names for the same (groups of) plants, careful readers might notice some inconsistencies in the naming of the fossil plants. This also applies to the names of geological periods. A History of Palaeozoic Forests Contents: Early land plants The Carboniferous coal swamp forests The floral change at the end of the Westphalian Is there a floral break in the Permian?

84. Global Land Environments During The Last 130,000 Years An atlas of changes in climate and vegetation over recent geological time (the Quaternary period). http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/nerc.html

Visit my Memories of Tennessee photo gallery Global land environments since the last interglacial For a colour LGM global ecosystem summary map click here. Compiled by Jonathan Adams, Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-Do, Seoul, South Korea An atlas of the ice age Earth References cited on the QEN pages, including those cited here REGION: Europe Eurasia Africa Australasia ... Key to mnemonic vegetation codes used on the maps The procedure for constructing the regional maps Brief discussion of the differences between various published palaeovegetation maps More detailed description of the mapping process Other pages in this series, dealing with past environments Link to QEN pages a more detailed, extensive literature survey of the world since the last glacial maximum A quick background to the last Ice Age The radiocarbon timescale vs the 'real' timescale Sudden climate transitions during the past 130,000 years (heavy version) (now published in Progress in Physical Geography January 1999) or easy reading version A quick background to the Pliocene The onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation A Siberian mega-lake at the Last Glacial Maximum ... Carbon storage in ecosystems; past, present and future

85. DID THE WOOD ROACH CAUSE The PERMIAN- ARIDITY, RED BEDS, And CONIFER RISE? A symbiosis of the wood roach with a cellulose digesting protozoa probably caused Permian aridity and rise of conifers, and created the early Triassic coal hiatus. http://www.angelfire.com/nc/isoptera/roach.html

DID the WOOD ROACH CAUSE the PERMIAN ARIDITY, RED BEDS, and CONIFER RISE? by Charles Weber Cellulose digestion by wood roaches may have removed enough mulch (detritus) and vegetation to have caused hiatus of coal, aridity, and temperature rise, as well as increasing conifers across the Permian. ABSTRACT It is suggested that the symbiosis of cellulose digesting microbes with the cockroach, probably in the Permian, caused fundamental ecological changes which lowered soil organic matter, created aridity, helped increase atmospheric carbon dioxide, increased temperature from baring of soil, helped eliminate glaciers, and favored conifers with their inert interior and wood poisons. In the form of prototermites with a soldier caste, it is suggested that they spread the conifers in early Triassic, caused the early Triassic coal hiatus, and possibly contributed to extinctions at the close of the Permian when dropping sea levels permitted them to spread around the world, the last possibly from the indirect effects of a comet impact coupled to filling of below sea level depressions. INTRODUCTION There is also a difficulty to perceive that rates of evolution must proceed at drastically different rates. A simple change such as change in size or loss of an existing organ should be able to occur with crisp speed, as we have seen with domesticated organisms. On the other hand, complicated neural patterns such as nest building and intricate organs such as termite poison squirting apparatus must surely require long periods of time. Progenitors of traits like these must surely go back a considerable span from when they first appear on the fossil record, especially when associated with a long lived or sparsely populated organism or when a sudden appearance of diverse forms imply an undiscovered source.

86. Environmental Archaeology At The Florida Museum Of Natural History This discipline analyzes and interprets past human resources uses and human/environment interactions. It is made up of three subdisciplines - Zooarchaeology, Archaeobotany, and Archaeopedology. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/envarch/default.htm

Florida Museum of Natural History Introducing Environmental Archaeology EA History Staff Publications ... EA Comparative Databases EA Program Research: Research Images Lake Monroe Maya Research Donate to Environmental Archaeology Environmental Archaeology at the Florida Museum of Natural History Zooarchaeology Archaeobotany Archaeopedology n. Zooarchaeology is the study of animal remains, both vertebrate and invertebrate, from archaeological contexts. These studies provide a better understanding of past lifeways, human diets, changed landscapes, management of animals, impact of human exploitation on other animal populations, and other interactions between animals and humans. n. Archaeobotany is the analysis and interpretation of plant remains, both microscopic and macroscopic, from archaeological sites. Through the study of archaeological plant remains such as pollen grains, phytoliths, charred wood, and seeds, human-plant relations in the past can be better understood n.

