81. Maria Pentsa - English To Greek Translator. Translation Services In Accounting - Philosophy History General / Conversation / Greetings / Letters Games / Video Games / Gaming / Casino Finance (general) Economics Cinema, Film, TV, Drama http://www.proz.com/profile/881041

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82. The Galilean Library Discussion forum covering philosophy, history, media, literature, science and religion. http://www.galilean-library.org/academy/

83. RHEINTACHO Messtechnik GmbH -> Products -> Sensors Sales partners; Callback service; Send inquiry; About us. Overview; Profile; Company philosophy; History; General Supply Conditions; News. Overview; Fairs; Press; Jobs http://rheintacho.info/products/sensors.htm

Made in Germany since 1901 Products Overview Sensors ... Deutsch English Products Home Products Sensors Sensor in the spotlight Technology Data sheets E-mail ... Fax: +49 (0)7 61 44 52 74 Rheintacho rotational speed sensors These sensors use various magnetic proximity measuring principles to monitor the speeds of machine components in a range between and 30,000 rpm. The application itself determines the measuring principle used. Rheintacho offers a wide range of standard products for the most varied applications, with suitable measuring systems and electronics, as well as appropriate housings, designs and connections. As well as this, we also provide custom solutions, quickly and inexpensively. Rheintacho specializes in developing and manufacturing sensors for the harshest environments. The sensors' resistance to high pressure, temperature changes, electromagnetic interference, aggressive media, water and steam jets is crucial for their operability and service life. Rotational speed sensor applications: Ships' engines Communal power stations Wind power plants Emergency power units Hydraulic drives (hydro motors) Electric drives (Material Handling) Road-building machinery Cranes Agricultural machinery Printing and paper machines Special machinery Standard sensor features at a glance: Frequency range from true Hz to 30,000 Hz

84. Feminist History Of Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy) Addresses the male-centric distortions in the main philosophies of history. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-femhist/

Cite this entry Search the SEP Advanced Search Tools ... Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Feminist History of Philosophy First published Fri Nov 3, 2000; substantive revision Mon May 7, 2007 The past twenty-five years have seen an explosion of feminist writing on the philosophical canon, a development that has clear parallels in other disciplines like literature and art history. Since most of the writing is, in one way or another, critical of the tradition, a natural question to ask is: Why does the history of philosophy have importance for feminist philosophers? This question assumes that the history of philosophy is of importance for feminists, an assumption that is warranted by the sheer volume of recent feminist writing on the canon. This entry explores the different ways that feminist philosophers are interacting with the Western philosophical tradition. Feminist philosophers engaged in a project of re-reading and re-forming the philosophical canon have noticed two significant areas of concern. The first is the problem of historical exclusion. Feminist philosophers are faced with a tradition that believes that there are no women philosophers and, if there are any, they are unimportant. Of course, women are not entirely absent from the history of philosophy, and that brings us to the second challenge we face. Canonical philosophers have had plenty to say about women and what we are like. In general terms, we often find that philosophical norms like reason and objectivity are defined in contrast to matter, the irrational or whatever a given philosopher associates with women and the feminine. Our tradition tells us, either implicitly through images and metaphors, or explicitly in so many words, that philosophy itself, and its norms of reason and objectivity, exclude everything that is feminine or associated with women.

85. Philosophy Of History - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Brief introductory summary of the Philosophy of History. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history

Philosophy of history From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search For the work by Hegel, see Lectures on the Philosophy of History This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (August 2008) The term philosophy of history refers to the theoretical aspect of history, in two senses. It is customary to distinguish critical philosophy of history from speculative philosophy of history . Critical philosophy of history is the "theory" aspect of the discipline of academic history, and deals with questions such as the nature of historical evidence, the degree to which objectivity is possible, etc. Speculative philosophy of history is an area of philosophy concerning the eventual significance, if any, of human history Furthermore, it speculates as to a possible teleological end to its development—that is, it asks if there is a design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in the processes of human history. Part of Marxism, for example, is speculative philosophy of history. Though there is some overlap between the two, they can usually be distinguished; modern professional historians tend to be skeptical about speculative philosophy of history. Sometimes critical philosophy of history is included under historiography . Philosophy of history should not be confused with the history of philosophy , which is the study of the development of philosophical ideas through time.

