61. Metabolism Find information on how one of the species thermoregulatory adaptations is a high metabolism. Includes references cited and information on how they can become hypothermic as a result of fur contamination due to an oil spill. http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/anphys/2000/Boehm/Metabolism.html

Sea Otter Metabolism picture courtesy of Jimmy's Sea Otter page One of Enhydra lutris 's thermoregulatory adaptations is a high metabolism. Sea otters have a basal metabolic rate of .72 cm^2 O2 (ghr)-1 in a thermal neutral zone of 20-33 degrees Celsius in water. Their resting metabolic rate is 2.4 times that of terrestrial animals the same size and 1.8 times that of other Mustelids. (Davis, et.al, 1988) Sea otter's metabolic capacity can endure cold stress up to -19C. (Morrison, et.al, 1974) In order to maintain their high metabolism, sea otters must consume 20% of their body weight in food each day. The sea otter is considered a "carnivorous grazer" (Morrison, et.al,1974) whose diet includes clams, crabs, urchins and mussels. (Bodkin and Ballachey, 1997) One disadvantage of sea otter's high metabolisms is that they have few fat reserves. So, in times of reduced food reserves or metabolic stress, they may not be able to intake enough food to maintain their body temperature. Without caloric reserves, their metabolism decreases along with their body temperature and they become hypothermic. This can occur as a result of fur contamination due to an oil spill Sea otters have been found to also manipulate the metabolic "bulge" which occurs after an organism eats. This increase in resting metabolism is known as the specific dynamic action (SDA). Sea otters have developed the ability to use this increase in metabolism to aid in

62. Exxon Valdez - Legacy Of A Spill Of the 37 sea otters that ended up in zoos and aquariums after surviving the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, all but nine are dead, researchers reported Friday. http://www.adn.com/evos/stories/T99032750.html

Exxon Valdez - Legacy of a Spill Thursday May 13, 1999 Legacy of a Spill: Stories Illustrations Photos Oil spill scarred otters 2 studies report long-term effects By NATALIE PHILLIPS Daily News reporter Of the 37 sea otters that ended up in zoos and aquariums after surviving the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, all but nine are dead, researchers reported Friday. Most of the ones that died in captivity over the past 10 years suffered "remarkably similar" fates to the ones that died while being treated in Valdez in the weeks after the spill, according to Terrie Williams, a biologist at the University of California at Santa Cruz. Williams managed the sea otter center in Valdez in 1989. "The one organ that showed damage over and over again (is the) lung - the lung seems to be a target," said Williams, who shared her study at the Egan Center during the final day of a symposium marking the 10th anniversary of the 11-million-gallon spill. Williams also found deteriorated livers and that about half of the pups born to the captive sea otters were stillborn. In a separate study, Carol Gorbics, a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologist, also tracked the rescued sea otters during the 10 years since the spill. The two biologists looked at clinic records, blood tests and necropsies for the captive animals. Their findings are similar.

63. Sea Otter Population Dynamics Information on UCSB research into population dynamics in Southern California. Find background information on the species, history of research, objectives and map. http://www.coastalresearchcenter.ucsb.edu/cmi/seaotters.html

homepage overview research s researchers download reports POPULATION DYNAMICS AND BIOLOGY OF THE CALIFORNIA SEA OTTER AT THE SOUTHERN END OF ITS RANGE Principal Investigators: James Estes (UCSC), Terrie Williams (UCSC), Daniel Costa (UCSC), Katherine Ralls (Smithsonian Institution), and Donald Siniff (University of Minnesota) Background Sea otters ( Enhydra lutris ) were hunted to near extinction during the Pacific maritime fur trade (Kenyon 1969). Further hunting was prohibited by international treaty in 1911, at which time a dozen or so remnant colonies survived. The southern sea otter ( Enhydra lutris nereis ) is descended from one of these remnant colonies that survived along the Big Sur coastline of central California, and contained perhaps as few as 50 individuals at the beginning of the 20th century (Riedman and Estes 1990). While sea otter populations elsewhere in the North Pacific Ocean recovered at rates of 17-20% yr-1, the California pop ulation has never grown at more than one-third this rate (Estes 1990) and is currently list ed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Concerns over oil and gas development were the principal reason for listing, and the Southern Sea Otter Recovery Team (SSORT) has based its recommended crite