87. UPenn - SAS - Department Of Earth And Environmental Science-Eocene Fossil Forest Describes a paleobotanical/paleoecological study of fossil forest site in the Canadian high arctic. Research information about the University of Pennsylvania research at the fossil forest site. http://www.sas.upenn.edu/earth/arctic/index.html

What's new This site is being overhauled to present our findings from the past three years of research...Check back later for new info (7/22/02) We completed two field seasons at Napartulik on Axel Heiberg Island and one field season at Stenkul Fiord on Ellesmere Island , Nunavut, Canada from 1999-2001. Welcome At this web site you will find detailed information regarding University of Pennsylvania research at the Geodetic Hills Fossil Forest site, Nunavut Territory, Canada. This site is meant to serve as a platform to 1) inform people about our research; 2) provide access to our findings; and 3) provide a means of contacting project members for answers to specific questions. Contact Information University of Pennsylvania Hayden Hall 240 South 33rd Street Philadelphia, PA 19104-6316 USA Ph: +1 215.898.5630 Fax: +1 215.898.0964 Email: cjwillia@sas.upenn.edu Created and updated by Chris Williams on: Wed., July 22, 2002 Summary Introduction Site Geology Preservation ... Literature Cited 2000 Field Team All Project Members General Photos ... List of Articles

88. Tertiary Research Center Information about the Miocene Clarkia flora of northern Idaho, USA, including taxonomy, fossil collection sites, research, and photographs of Tertiary fossils. http://www.mines.uidaho.edu/~tertiary/

The Clarkia Flora of northern Idaho. The first discovery of fossils in the Clarkia area was in 1972 during the construction of a snow mobile racetrack. The fossils, primarily plant remains, are preserved in the sediments of a Miocene Lake bed. The lake was formed fifteen to fifteen and one half million years ago by the damming of a drainage basin very similar to the present day St. Maries River drainage basin. The ancient lake was relatively narrow and as deep as 100 to 150 meters. Because of cold, anoxic bottom water and a high rate of sedimentation, preservation of the local biota was excellent. During the last 15 million years this area has remained tectonically stable, resulting in little post depositional change of any biota remains trapped in the sediments. Leaves often show original fall colors (brown, red, and yellow). Some even contain Chloroplasts and show the original green color. Biochemistry, unique in each modern genera of plant species correlates well with similar fossil species. View the flora View the collection locations Contact information Contact information: Dr. William C. Rember

89. The PETRALGA (PErmian And TRiassic ALGAe) Project The Project was launched in order to build a solid database for the fossil Algae from the Permian and Triassic epochs. A main going-on sub-project deals with a catalogue for the Dasycladales. http://paleopolis.rediris.es/petralga/

Enter here! Welcome to the home page for PETRALGA PE TR iassic ALGA e). This Project was initiated at the end of 1990 in order to provide useful paleontologic tools for both scientific institutions and industry. As the first main project, an exhaustive catalogue of Dasycladalean algae from the Permian and Triassic systems is in preparation, for these periods were the apogee of this Order with about 60 genera and more than 240 species Dasycladalean algae have often been consider poor stratigraphic markers. On the contrary, the biostratigraphic value of these calcareous algae is great for they are always present on carbonate platforms where classical markers (Ammonites, etc .) are for the most part absent. Nevertheless use of this algal group in biostratigraphy had been limited due to a lack of syntheses that collate the information available. On the one hand published work dealing with this Order is exceedingly abundant, but on the other hand it is published in many languages - Russian, German, Japanese, etc . - in journals some of which do not have a wide dissemination. Assemblages of algae or even some species alone could provide accurate stratigraphic data at the stage or perhaps even the sub-stage level, as has been the case for the Jurassic and Cretaceous systems and the Cenozoic Era.

