81. Ancient History Sourcebook: George Long: Philosophy Of Antoninus Essay on Antonious and Stoicism in general. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/long-anton.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: George Long: Philosophy Of Antoninus Stoic Philosophy Part I. and the poets Persius and Juvenal, whose energetic language and manly thoughts may be as instructive to us now as they might have been to their contemporaries. Persius died under Nero's bloody reign, but Juvenal had the good fortune to survive the tyrant Domitian and to see the better times of Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian. His best precepts are derived from the Stoic school, and they are enforced in his finest verses by the unrivalled vigour of the Latin language. [Footnote 1: I have omitted Seneca, Nero's preceptor. He was in a sense a Stoic and he has said many good things in a very fine way. There is a judgment of Gellius (XII. 2) on Seneca, or rather a statement of what some people thought of his philosophy, and it is not favourable. His writings and his life must be taken together, and I have nothing more to say of him here. The reader will find a notice of Seneca and his philosophy in "Seekers after God," by the Rev. F. W. Farrar. Macmillan and Co.] [Footnote 2: Ribbeck has laboured to prove that those Satires which contain philosophical precepts are not the work of the real, but of a false Juvenal, a Declamator. Still the verses exist, and were written by somebody who was acquainted with the Stoic doctrines.]

82. The Secret (believe, Philosophy, Ancient, About) - Religion And Philosophy -Chri Anyone come across this DVD/documentary? I recently stumbled onto it and found it very interesting. Thoughts? http://www.city-data.com/forum/religion-philosophy/382908-secret.html

City-Data Forum General Forums Religion and Philosophy The Secret (believe, philosophy, ancient, about) User Name Remember Me? Password Register Search Today's Posts Mark Forums Read Welcome to City-Data.com forum! Make sure to register - it's free and very quick! You have to register before you can post and participate in our discussions with 900,000 other registered members. User profiles and some forums can only be seen by registered members. After you create your free account you will be able to customize many options, you will have the full access to over 15,000 posts/day about local topics and you will see fewer ads. Jump to a detailed profile or search site with Search Forums Advanced Business Search 14 Million verified businesses Search for: near: Page 1 of 2 07-18-2008, 11:03 PM Senior Member Join Date: May 2007 Location: Las Vegas 201 posts, read times Reputation: 59 The Secret Anyone come across this DVD/documentary? I recently stumbled onto it and found it very interesting. Thoughts? 07-18-2008, 11:10 PM

83. Stoicism Explanation of the philosophy by Dr. Barry Smith. http://www.abu.nb.ca/Courses/GrPhil/Stoic.htm

Stoicism Introduction Stoic Philosophy Logic Epistemology ... Indifference to Externals 1. Introduction Stoicism arose in the Hellenistic period, the period after the conquests of Alexander the Great, and became the philosophical preference of many Greeks and non-Greeks. Although there were differences among them, Stoic philosophers shared a common philosophical outlook. The beginnings of Stoicism lie with Zeno of Citium, who came to Athens from Cyprus. For many years a student of the Cynic philosophy Crates, Zeno eventually founded his own philosophical school in 300 BCE. Because he taught his students in a stoa (portico) in Athens, Zeno's philosophy came to be known as Stoicism. Zeno was succeeded as head of the school by Cleanthes and Cleanthes by Chrysippus. According to Diogenes Laertius, these three early Stoics wrote many works, but nothing except fragments of these have survived. Their works were still available, however, to Diogenes in the third century, who synthesizes the contents of these works in his attempt to provide a brief outline of Stoic philosophy; occasionally he quotes from their works. (Diogenes also quotes from even later Stoic texts.) Thus, Diogenes's summary of Stoic philosophy in his Lives of Eminent Philosophers

84. The Rebirth Of Stoicism Will Stoic philosophy be revived by current works? http://puffin.creighton.edu/phil/Stephens/rebirth_of_stoicism.htm

by William O. Stephens (originally published in Creighton Magazine (Winter 2000): 34 39; updated May 18, 2001) More than 2,200 years have passed since a group of sober people gathered in a covered colonnade, or stoa, in the marketplace of Athens to discuss the good life a life of virtue and honor. They became known as Stoics, and their ancient creed is enjoying a renaissance today in, of all things, popular culture. Why? Because the Stoic way of thinking is as relevant, indeed, as urgently practical , today in 21 st century America as it was 1,900 years ago in the Roman empire when a great teacher named Epictetus (pronounced eh-pick-TEE-tuss) set up a school to teach Stoicism to teen-agers. Epictetus’ Stoic philosophy, which influenced the likes of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, is basically that the goal of life is to live in harmony with nature. That means to live the good life, we must both live in accord with our human nature as essentially rational, reflective and thoughtful beings A Man in Full , and the summer of 2000 Hollywood blockbuster Gladiator A Man in Full Discourses , an expensive two-volume set. Sales of both popularized and scholarly books on Epictetus have thrived, and articles on Stoicism and Epictetus have appeared in many major newspapers.