64. Sea Otters Surfnetkids.com recommends five sea otter websites. Unlike whales and sea lions that rely on a layer of blubber to keep them warm in the icy North Pacific Ocean, the sea otter is.. http://www.surfnetkids.com/seaotters.htm

65. No. 1403: Vanishing Sea Otters John H. Lienhard describes how changes in the ecology of Alaska led to the rapid decline of the species in Alaska in the 1990 s. http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1403.htm

No. 1403: VANISHING SEA OTTERS by John H. Lienhard Click here for audio of Episode 1403. Today, let's take a quick trip through a long food chain. The University of Houston's College of Engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. S ea otters are vanishing from Alaska's waters. Sea otters are intelligent and playful beasts. They're regarded as animal tool users because one will lie back, place a rock on its chest, then crack open clams and mussels by whacking them against the stone. The New York Science Times now tells a disturbing detective story about the sea otter decline. They were nearly wiped out by 19th-century fur traders, but since then their numbers have steadily risen. All animal populations fluctuate, so marine ecologists with the US Geological Survey weren't alarmed when the otter population fell off in 1990. But the drop soon proved to be far more than statistical noise. By 1993 Alaska's otter population was down by half, and today it's only a

66. Glacier Bay Hot Real Estate For Sea Otters, Alaska Science Forum Ned Rozell of the Geophysical Institute, at the University of Alaska Fairbanks writes that while the species is declining elsewhere in the state, the population is increasing in this protected habitat. http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF17/1743.html

Alaska Science Forum March 24, 2005 Glacier Bay hot real estate for sea otters Article #1743 by Ned Rozell This column is provided as a public service by the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, in cooperation with the UAF research community. Ned Rozell is a science writer at the institute. The Russians and later the Americans almost wiped out Alaska's sea otters because the otter's fur is among the thickest in the animal world, with more hairs per square centimeter than the total on any person's head, according to otternet.com. Males can be nearly five feet long and can weigh more than 100 pounds. They dive to the sea floor to hunt and eat while floating on their backs, using their forepaws to eat sea urchins, clams, mussels, crabs, and octopus. Starting in 1965, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game captured otters on Amchitka Island in the Aleutians and some in Prince William Sound, releasing 412 off the coast of Southeast Alaska, a few of those off Cape Spencer near Glacier Bay. In the mid-1990s, some otters found their way into Glacier Bay. Bodkin and his coworkers counted five otters during an aircraft survey of Glacier Bay in 1995. They counted 39 in 1996 and 21 in 1997, but since then the yearly counts have showed more and more otters. From 2000 to 2001, sea otter numbers more than doubled, from 554 to 1,238.

67. The Russian Kuril Islands Expedition - Sea Otters! After exploring the Ptichi Islands the Odyssey is now passing by Paramushir Island. Paramushir is the largest on the Northern Kuril Islands. It has the largest village in the http://www.theoceanadventure.com/KIIE/KI5.html

Sea Otters! Location: Kuril Islands - Paramushir Island Day 5 by Wayne Brown After exploring the Ptichi Islands the Odyssey is now passing by Paramushir Island. Paramushir is the largest on the Northern Kuril Islands. It has the largest village in the Kuril Islands, called Severo-Kurilsk. Paramushir is one of the few inhabited Kuril Islands. A long time ago ancient people, called the Ainu (Eye-new) , lived on these islands. They survived by fishing and hunting seals, sea otters, and bears. As the Russians and Japanese moved into the Kuril Islands the Ainu there moved out. Now most of the Kuril Islands have no people living on them. We are passing through the Kuril Strait from the Pacific Ocean to the Sea of Okhotsk (Oak-hoatsk). This is a narrow channel between Shumshu Island and Paramushir Island. At the narrowest point the channel is about a mile (1.6 kilometers) wide. As we pass through the strait between the islands I can see animals in the water. I get my binoculars and I can see that we are surrounded by sea otters! I can count over 60 sea otters bobbing in the water all around the ship! Most of the sea otters are just floating on top of the water curiously watching our ship pass by. The sea otters floating in front of us swim quickly to get out of our way. Some of the sea otters are mothers with their babies. These mothers lay on their backs with their cute little babies curled up on their chests. The otters I am watching are Asian sea otters. Asian sea otters only live in the Kuril Islands and along the east coast of Kamchatka. Asian sea otters look like California sea otters, but they can grow a little bit bigger. Asian sea otters can grow up to 4 feet (1.2 meters) long and weigh up to 80 pounds (36 kilograms). These sea otters seem to be perfectly comfortable floating on their backs in this cold water. Unlike the harbor seals we saw yesterday (