86. 18. Philosophy Of History Paul Newall s contribution to the Galilean Library. Introductory summary of the subject. http://www.galilean-library.org/int18.html

87. Philosophy Of History: Philosophy Of Historical Events & Historical Processes - Brief introductory summary of the Philosophy of History. http://atheism.about.com/od/philosophybranches/p/History.htm

zWASL=1;zGRH=1 zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zDO=0 Home Agnosticism / Atheism Agnosticism / Atheism Search Atheism Basics Critiquing Religion Life Without Gods ... Share w(x2+zWl+'?p=1" zT="18/1[N" rel="nofollow">Print') Free Atheism Newsletter! Sign Up Discuss in my Forum By Austin Cline , About.com Guide See More About: philosophy of history zSB(3,3) What is the Philosophy of History?: The Philosophy of History is the study of history, writing about history, and what impact history has. It is referred to as Critical, Analytical, or Formal Philosophy of History, as well as the Philosophy of Historiography. If the focus is on the progress of history and whether history is moving towards a final, ultimate goal, or is just a collection of events with no purpose or end, it is called the Speculative, Synoptic, or the Material Philosophy of History. For many religious theists, the philosophy of history is more an explanation of how their god works in human history to unveil and ultimate plan. Why Should Atheists Care About the Philosophy of History?: Atheists whose political and economic philosophies follow Hegel or Marx don't need to have the importance of the philosophy of history explained to them; for other atheists, this branch of philosophy won't come up much. It's relevant when critiquing theists' arguments about how history is following some divine plan or that historical events must have occurred through divine interaction. It's also relevant when evaluating the historical writings of theists who are working from a particular philosophy of history that influences their work in significant, but not entirely obvious ways.

88. AHA Information: George Burton Adams Presidential Address (1908) George Burton Adams presidential address to the American Historical Association in 1908. http://www.historians.org/info/AHA_History/gbadams.htm

@import url("http://www.historians.org/styles/aha_nav.css"); American Historical Association Home Search Web Site Site Map ... Press Room AHA Presidential Addresses History and the Philosophy of History By George Burton Adams President of the Association, 1908 Annual address of the president of the American Historical Association , delivered at Richmond, December 29, 1908. American Historical Review More about George Burton Adams Biography Extended Bibliography Books by George Burton Adams The Origin of the English Constitution The History of England from the Norman Conquest to the Death of John 1066-1216 Civilization During the Middle Ages Especially in Relation to Modern Civilization Council and Courts in Anglo-Norman England (Yale Historical Publications. Studies, 5.) Find Other Presidential Addresses Find by Year Find by last name Sordello History of the Philosophy of History About eighty years ago a new and profound influence began to make itself felt upon those who were engaged in studying and recording what had happened in the past. It was an influence towards more scientific methods of studying the facts of history. I am sure I do not need to describe to this audience the ideals of the young Ranke, in the twenties of the last century, nor their results for historical studies. They have indeed been described better than I could do it, in an earlier meeting of this Association, by one whose voice we shall not hear again, and whose own find examples of scientific work remain as models and incentives to us all.

89. Transactions Journal on the fundamentals, philosophy and history of sciences. Full articles available online. http://www.luventicus.org/Transactions

About Transactions Transactions is a periodic publication intended for to propagate the academicians' ideas across the INTERNET. These ideas are presented in the form of papers, full notes of classes, and transcriptions of the records of conferences, talks and discussions which take place at the Academy. Works published in Transactions deal with the foundations and philosophy of sciences. Emphasis is placed on the discovery of the basic ideas underlying a subject by tracing the deductive ways which connect the concepts involved. These foundations can often be classified according to their nature as: experimental results; data obtained from simulations; definitions and hypotheses. As the academicians are interested in giving a definitive, perfect form to scientific ideas, Transactions publications are distinguished by their exceptional permanence. Printed ISSN 1666-7573 On line ISSN 1666-7581 ICAAP ID: 145 Directory of Journals LATINDEX: Folio 12132 Genamics JournalSeek Included in the database getCITED Publication ID: 103-383-815 TRANSACTIONS OF THE LUVENTICUS ACADEMY can also be identified by its International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) TRANSACTIONS OF THE LUVENTICUS ACADEMY is included in the list of publications of the

90. Taylor & Francis Journals: Welcome Interdisciplinary scholarly journal devoted to issues in the philosophy, history, and sociology of science. http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/02698595.asp