85. The Ecole Initiative: Stocisim Article featuring basic ideas and background. http://www2.evansville.edu/ecoleweb/articles/stoicism.html

2007 Archive Edition - See the Archive Notice on the Project Homepage for more information. Stoicism Stoicism was one of the most important and influential traditions in the philosophy of the Hellenistic world. It claimed the adherence of a large portion of the educated persons in the Graeco-Roman world. It had considerable influence on the development of early Christianity. The Roman Stoics, Epictetus, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius were widely read and absorbed by the Western cultural tradition. Indeed, the very word 'stoic' has, in the popular sense, become synonymous with 'philosophical' and has come to represent that courage and calmness in the face of adverse and trying circumstances which was the hallmark of the ancient Stoics. Background Its founder, Zeno (c 336-264 BCE ) (not to be confused with the Eleatic Zeno), discussed philosophical ideas at the agora in the Stoa Poikile , Painted Colonnade, or porch and thus his followers came to be called Stoics or "philosophers of the porch". Like so many others, Zeno was impressed with the thought and character of Socrates. Interpreting the Socratic model from the point of view of the Cynics, Antisthenes, Diogenes, and Crates of Thebes, of whom Zeno was for a time a disciple, Zeno admired most in Socrates his strength of character and independence of external circumstances. From Zeno's point of view, virtue resided not in external fortune, wealth, honor, and the like, but in self-sufficiency and a kind of rational ordering of intention.

86. Stoicism An Introduction to Stoic Philosophy http://www.novaroma.org/via_romana/stoicism.html

An Introduction to Stoic Philosophy by Beatrix Murrell of the Stoa Del Sol I thought I might share what little I know abut the ancient Stoic worldview, which in some ways will sound familiar. That's because some of their ideas were borrowed from and incorporated by later philosophies and religious traditions. For the Stoics nothing passes unexplained. There's a reason for everything in Nature. They believed there is an active "force" which is everywhere coextensive with matter. The Stoics believed that there was something acting within them — as they put it — "a spirit deeply infused, germinating and developing as from a seed in the heart of each separate thing that exists." For the Stoics God was Fire (active energy) and Logos (reason) diffused throughout the Cosmos.They believed, too, that the Law of Nature was God's material presence in the Universe. As cosmic reason, God was Providence. This Providence ordained all things.God was Fate, too.The Stoics believed Fate imposed upon humanity a certain determinism that allowed for freedom only within the context of a person's inner acceptance of cosmic necessity. As for Fire, the Stoics likened this concept of God as seed that having in itself the "reasons of all things and the causes of what was, is, and shall be."This energy was the vital principle from which all the flora and fauna springs. The Stoics considered that through any stage of development, it was God (as a living force) who molded and dominated passive matter in terms of "progress."

87. Books Offers several Stoic classis, including Cicero, Seneca, Plutarch, Castoglione, and Erasmus. http://www.stoics.com/books.html

Home Why Stoics Books FAQ ... Works Cited Books Cicero's De Officiis Why Cicero 400 KB Seneca's Essays Volume I Why Seneca 400 KB Seneca's Essays Volume II Why Seneca 500 KB Seneca's Essays Volume III Why Seneca 500 KB Seneca's Epistles Volume I Why Seneca 400 KB Seneca's Epistles Volume II Why Seneca 500 KB Seneca's Epistles Volume III Why Seneca 400 KB Plutarch's Lives Volume I Why Plutarch 900 KB Plutarch's Lives Volume II Why Plutarch 1,000 KB Plutarch's Lives Volume III Why Plutarch 600 KB Plutarch's Lives Volume IV Why Plutarch 700 KB Castiglione's Courtier Why Castiglione 900 KB Erasmus's Education of a Christian Prince Why Erasmus Contents, Index and Text 240 KB Elyot's Governour Why Elyot 800 KB Sidney's New Arcadia Book I Why Sidney Text Not Available Spenser's Faerie Queene Books I, II, AND VI Why Spenser 900 KB Montaigne's Essays Volume I Why Montaigne 1000 KB Montaigne's Essays Volume II Why Montaigne 1,400 KB Montaigne's Essays Volume III Why Montaigne 1,400 KB James I's Basilikon Doron Why James I 200 KB Hall's Characters Why Hall Contents, Index and Text