68. Killer Whales Develop A Taste For Sea Otters, Alaska Science Forum In this Alaska Science Forum article, Ned Rozell provides an overview of the phenomenon and population research. http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF14/1418.html

Alaska Science Forum December 10, 1998 Killer Whales Develop a Taste For Sea Otters Article #1418 by Ned Rozell This column is provided as a public service by the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, in cooperation with the UAF research community. Ned Rozell is a science writer at the institute. Sea otters are getting harder to find along the western part of the Aleutian chain. Their population has dropped from about 53,000 animals in the early 1990s to only 6,000 today. Some biologists think the missing otters of western Alaska have disappeared to an unlikely placethe bellies of killer whales. Researchers say the actions of people may have caused this unusual switch in the diet of killer whales. Jim Estes, a wildlife research biologist who works for the U.S. Geological Survey at the University of California, has watched sea otters in Alaska since the 1970s. On his 1990s cruises to the Aleutians, he and other biologists noticed a 25 percent decline in sea otters each year. At first, Estes didn't consider killer whales as a reason for the sea otter decline. Killer whales mostly eat sea lions, seals, and other marine mammals that spend most of their time far offshore, away from sea otters. When he was on a cruise from Attu to Dutch Harbor in the early 1990s, Estes and his colleagues saw killer whales where they hadn't before, observations that later became a clue to the disappearance of the sea otters. "We were seeing killer whales near the beach all the time," Estes said during a phone interview from his office in Santa Cruz, California. "All of us commented on how peculiar that was."

69. Enhydra Lutris The Sea Otter Research project by Britany Bluske on this species, including its classification, habitat, reproduction, adaptations, nutrition and interactions with other species. http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/bluske_brit/

Enhydra lutris The Sea Otter Enhydra lutris is in the domain eukarya because it has membrane bound organelles and has a nucleus. The species’ kingdom is animalia because the sea otter is motile at some point in their life cycle, multicellular, heterotrophic, and also lacks cell walls. The sea otter is in the phylum chordate because sometime during its life cycle it has a notochord, dorsal nervechord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle, and a post-anal tail. Sea otters are also bilaterally symmetrical, like all other chordates. The class is Mammalia because it is a warm blooded vertebrate. Also the sea otter has sweat glands, hair, and gives birth to their pups live and not from an egg like other members of this class do. Enhydra lutris is in the order carnivora because this species is a meat eating animal. The sea otter also has teeth and claws that adapted to the habitat that it lives in along with the animals it consumes. The sea otters family is Mustelidae because this family contains mostly small animals with short legs, short round ears, and thick fur.

70. Marine Resource Issues, Sea Otters Information on California's Sea Otters emphasising their impact on the shellfish. http://www.sonic.net/~rocky/iseaotters.htm

Rocky Entries Marine Resource Issues Sea Otters Home Marine Resource Issues California Legislation ... Poaching Sea Otters Before/After Video Poaching Withering Syndrome Sabellid Worm ... Links What are Sea Otters? Some better WEB sites to answer this question would include: SEA OTTER - Enhydra lutris from The Marine Mammal Center Those Naughty Sea Otters from Dr. Milton Love What is a Sea Otter? from Friends of the Sea Otter Clay Phipp's Sea Otter Information Site What is happening with California's Sea Otters? There have been three major developments related to California's sea otters during the past few years: Sea otter population may be declining. Annual aerial surveys have come up with smaller raw counts starting with the 1996 survey. The 1998 count (1,937) came in at 11% below the 1995 peak count (2,190). Also, the 1998 Spring sea otter pup count was almost 50% lower than the 1997 count. There are indications of an increase in infectious diseases.

71. Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Useful References On Polar Bears And Marine & Sea Otte Bibliography of technical and popular articles from the Encyclopedia Smithsonian. http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/otter.htm

About Smithsonian Home Encyclopedia Smithsonian Science and Technology Marine Otters - Technical Brownell, R.L., Jr. 1978 Ecology and conservation of the marine otter, Lutra felina Otters, Proceedings of the First Working Meeting of the IUCN - SSC Otter Specialist Group, Paramaribo, Suriname . IUCN Publication New Series, pp. 104-106. Cabello, C.C. 1978 La nutria de mar ( Lutra felina ) en la Isla de Chiloe, Chile. Otters, Proceedings of the First Working Meeting of the IUCN - SSC Otter Specialist Group, Paramaribo, Suriname . IUCN Publication New Series, pp. 108-118. La nutria de mar en la Isla de Chiloe . Corporacion National Forestal, Bol. Tec. 6, pp. 1-37. Castilla, J.C. 1982 Nuevas observaciones sobre conducta, ecologia y densidad de Lutra felina (Molina 1782) (Carnivora: Mustelidae) en Chile . Publicaciones Ocas. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat.. No. 38, pp. 197-206. (In Spanish with English summary.) Estes, J.A. 1986 Marine otters and their environment.

72. Study Links Parasites In Freshwater Runoff To Sea Otter Deaths In recent years, wildlife veterinarians have become concerned about the increasing number of southern sea otters dying in California. The current otter population is 10 percent http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/06/020627004404.htm

73. Wood Hot Tubs, Cedar Wooden Hot Tubs, Wood Heated Hot Tubs, Japanese Bath Tubs A Specialist in making hand-built wooden hot tubs and ofuros. Includes photos, prices, and ordering information. http://www.woodentubs.com/

74. Shedd Aquarium - Chicago Sea Otters Explore by Animal. Sea Otters. Say you weighed 100 pounds. If you were a sea otter, you would eat 20 to 25 percent of your weight daily. That’s like 25 onepound hamburgers a http://www.sheddaquarium.org/seaotters.html

Plan a Visit Explore by Exhibit Explore by Animal Interactive ... Private Events Explore by Animal Animal Stories Animal Care at Shedd Animal Care at Home Alligator Snapping Turtle ... Beluga calf Explore by Animal Sea Otters Say you weighed 100 pounds. If you were a sea otter, you would eat 20 to 25 percent of your weight daily. That’s like 25 one-pound hamburgers a day! Hold the cheese, please. Found in the Pacific Ocean, sea otters (Enhydra lutris) have to eat that much. Unlike other marine mammals, they lack blubber to keep them warm. Instead they rely on their supercharged metabolism and dense fur to survive in the near-freezing waters. Holding the distinguished honor of Thickest Fur in the Animal Kingdom, sea otters have 1 million hairs per square inch. (Humans, by comparison, carry about 100,000 hair follicles on their head.) Long guard hairs overlay shorter bundles of wooly fur that trap millions of tiny air bubbles for retaining warmth. Fur traders nearly drove sea otters to extinction in the 19th century. While some populations have largely recovered, others are declining anew from environmental problems. The species is still listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Sea otters are the only mammals besides primates to use tools. Floating on its back, a sea otter will vigorously hammer a mussel or clam against a rock on its chest to pry the meal open. When they’re not grooming or eating, sea otters sleep. Sometimes they wrap themselves up in kelp like a blanket—or even “hold hands”—to keep from drifting too far off.