90. Grand Canyon: Paleobotanical Research On The Bright Angel Shale Provides information on the Middle Cambrian deposits in these shales, siltstones and sandstones and the microfossils found there, with images of several cryptospores and spore clusters. http://www2.bc.edu/~strother/gc.html

Grand Canyon: Paleobotanical Research on the Bright Angel Shale Introduction The Bright Angel Shale is a Middle Cambrian sequence composed of shales, siltstones and finer to medium sandstones, sometimes ferruginous. We have been investigating the palynology of the Bright Angel Shale since 1996 when we received funding from the National Geographic Society. Todate we have completed 3 research trips to the Bright Angel Shale: In May of 1996, an investigative team of 5 descended into the northern part of the canyon in the Deer Creek and Tapeats Creek areas. October 1997. A measured section at Sumner Butte was partially completed. April 1998. Completion of the Sumner Butte Section. We now have renewed funding from the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society and plan an aditional 4 trips to study the Paleoecology of the Bright Angel Shale. April 2000. Participants Schedule We have now sampled through the uppermost Tapeats Sandstone through a good part of the lower and middle Bright Angel Shale. Many samples have revealed microscopic cells, most probably the resistant cysts of previously undescribed algae, but some decidedly like cryptospores of terrestrial originseen in younger strata. This finding is particularly significant because this assemblage has qualities in between those of younger terrestrial spores attributed to true plants (bryophytes) and some Cambrian tetrads attributed to algae incertae sedis . These microfossils from the Bright Angel are decidedly unlike acritarchs assemblages typically found in (marine) Cambrian strata. If fact, we have yet to record any typical acritarch forms from the samples we have processed to date. This leads to the conclusion that we are looking at a non-marine assemblage of microscopic organic remains. Freshwater remains of Cambrian age are literally unknown in the fossil record and this find could represent our first glimpse into the terrestrial half of the Cambrian world.

91. Cryptospores Etc. Provides links to a number of web sources providing information on plant fossils and images of meiospores and cryptospores. http://www.uni-muenster.de/GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/seite2.html

P ALAEOBOTANICAL R ESEARCH G ROUP U NIVERSITY M H ISTORY OF P ALAEOZOIC F ORESTS S ILURIAN P LANT F OSSILS The earliest land plants were found in Upper Silurian rocks. These are small, very simple plants consisting of naked axes, terminally bearing sporangia. In even older rocks isolated pieces of cuticle, tracheid-like structures and (crypto)spores can be found. These are, however, often still difficult to interpret. Some links to sites dealing with such cryptospores and enigmatic fossils are listed below. Taxon / Subject Web Source Comments Pics Info Cryptospores and other problematic fossils Silurian cryptospores Weston Observatory Cryptospores Weston Observatory Silurian palynology Ph.D. Project John H. Beck, Weston Observatory Early land plant spores and cryptospores Cambrian palynology Weston Observatory Palynology of the Cambrian of the Grand Canyon Cryptospores Palynology, University of Arizona Parka decipiens Hans Steur's Paleobotany Pages See also our "The Earliest Land Plants" for the earliest (Silurian) records of vascular land plants = excellent !

92. A.C. Seward, "Darwin And Modern Science," 1909 - Chapter 12 Article by D. H. Scott, President of the Linnean Society, which discusses the fossil record of plants and its bearing on the truth of the doctrine of evolution, on phylogeny and on the theory of natural selection. http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/modern-science/chapter12.html

Darwin and Modern Science Edited by A.C. Seward XII. THE PALAEONTOLOGICAL RECORD. II. PLANTS. By D.H. SCOTT, F.R.S. President of the Linnean Society. here are several points of view from which the subject of the present essay may be regarded. We may consider the fossil record of plants in its bearing: I. on the truth of the doctrine of Evolution; II. on Phylogeny, or the course of Evolution; III. on the theory of Natural Selection. The remarks which follow, illustrating certain aspects only of an extensive subject, may conveniently be grouped under these three headings. I. THE TRUTH OF EVOLUTION. When " The Origin of Species " was written, it was necessary to show that the Geological Record was favourable to, or at least consistent with, the Theory of Descent. The point is argued, closely and fully, in Chapter X. "On the Imperfection of the Geological Record," and Chapter XI. "On the Geological Succession of Organic Beings"; there is, however, little about plants in these chapters. At the present time the truth of Evolution is no longer seriously disputed, though there are writers, like Reinke, who insist, and rightly so, that the doctrine is still only a belief, rather than an established fact of science. (J. Reinke, "Kritische Abstammungslehre", "Wiesner-Festschrift", page 11, Vienna, 1908.) Evidently, then, however little the Theory of Descent may be questioned in our own day, it is desirable to assure ourselves how the case stands, and in particular how far the evidence from fossil plants has grown stronger with time.