Contact Us Careers Members of the Group All Products Books Journal Article eBooks Alphabetical Listing Journals by Subject New Journals Author Services ... Garland Science document.title = 'International Studies in the Philosophy of Science'; Journal Details International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Increasing to 4 issues in 2010 Published By: Routledge Volume Number: 25 Frequency: 4 issues per year Print ISSN: 0269-8595 Online ISSN: 1469-9281 Subscribe Online Free Sample Copy Table of Contents Alerting View Full Pricing Details International Studies in the Philosophy of Science is a scholarly journal dedicated to publishing original research in philosophy of science and in philosophically informed history and sociology of science. Its scope includes the foundations and methodology of the natural, social, and human sciences, philosophical implications of particular scientific theories, and broader philosophical reflection on science. The editors invite contributions not only from philosophers, historians, and sociologists of science, but also from researchers in the sciences. The journal publishes articles from a wide variety of countries and philosophical traditions. The editors encourage participation in the annual Philosophy of Science conference at the Inter-University Centre, Dubrovnik, a forum for high-quality research and international debate in philosophy of science. About this Journal Related Journals Related Websites Editorial Board For Contributors Instructions for Authors eJournal Free Sample Copy Online Contents top Terms and Conditions Informa plc ("Informa") Registered Office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London, W1T 3JH. Registered in England and Wales - Company Registered Number 3099067, VAT Number: GB 365 4626 36.

91. SparkNotes: Philosophy Of History Notes for students from SparkNotes. Supplemented with a Hegel message board. http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/hegelphilhist/

Blogs Ask Miss Marm The SparkLife Blog The College Advisor ... Driver's Ed DisplayAds("Top,Right,x01!x01"); Home SparkNotes Philosophy Study Guides More Help Ask Miss Marm Help with grammar, writing, and your papers Download the SparkNote In PDF and ebook format on BN.com take a study break How to be HOLIDAY. Oh yes, you can “be holiday.” This is Talie. She’s on a boy diet. Talie has to keep her mouth occupied by blowing bubbles. Forever. (Just click for details already.) I cannot tell a lie. Oh wait, yes I can. Lies people tell you about high school. Let's start from the beginning, shall we? In preparation for the new Harry Potter flick, we're going alllllllll the way back. Nose scrunch! Does this mean you DOUBT Megan’s awesomeness?! Let Megan’s Life Lessons prove you WRONG (and possibly un-magical). READ MORE >> The Book Order Philosophy of History at BN.com Decided you need to buy the book after all? ask Miss Marm test prep tutor the college advisor Application Essay: A Trip to... ... READ all the college advisor sparknotes Philosophy of History Hegel Get this SparkNote to go!

92. History Of Philosophy A very large, diverse collection of essays addressing many philosophical, historical, scientific, religious, economic, legal, and political issues. Edited by Kelley L. Ross. http://www.friesian.com/history.htm

History of Philosophy The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality , p. 53 [Free Press, 1969]; the painting is the School of Athens Scuola di Atene ) by Raphael, with Plato, pointing up, and Aristotle, gesturing down, in the middle [ note BILL MURRAY "What did you study?" SCARLETT JOHANSSON "Philosophy." BILL MURRAY "Yeah, there's a good buck in that racket." SCARLETT JOHANSSON "Well, so far it's pro bono." Lost in Translation , 2003, Focus Features Editorial Essays Index Western Philosophy Classical Languages [81.4K] Ancient Philosophy Greek Philosophy ... Buddhist Philosophy Links Jacqueline I. Stone, Princeton University Contributed Essays Schopenhauer on Conscience as the Ground of Ethics, by Pedro Blas Gonzalez, 2010 [26.7K] Popper on the A Priori , by David Samra, 2009 [64.7K] ... and the Death of Socrates, by Harold Ravitch, Ph.D. [40.1K] Philosophy Web Search Hippias Pathways to Philosophy PhiloSophos Knowledge Base Western Philosophy Ancient Philosophy Greek Philosophy The Origin of Philosophy: The Attributes of Mythopoeic Thought [136.8K]

93. History Of Philosophy A survey of the history of Western philosophy, by Garth Kemerling at philosophypages.com. http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/