88. The Stoic Place Ancient as well as modern Stoicism information and discussion. http://www.wku.edu/~jan.garrett/stoa/

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89. The Italian Philosophers An analysis of the three chief thinkers of the Eleatic school. http://www.csudh.edu/phenom_studies/greekphil/greek06.htm

THE ITALIAN PHILOSOPHERS. Parmenides of Elea 504/500 B.C. Zeno of Elea 464/460 B.C. Melissus of Samos 441 B.C. (Samos in Asia Minor, the same as Pythagoras) Those philosophers were active in the City State of Elea in Southern Italy. Both Parmenides and Zeno were supposed to be born in Elea, too. Elea was established in 540 B.C. for whose founding, Xenophanes wrote a poem of two thousand words to celebrate it. It is said that this so-called Eleatic philosophy was founded by Xenophanes, who was associated with the founding of Elea itself (See the above). Copleston takes the same view about the Eleatic school. For example, Plato's later dialogues, Parmenides , is often quoted as being not consistent with the above datings. In Parmenides , Plato portrays that Socrates who was at about 20 years of age met Parmenides, when Parmenides and Zeno visited Athens for the first time. Plato describes that Parmenides who looked like God with white beard was 65 years of age, while Zeno was 40 years old. Although Socrates' first encounter with Parmenides and Zeno in this dialogue particularly regarding its exact content may very well be a product of Plato's creative imagination, the relative ages of these three philosophers could very well be correct. When Socrates was 20 years old, that is 450 B.C., thus Zeno's acme is then 450 B.C. and in consequence Parmenides' is 475 B.C. Further, from these datings if they were correct, we may bring down the date of Heracleitus' acme to 475 B.C., too.(See the section on Heracleitus in the Ionian-Italian Migrant Philosophers.)

90. The Milesians Article reviewing the school and its principal concerns. http://www.abu.nb.ca/Courses/GrPhil/Milesians.htm

The Milesians Introduction Miletus was an Ionian city; Ionia was a Greek colony on the Aegean coast of western Asia Minor. In the sixth century BCE, Miletus produces three philosophers: Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. These philosophers seek the one, unchanging material principle of all things. Aristotle says of the first philosophers, which includes the Milesians: Of the first philosophers, then, most thought the principles ( tas archas ) which were of the nature of matter ( tas en hules ) were the only principles of all things ( ). That of which all things that are consist, the first from which they come to be, the last into which they are resolved (the substance remaining, but changing in its modifications), this they say is the element and this the principle of things, and therefore they think nothing is either generated or destroyed, since this sort of entity is always conserved, as we say Socrates neither comes to be absolutely when he comes to be beautiful or musical, nor ceases to be when loses these characteristics, because the substratum, Socrates himself remains, just so they say nothing else comes to be or ceases to be; for there must be some entity-either one or more than one-from which all other things come to be, it being conserved. (

91. Theology WebSite: Church History Study Helps: Middle Platonism: General Characte A short introduction for Christians. http://www.theologywebsite.com/history/midplato.shtml