93. Fossil Plants Of Britain | Natural History Museum A short video provided by the Natural History Museum which has a large collection of fossilized plant specimens. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/earth/fossils/fossil-plants/

@import url("/styles/nhm-page.css"); @import url("/styles/content.css"); @import url("/styles/utilities.css"); @import url("/styles/columns-single.css"); @import url("/styles/nature-online/section.css"); Skip to page content Research and curation Business centre About us Search Home Visit us Nature online Kids only ... Tring You are here: Home Nature online Earth Fossils Primary navigation Earth Rocks and minerals Natural disasters Fossils ... Antarctic heritage and conservation Fossil plants of Britain Paul Kenrick Windows Media stream High Bandwidth Low Bandwidth Quicktime stream High Bandwidth Low Bandwidth Britain's plants have changed radically over the years. To coincide with the BBC's new series The British Isles: A Natural History, Darwin Centre Live will be tracing the roots of today's British flora through the amazing fossilized specimens held here at the Natural History Museum. Join Paul Kenrick for a glimpse into the fossil life of plants. We also offer a full listing of  curriculum links associated with this video for schools. Presented by: Paul Kenrick Date: 28 September 2004 Duration: Got a question or a comment about this video?

94. GINKGO BILOBA -The Ginkgo Pages- Fossils Provides information on this tree, several species of which date back to the Jurassic and Cretaceous, with images of fossil leaves and wood. http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten/fossils.htm

95. Parka Decipiens Provides images and information about the fossilised remains of this plant from the Late Silurian and the Early Devonian. Parka is not completely understood and its systematic place is unclear. the systematic place of which is uncertain. http://www.xs4all.nl/~steurh/eng/parka.html

Evolution of plants The oldest land plants (1) The oldest land plants (2) Cooksonia (1) ... Eight fossils The enigmatic plant Parka decipiens This plant grew in the Late Silurian and the Early Devonian, about 400 million years ago. Especially in the old quarries in the neighbourhood of Forfar, north of Dundee in Scotland, it is a common fossil. But it also occurs in other places in the world. The fossil looks like a little patch 0.5 - 7.5 cm in diameter showing a reticulate structure on the surface. Its form is circular, elliptic or irregular When the state of preservation is very good there are small coaly discs in the 'meshes' of the reticulum. By treating these discs with nitric acid and other chemicals it is possible to make the contents visible: a mass of little objects The spores are always completely flattened and sometimes they show cracks and folds. A sporangium contains about 35000 spores. Complete specimens of Parka decipiens show a border of 0.2 - 1.2 mm in breadth. Actually the sporangia were formed in this border. Indeed

96. Wattieza Is World's Oldest Tree | COSMOS Magazine Article from Cosmos on the discovery of a complete fossil of the world s oldest tree, a primitive 380-million-year-old plant resembling a modern palm or tree fern. http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/1227

97. Sfern Article by Professor Ralph E. Taggart on this fossil plant group from the Carboniferous that bore fern-like foliage but had an advanced, seed-type reproductive system. http://taggart.glg.msu.edu/bot335/sfern.htm