Philosophy Pages Search Dictionary Study Guide ... Locke History of Western Philosophy The pages of this section offer a narrative survey of the historical development of Western philosophy. Although some sections are nearly complete, this remains a work in progress; please be patient. For a different approach to the work of individual thinkers, please consult Assembled Philosophers , the Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names , or the Philosophy Timeline Please note that references to the on-line editions of philosophical texts will open in a second browser window, while the narrative (and other Philosophy Pages material) remains here. Some users find it helpful to resize the two windows so that they appear side-by-side on the screen. Ancient and Medieval Philosophy Speculation and Dispute: The Presocratics Socrates Plato: Soul and Forms Society and Virtue Education and Justice Aristotle: Logic and Physics Reality and Knowledge Ethics Politics Hellenistic Thought: Cosmos and Morality Philosophy and Religion: Augustine Scholasticism Arab and Jewish Thought Late Scholasticism: Bonaventure and Aquinas Scotus and Ockham Early Modern Philosophy The Renaissance: Humanism and Science Machiavelli Hobbes Descartes: Method Doubt and Existence Mind and Body Cartesianism Variations: Spinoza and Unity Leibniz and Plurality Locke: Origin of Ideas Human Knowledge Government Extensions: Moralists and Bayle Berkeley and Immaterialism Hume: Mitigated Skepticism Self and Morality Recent Modern Philosophy The Enlightenment: British Continental Kant:

94. American Transcendentalism Detailed history of American Transcendentalism. http://eserver.org/thoreau/amertran.html

American Transcendentalism By Ian Frederick Finseth, Ph.D. Excerpted from Liquid Fire Within Me ": Language, Self and Society in Transcendentalism and Early Evangelicalism, 1820-1860 , - M.A. Thesis, 1995. Related Sites... American Transcendentalism Web - Ann Woodlief at VCU American Transcendentalism: Thoughts and Links - by Ernie Seckinger Early 19th Century American Transcendentalism: A Brief Introduction - Paul Reuben Thoreau Reader: Home T HE E MERGENCE O F the Transcendentalists as an identifiable movement took place during the late 1820s and 1830s, but the roots of their religious philosophy extended much farther back into American religious history. Transcendentalism and evangelical Protestantism followed separate evolutionary branches from American Puritanism, taking as their common ancestor the Calvinism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Unitarians placed a premium on stability, harmony, rational thought, progressive morality, classical learning, and other hallmarks of Enlightenment Christianity. Instead of the dogma of Calvinism intended to compel obedience, the Unitarians offered a philosophy stressing the importance of voluntary ethical conduct and the ability of the intellect to discern what constituted ethical conduct. Theirs was a "natural theology" in which the individual could, through empirical investigation or the exercise of reason, discover the ordered and benevolent nature of the universe and of God's laws. Divine "revelation," which took its highest form in the Bible, was an external event or process that would confirm the findings of reason. William Ellery Channing, in his landmark sermon "Unitarian Christianity" (1819) sounded the characteristic theme of optimistic rationality:

95. The Fallacies Of Egoism And Altruism, And The Fundamental Principle Of Morality Exploratory essay on the dichotomy. http://www.friesian.com/moral-1.htm

The Fallacies of Egoism and Altruism, and the Fundamental Principle of Morality (after Kant and Nelson) Set thy heart upon thy work, but never on its reward. Work not for a reward; but never cease to do thy work. The Bhagavad Gita [Penguin Books, 1962, p.52] The State of Nature has a Law of Nature to govern it, which obliges every one: And Reason, which is that Law, teaches all Mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his Life, Health, Liberty, or Possessions. John Locke The Second Treatise of Civil Government Now whoever wishes to set aside the purely moral consideration of human conduct, or to deny it, and to consider conduct merely according to its external effect and the result thereof, can certainly, with Hobbes, declare right and wrong to be conventional determinations arbitrarily assumed, and thus not existing at all outside positive law; and we can never explain to him through external experience what does not belong to external experience. Hobbes characterizes his completely empirical way of thinking very remarkably by the fact that, in his book De Principiis Geometrarum , he denies the whole of really pure mathematics, and obstinately asserts that the point has extension and the line breadth. Yet we cannot show him a point without extension or a line without breadth; hence we can just as little explain to him the

96. Egoism Sites of people who acknowledge egoism either philosophically or psychologically. http://webring.com/hub?ring=egoism

97. Egoism Article on the varieties of egoism. http://webs.wofford.edu/kaycd/ethics/egoism.htm

Varieties of Egoism Egoism is a teleological theory of ethics that sets as its goal the benefit, pleasure, or greatest good of the oneself alone. It is contrasted with altruism , which is not strictly self-interested, but includes in its goal the interests of others as well. There are at least three different ways in which the theory of egoism can be presented: Psychological Egoism This is the claim that humans by nature are motivated only by self-interest . Any act, no matter how altruistic it might seem, is actually motivated by some selfish desire of the agent (e.g., desire for reward, avoidance of guilt, personal happiness). This is a descriptive claim about human nature. Since the claim is universalall acts are motivated by self interestit could be proven false by a single counterexample. It will be difficult to find an action that the psychological egoist will acknowledge as purely altruistic, however. There is almost always some benefit to ourselves in any action we choose. For example, if I helped my friend out of trouble, I may feel happy afterwards. But is that happiness the motive for my action or just a result of it? Perhaps the psychological egoist fails to distinguish the beneficial consequences of an action from the self-interested motivation. After all, why would it make me happy to see my friend out of trouble if I didn't already have some prior concern for my friend's best interest? Wouldn't that be altruism? Ethical Egoism This is the claim that individuals should always to act in their own best interest. It is a