Church History Study Helps: Middle Platonism: General Characteristics Middle Platonism: General Characteristics Given the different elements from which the Middle Platonists drew, it is understandable that there are many issues on which different positions were taken by philosophers bracketed under this name. Some common elements, however, may be discerned. The Middle Platonists started with the idea that it might be possible to reconcüe Plato's and Aristotle's views about the uni.verse and divine things. Albinus, for instance, identified Aristotle's Supreme Mind (the Unmoved Mover) with Plato's Good (which became the first principle of the world of forms). The Platonic ideas or forms became the thoughts within the divine mind. Philo of Alexandria is the first extant author explicitly to give this formulation: the ideas are the thoughts in the mind of the Supreme God of Judaism. In view of Philo's general lack of philosophical originality and incorporation of existing philosophical commonplaces it is conjectured that this reconciliation of Plato and Aristotle may go back to Antiochus. The Mlddle Platonists exalted the absolute transcendence of the Supreme Mind (God). This is the head of a hierarchy of being reached only through intermediary powers. The universe is animated by a World Soul. Direct knowledge of the transcendent Mind is impossible, but a "negative theology" gives an indirect knowledge of God. Direct contemplation may bring a few brief flashes of intuition even in this life. Some, influenced by Neopythagoreans, gave a negative judgment on matter as evil. Others, closer to Plato, saw evil as the result of the embodiment of ideas. Whereas philosophers from the fifth century B.C. onward had kept a certain distance between themselves and religious tradition, even when friendly toward it, from the end of the first century A.D. they increasingly looked to religion as a source of enlightenment.

92. Tea Tree Oil Organic : Natural Menopause Treatment : Natural Acne Treatment : Ac Offers a range of carrier and massage oils, bath and beauty products, soaps and jewellery influenced by the theories and philosophies of the Ancient cultures. http://www.zandella.com/

93. EAWC: The Ancient Near East A series of on-line course supplements for students and teachers of the ancient and medieval worlds provided by the University of Evansville. http://eawc.evansville.edu/nepage.htm

The Near East Hammurabi's Code of Laws The Book of Genesis The Book of Exodus The Book of the Prophet Amos ... Texts From the Near East comes the Old Babylonian account of the life and death of GILGAMESH There was a real Gilgamesh, a king who ruled some 2700 years before Christ lived and the Romans consolidated their vast empire. The character and the exploits of this king were preserved in the form of stories that circulated for many years after the king's death. Some of these tales more than 600 years after Gilgamesh's rule were collected by a story teller and were put down in the form of an epic poem. This poem is what we know today as The Epic of Gilgamesh Who knows how many versions The Epic of Gilgamesh went through before consolidation in its written form? Who knows how many translations the stories underwent before their reworking in the Babylonian language? Who knows how many parts of the story might have offended or misrepresented the eponymous king? Who knows how many story-tellers made more (or less) of Mashu, the mountainous gateway to the other world, as they kept their audiences spellbound with fantastical details of this greatest of human adventures the struggle to find (and retain) eternal life? What is known is no less intriguing. How curious is the parallel between the story of Utnapishtim and the

94. Greek Philosophy: Hellenistic Philosophy This chapter of the learning module, Ancient Greece, briefly outlines the ideas of the major Hellenistic philosophies including Epicureanism, Stoicism, and Cynicism http://www.wsu.edu:8001/~dee/GREECE/HELLPHIL.HTM

History ) grew in importance. There was little or no independent political life, but there was in general freedom of thought and religion. The centers of life were no longer assemblies and councils, but gymnasia (schools) and shrines of the mystery cults. Justinian in 529 A.D. Epicureanism ataraxia , or peace of mind. For Epicurus the aim of life was pleasure; the highest pleasure was absence of pain; pleasure of the mind was preferable to that of the body. The soul dies with the body, so we must not fear death or afterlife; the gods exist but do not concern themselves with humanity or natural phenomena (all of which can be explained scientifically); we should avoid public life and emotional commitments in order to escape the pains likely to be caused by them. The physical world was explained by the atomic theory adapted from Democritus. Stoicism Stoicism . After the death of Zeno of Citium, the Stoic school was headed by Cleanthes and Chrysippus, and its teachings were carried to Rome in 155 by Diogenes of Babylon. There its tenets were made popular by Panaetius, friend of the great general Scipio Aemilianus, and by Posidonius, who was a friend of Pompey (see your textbook if you don't recognize these names); Cicero drew heavily on the works of both. Roman Reader Epictetus, The Enchiridion

95. WCP: Ancient Philosophy The Paideia Project Proceedings of the 20th World Congress of Philosophy. Archive of contributed papers in Ancient Philosophy. http://www.bu.edu/wcp/MainAnci.htm

