101. Medieval Theories: Properties Of Terms (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy) The theories of proprietates terminorum was the basis of medieval semantic theory; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by Stephen Read. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/medieval-terms/

Cite this entry Search the SEP Advanced Search Tools ... Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Medieval Theories: Properties of Terms First published Tue Feb 5, 2002; substantive revision Fri Jan 27, 2006 The theory of properties of terms ( proprietates terminorum ) was the basis of the medievals' semantic theory. It embraced those properties of linguistic expressions necessary to explain truth, fallacy and inference, the three central concepts of logical analysis. The theory evolved out of the work of Anselm and Abelard at the turn of the twelfth century, developed steadily through the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and was still undergoing changes in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is generally agreed that its early stages were closely bound up with the theory of fallacies, but as a general semantic theory, it developed in response to a variety of needs, and one mistake of modern attempts at interpretation is to seek a unique rationale of one notion or another. Each notion evolved continually, satisfying one need at one time and another at a later date, and often several conflicting needs at the same time. Another mistake is to try to map each notion seriatim onto corresponding notions in contemporary semantic theory, but although one can see analogies and similarities, none of the medieval "properties" matches exactly any modern notion.

102. The Medieval Problem Of Universals (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy) From the Stanford Encyclopedia by Gyula Klima. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/universals-medieval/

Cite this entry Search the SEP Advanced Search Tools ... Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free The Medieval Problem of Universals First published Sun Sep 10, 2000; substantive revision Wed Mar 19, 2008 universally , for all medieval problem of universals is a logical, and historical, continuation of the ancient problem generated by Plato's (428-348 B.C.) theory answering such a bundle of questions, namely, his theory of Ideas or Forms. 1. Introduction 2. The Emergence of the Problem 3. The Origin of the Specifically Medieval Problem of Universals 4. Boethius' Aristotelian Solution ... Related Entries 1. Introduction The inherent problems with Plato's original theory were recognized already by Plato himself. In his Parmenides Plato famously raised a number of difficulties, for which he apparently did not provide satisfactory answers. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), with all due reverence to his teacher, consistently rejected Plato's theory, and heavily criticized it throughout his own work. (Hence the famous saying, amicus Plato sed magis amica veritas Nevertheless, despite this explicit doctrinal conflict, Neo-Platonic philosophers, pagans (such as Plotinus ca. 204-270, and Porphyry, ca. 234-305) and Christians (such as Augustine, 354-430, and Boethius, ca. 480-524) alike, observed a basic concordance between Plato's and Aristotle's approach, crediting Aristotle with an explanation of how the human mind acquires its universal concepts of particular things from experience, and Plato with providing an explanation of how the universal features of particular things are established by being modeled after their universal archetypes.

103. Medieval Theories Of Relations (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy) Survey of medieval views concerning the nature and ontological status of relations; from the Stanford Encyclopedia by Jeffrey Brower. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relations-medieval/

Cite this entry Search the SEP Advanced Search Tools ... Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Medieval Theories of Relations First published Tue May 29, 2001; substantive revision Wed Aug 12, 2009 The purpose of this entry is to provide a systematic introduction to medieval views about the nature and ontological status of relations. Given the current state of our knowledge of medieval philosophy, especially with regard to relations, it is not possible to discuss all the nuances of even the best-known medieval philosophers' views. In what follows, therefore, we shall restrict our aim to identifying and describing (a) the main types of position that were developed during the Middle Ages, and (b) the most important considerations that shaped their development. We shall have occasion along the way, however, to examine in detail certain aspects of the views of important representatives of all the main medieval positions, including Peter Abelard (1079-1142), Gilbert of Poitiers (1085-1154), Albert the Great (1200-1280), Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), John Duns Scotus (1265-1308), Henry Harclay (1270-1317), Peter Auriol (1280-1322), and William Ockham (1285-1347). 1. Introduction

104. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Scholasticism Introductory essay from the Catholic Encyclopedia. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13548a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... S > Scholasticism Scholasticism Scholasticism is a term used to designate both a method and a system. It is applied to theology as well as to philosophy Scholastic theology is distinguished from Patristic theology on the one hand, and from positive theology on the other. The schoolmen themselves distinguished between theologia speculativa sive scholastica and theologia positiva . Applied to philosophy , the word "Scholastic" is often used also, to designate a chronological division intervening between the end of the Patristic era in the fifth century and the beginning of the modern era, about 1450. It will, therefore, make for clearness and order if we consider: I. The origin of the word "Scholastic"; II. The history of the period called Scholastic in the history of philosophy III. The Scholastic method in philosophy , with incidental reference to the Scholastic method in theology ; and IV. The contents of the Scholastic system. The revival of Scholasticism in recent times has been already treated under the head NEO-SCHOLASTICISM Origin of the name "Scholastic" There are in Greek literature a few instances of the use of the word scholastikos to designate a professional philosopher . Historically, however, the word, as now used, is to be traced, not to

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