98. Medieval Theories Of Modality (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy) From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Simo Knuuttila. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/modality-medieval/

Cite this entry Search the SEP Advanced Search Tools ... Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Medieval Theories of Modality First published Wed Jun 30, 1999; substantive revision Wed Nov 5, 2008 First published Wed Jun 30, 1999; substantive revision Thu Jul 31, 2003; substantive revision Sun Aug 31, 2008 While the new idea of associating modal terms with simultaneous alternatives was used also in thirteenth-century theology, it was not often discussed in philosophical contexts. The increasing acceptance of Aristotle's philosophy in the thirteenth century gave support to traditional modal paradigms, as is seen in Robert Kilwardby's influential commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics , in which modal syllogistics is treated as an essentialist theory of the structures of being. There were analogous discussions of philosophical and theological modalities in Arabic philosophy. Arabic modal theories influenced Latin discussions mainly through the translations of Averroes's works. John Duns Scotus developed the conception of modality as alternativeness into a detailed theory. A logically possible state of affairs is something to which to be is not repugnant, though it may not be compossible with other possibilities. Scotus's modal semantics influenced early fourteenth-century philosophy and theology in many ways. The new modal logic which was developed by William Ockham, John Buridan and others was based on the new modal semantics. Thirteenth-century essentialist assumptions were dropped from modal syllogistics, the Aristotelian version of which was regarded as a fragmentary theory without a sufficient explication of the various fine structures of modal propositions.

99. Medieval Theories Of Conscience (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy) From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Doug Langston. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/conscience-medieval/

Cite this entry Search the SEP Advanced Search Tools ... Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Medieval Theories of Conscience First published Mon Nov 23, 1998; substantive revision Fri May 5, 2006 Through conscience and its related notion, synderesis, human beings discern what is right and wrong. While there are many medieval views about the nature of conscience, most views regard human beings as capable of knowing in general what ought to be done and applying this knowledge through conscience to particular decisions about action. The ability to act on the determinations of conscience is, moreover, tied to the development of the moral virtues, which in turn refines the functions of conscience. 1. Background 2. Bonaventure 3. Aquinas 4. Scotus and Ockham ... Related Entries 1. Background Late medieval discussions of conscience derive from Peter Lombard's presentation of the concepts of conscience and synderesis in his Sentences In these discussions, constant reference was made to certain works by Plato and Aristotle. Neither Plato nor Aristotle explicitly mention conscience, however. It is their discussions of the virtues, practical wisdom, and weakness of will that form the critical backdrop to medieval discussions of conscience. These discussions were heavily influenced by Augustine's modification of these classical authors. For example, Augustine championed Plato's notion of the unity of the virtues, but he argued that love of God provided the unity to them. Moreover, he claimed that what pagan authors regarded as virtues were in fact vices unless they were developed for the love of God.

100. Medieval Theories Of Practical Reason (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy) From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Anthony Celano. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/practical-reason-med

Cite this entry Search the SEP Advanced Search Tools ... Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Medieval Theories of Practical Reason First published Fri Oct 8, 1999; substantive revision Tue Nov 21, 2006 Medieval theories of moral reasoning have their origins in the moral theology of St. Augustine and the rational ethics of Aristotle. Until the thirteenth century Augustine's responses to questions concerning free will, predestination, the nature of goodness, and divine freedom dominated moral speculation in the Latin West. For Augustine morality demands the human will's conformity to the prescriptions of the immutable, necessary and eternal law. Augustine argues in his work on free will that the eternal law "is called supreme reason, which must always be obeyed, and through it the evil deserve an unhappy life and the good a blessed life; and through this law we have derived temporal laws rightly constructed and correctly emended." The ideals of eternal law are universally imprinted upon human intellects and are the immutable standards by which human actions may be judged. 1. The Thomistic Doctrine of Practical Reason

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