Ancient Philosophy The papers indexed below were given at the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, in Boston, Massachusetts from August 10-15, 1998. Additional papers may be added to this section as electronic versions are aquired and formatted for the archive. These papers will be listed for a period of time at the What's New? page. Regarding browser support: The papers published in The Paideia Archive please contact the project's webmaster and provide details of the difficulty. In addition to browsing the numerous subject indexes, you may also enter a name or subject keyword in the space below and hit the search button. Ancient Philosophy Author's Name Affiliation Paper Title Eugene Afonasin Novosibirsk State University Pythagorean Symbolism and the Philosophic Paideia in the Stromateis of Clement of Alexandria Robert Arp Saint Louis University The Double Life of Justice and Injustice in Thrasymachus' Account Evelyn M. Barker University of Maryland Aristotle's Reform of Paideia University of Texas at Austin Runaway Statues: Platonic Lessons on the Limits of an Analogy D.R. Bhandari

96. Objectivist Center Ancient Greek Philosophy A narrative study guide and bibliography covering ancient Greek thought written by George Brakas. http://www.objectivistcenter.org/articles/foundations_ancient-greek-philosophy.a

97. Ancient Greek Philosophy Outline of the major schools, including primary sources. For a course taught by Barry Smith at Atlantic Baptist University. http://www.abu.nb.ca/Courses/GrPhil/IndexGrPh.htm

Readings Theogony On Nature Fragments Apology ... Letter to Herodotus Lectures Introduction The Pre-Socratics Socrates Plato ... web counter

98. IONIAN THINKERS Essay on the pre-Socratics by C.D.C. Reeve of Reed College http://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/320/ReeveIonians.htm

Ionian Thinkers C.D.C. Reeve [The author is Professor of Philosophy and the Humanities at Reed College.] I am about to introduce you to one of the handful of really great thinkers the world has produced Heraclitus of Ephesos, and, in a lesser way, to three of his predecessors Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes, all of whom hailed from Miletus, which, like Ephesos, is on the Ionian coast of Asia Minor. everything is water (or something to that effect). The first thing to notice about this claim is that it is monistic . It says that there is really only one thing water and that everything else is in some way made up of or built out of it. We do not know precisely why Thales assigned such a fundamental role to water, but the following suggestions (among others) have been made: (1) he noticed that water is essential in various ways to the existence of living things (Aristotle, Metaphysics 983b22-7); (2) he noticed that water alone exists naturally as a solid, liquid, and gas, which suggested that it might be the fundamental stuff. Now if Thales did indeed take either of these routes to his watery monism, then his doctrine is a lovely prototype of many fundamental scientific doctrines. It is based (no doubt somewhat loosely) on evidence and argument and it suggests that a single thing underlies and explains the apparent diversity of phenomena. Modern scientists who claim that everything is mass-energy or that space-time is the only real thing are heirs to Thales. Theaetetus Thales was studying the stars and gazing aloft when he fell into a well; a witty and amusing Thracian servant-girl made fun of him because, she said, he was wild to know about what was up in the sky but failed to see what was in front of him and under his feet. The same joke applies to all who spend their life in philosophy. (174a).

99. Ancient Roman Philosophy: Discourses By Epictetus A selection from the Discourses of Epictetus, ancient Roman philosopher who was born 60 AD, on surrender and the will of God. http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/Outline_of_Great_Books_Volume_I/ancie

Ancient Roman philosophy: Discourses by Epictetus [OF SURRENDER TO THE WILL OF GOD] HAVE I ever been restrained from what I willed? Or compelled against my will? How is this possible? I have arranged my pursuits under the direction of God. Is it His will that I should have a fever? It is my will too. Is it His will that I should pursue anything? It is my will too. Is it His will that I should desire? It is my will too. Is it His will that I should obtain anything? It is mine too. Is it not His will? It is not mine. Is it His will that I should be tortured? Then it is my will to be tortured. Is it His will that I should die? Then it is my will to die. He has given me whatever depends upon choice. The things in my power He has made incapable of hindrance or restraint. But how could He make a body of clay incapable of hindrance? Therefore He hath subjected my body, possessions, furniture, house, children, wife, to the revolution of the universe. He who gave takes away. For whence had I these things when I came into the world? 'But I would enjoy the feast still longer.' So perhaps would the spectators at Olympia see more combatants. But the solemnity is over. Go away. Depart like a grateful and modest person; make room for others.

100. Ingentaconnect Publication: Phronesis: A Journal For Ancient Philosophy Scholarly journal for the study of ancient Greek and Roman thought, available in print and digital formats. Offers information about subscribing and reproductions of select articles featured in the publication. http://pippo.ingentaselect.com/vl=4962531/cl=69/nw=1/rpsv/cw/brill/00318868/cont

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