75. TASSC: Home The animal programs, projects, resources, upcoming events, news, web board, and contact information. http://www.seaotter-sealion.org/

Sea Lion Biosampling Trainings Continue MMPA Reauthorization Overview Descendants and Marine Mammals Subsistence Steller Sea Lion Biosampling Trainings ... All Archived News Greetings from the Alaska Sea Otter and Steller Sea Lion Commission! The Alaska Sea Otter Commission, a tribal consortium, was established in 1988 to promote Alaska Native involvement in policy decisions pertaining to sea otters. In 1998, at the request of member tribes, the Alaska Sea Otter Commission added Steller sea lions to its mission and goals, formally expanding to The Alaska Sea Otter and Steller Sea Lion Commission (TASSC). Throughout the past twenty-one years, TASSC has worked with coastal Alaska Native peoples and communities to further conservation, local management and local research for marine mammals. TASSC would like to thank all those individuals, tribes and organizations that have participated in TASSC's programs over the years. Your past and continued participation has been the success of these programs and truly the success of the organization. We thank you. Additionally we would also like to thank our funding agencies. Through their support and vision, our programs are able to continue. We thank you.

76. The Marine Mammal Center : Sea Otter . Sea otters are members of the weasel or mustelid family. Like other members of this family, they have very thick fur.......Animal Classification. Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris) http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/education/marine-mammal-information/sea-otter.

77. Sea Otter Charters Sport fishing, sightseeing, and lodging.. http://www.ptialaska.net/~seaotter/

Kodiak, Alaska Sport Fishing Email seaotter@ptialaska.net New 31 Foot Parker Pilothouse with the latest Electronics and Navigation Equipment, GPS, Radar, Color Sonar, 406 EPIRB and VHF Radio. Coast Guard Licensed and Insured for your Comfort and Safety! Experienced Captain and Mate.

78. Articles About Sea Otters - SFGate Sea Otters News. Find breaking news, commentary, and archival information about Sea Otters from the SFGate http://articles.sfgate.com/keyword/sea-otters

your ad here You are here: SFGate Home Collections Sea Otters RELATED KEYWORDS: Santa Cruz Uc Davis Retirement Monterey County ... More IN THE NEWS Sea Otters FEATURED ARTICLES BAY AREA Monterey sea otters killed by toxic algae By Peter Fimrite September 11, 2010 A toxic algae that forms in reservoirs, lakes and stagnant freshwater ponds was responsible for the deaths of at least 21 threatened California sea otters in the Monterey Bay area, a scientific study revealed Friday. The discovery, reported in the scientific journal PLoS ONE, is alarming because the toxin, called microcystin, had never been linked to the death of a marine mammal and was not believed to be capable of surviving for long periods in saltwater. "Based on what we know, this is the first documentation of a freshwater algal bloom being transmitted to upper-level marine mammals, specifically a federally listed species," said Melissa Miller, a senior wildlife veterinarian and pathologist for the California Department of Fish and Game and the study's lead author. ARTICLES BY DATE BAY AREA Great white shark attack expert John McCosker November 7, 2010

79. Alaska's Sea Otter Sound Lodge All-inclusive remote floating fishing lodge for salmon and halibut anglers. Charter or do-it-yourself boating. http://alaskaseaottersoundlodge.com/

Weather Forecasts Weather Maps Weather Radar The Lodge Our main lodge is finished in the richness of warm local cedar. Relax on our soft leather recliners as you enjoy the magnificent views of humpback whales blowing in the distance.

80. Sea Otter Swim Lessons In Loomis, CA Welcome to Sea Otter Swim Lessons, South Placer's premier, yearround, swim school! Voted Best Swim School by the readers of Sacramento Parent Magazine ! http://seaotterswim.com/

Spring 2011 powered by Welcome to Sea Otter Swim Lessons , South Placer's premier, year-round, swim school! Voted " Best Swim School " by the readers of Sacramento Parent Magazine ! Sea Otter Swim Lessons offers "high quality instruction" for all ages 4 months through Adults Parent/Baby classes, private lessons, and semi-private classes. Instructors specially trained and carefully selected for their positive interaction with children Warm water! 92�F makes learning to swim comfortable and fun! Great location right off Sierra College Blvd. in Loomis. Only minutes from Granite Bay , Rocklin, Roseville Lincoln Auburn , Folsom and Sacramento communities. Accredited 20 Year Member of the United States Swim School Association Award Winning member of US Swim School Association Awards Program! Sea Otter Swim Lessons offers a unique focus on the individual swimmer and their developmental abilities. Our secure and loving approach continues to benefit young and old swimmers alike.

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