Pteridosperms Carboniferous Seed Ferns Professor Ralph E. Taggart Department of Plant Biology and Department of Geological Sciences Michigan State University In this detail view of one portion of the famous Carboniferous swamp forest reconstruction at the Field Museum in Chicago, the scene is dominated by the trunks of arborescent lycopods. The trees in the foreground are Sigillaria , while larger Lepidodendron s can be seen in the background. Between the foreground trunks is a true botanical puzzle - fern-like foliage bearing large gymnosperm seeds! By the beginning of this century, paleobotanists began to suspect that a previously unknown group of plants must have been present in the Carboniferous forests. Although the fossil collections of the time were dominated by what appeared to be fern foliage, large seeds and strange pollen-bearing organs were also present. Although these parts had not yet been found connected, Oliver and Scott did a solid piece of detective work. They noted that some of the seeds, pollen organs, fern-like foliage, and stems seen on coal balls, all had unique little glandular structures on the epidermis. This led the two scientists to propose that a plant group they called the Pteridosperms , or "seed ferns", bore fern-like foliage but had an advanced, seed-type reproductive system. We now know that there were several groups of this type, and the two most common ones will be summarized here.

98. International Organisation Of Palaeobotany (IOP) - Gingko Biloba - Its Ancestors Article, with photographs and diagrams, about Ginkgo biloba, the sole living member of a once flourishing plant group, the Ginkgoales, which can be traced back to the early Permian. http://www.palaeobotany.org/iop/living-fossils/24/

Accessibility Links Access Key Help Home Page Skip to Content of Current Page Skip to Navigation International Organisation of Palaeobotany Navigation Home About the IOP About the IOP IOP Statutes and By-Laws ... Login Bookmark Article Delicious Digg reddit Facebook ... Living Fossils (Overview) Gingko biloba - its ancestors and allies Ginkgo biloba is a long-lived, dioecious and deciduous tree up to more than 30 meters high and 10 meters in girth (Figure 1) . It bears flabellate leaves with a long petiole and dichotomously branching veins, which grow either in tuft at the terminal end of dwarf shoots or are attached sparsely to the newly-sprung long shoot (Figures 2-3) . It has a long fossil record and is well known as having the preeminent claim to be described as a living fossil (Seward, 1911, 1919). Living Ginkgo is called "Baiguo" (white nut), "Yajiao" (duck foot), "Gongsunshu" (grandfather/grandson tree), "Yinxing" or "Icho" (silver apricot) and "maidenhair tree" in China, Japan and other countries. However, the name Ginkgo originates from 1712 when the traveller Kaempfer proposed for this plant. Linnaeus, the founder of the binomial system of nomenclature, adopted this designation adding the species name '

99. Vascular Plants and diagram of Rhynia, the first known vascular plant for which a complete fossil has been found....... http://www4.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/project/dendrology/index/plantae/vascular/vas

Vascular Plants Vascular -From the Latin vasculum meaning a vessel or duct Vascular plants first appear in the fossil record during the mid-Silurian period, about 410 million years ago. Rhyniophyta is the earliest known division of these plants, represented by several genera. Figure 1 Rhynia , the first known plant with a complete fossil. Rhynia (Fig. 1) is the first known vascular plant for which a complete fossil has been found. These leafless and rootless plants consisted of stem tissue which branched along an axis and contained spore cases at the tips of the aerial branches. Although true roots developed much later, a primitive "pipeline" system for support and fluid transport was an important development for these plants. The pipelinesystem, consisiting of ineterconnected strands of specialized cells, allowed transport of water, nutrients, and metabolites throughout the plant. This tissue was separated into two types, xylem and phloem. Xylem is specialized hollow cells which move water and dissolved minerals up from the roots to the rest of the plant. Xylem also provides support via the lignin which is incorporated into the cell walls, making the plant rigid. Phloem transports carbohydrates and other metabolites from the leaves to other parts of the plant. Unlike most nonvascular plants, vascular plants have a dominant, conspicuous sporophytic generation which is nutritionally independent. This generation is the familiar organism we see when we look at trees or wildflowers. The gametophytic generation is small and incorporated into the sporophytic generation in angiosperms, although it may be independent in some vascular plants.

100. Untitled Document Worldwide research and consultancy in palynology and organic petrology at Trinity College Dublin, especially on the Devonian and Carboniferous. Ph.D. projects and publications. http://www.tcd.ie/Geology/Staff/gclayton/index.html

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