21. Superconductors Questions Up Diamagnets and superconductors Previous Diamagnets and superconductors superconductors An extreme example of a diamagnet is a superconductor. http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_tech/node107.html

Next: Questions Up: Diamagnets and superconductors Previous: Diamagnets and superconductors Superconductors An extreme example of a diamagnet is a superconductor . These materials are known primarily through their electrical properties - at some relatively low temperature their electrical resistance is exactly zero. Thus, one can establish a current in a superconductor and it will never die away due to resistance, even when the source of potential difference that started the current is removed. Superconductors also have interesting magnetic properties; they are perfect diamagnets: when an applied magnetic field is applied, eddy currents in the superconductor induce a magnetic field which exactly cancels the applied magnetic field. This is the Meissner effect This effect is responsible for the magnetic levitation of a magnet when placed above a superconductor. Suppose, as in Fig. , we place a magnet above a superconductor. The induced magnetic field inside the superconductor is exactly equal and opposite in direction to the applied magnetic field, so that they cancel within the superconductor. What we then have are two magnets equal in strength with poles of the same type facing each other. These poles will repel each other, and the force of repulsion is enough to float the magnet. Such magnetic levitation devices are being tried on train tracks in Japan; if successful, this would make train travel much faster, smoother, and more efficient due to the lack of friction between the tracks and train (in some cases, rather than superconductors, strong electromagnets are used to provide the magnetic levitation).

22. RISE Information Portal - Technologies - Superconductors The capacity of superconducting materials to handle large currents with no resistance and extremely low energy losses is a huge benefit over competing technologies. The relatively http://www.rise.org.au/info/Tech/scon/index.html

@import "/css/default_style.css"; @import "/css/info_style.css"; only search RISE web site Superconductors Superconductor Developments Superconductor Applications Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Systems Further Information ... References Superconductor Developments The capacity of superconducting materials to handle large currents with no resistance and extremely low energy losses is a huge benefit over competing technologies. The relatively recent developments in this field are impressive and will play a part in more efficient energy systems. Figure 1 A superconducting metal. (courtesy of The applications of superconductors are diverse. They are being used to improve the efficiency of motors, generators, transmission lines, transformers, and energy storage technologies. Using an integrated power system incorporating superconductor technologies can reduce the amount of power that is needed to be generated to supply the same demand, as well as allow many new applications, such as magnetic levitating trains (See Figure 2). Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) is a new technology that is used to regulate power fluctuations and maintain the stability of the grid when large changes in load occur. SMES systems store energy in a magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a coil of superconducting material that has been cryogenically cooled. A superconducting material enhances storage capacity. In low-temperature superconducting materials, electric currents encounter almost no resistance. The challenge is to maintain that characteristic without having to keep the systems quite so cold (NREL, 2006).

23. Superconductors superconductors. by Schuyler Corry. Uses of Superconductivity. Superconductor Theory. New superconductors. The Superconductor is a Grail of modern physics; a substance that could http://www.phy.duke.edu/~kolena/modern/superconductors.html

Superconductors by Schuyler Corry Uses of Superconductivity Superconductor Theory New Superconductors The Superconductor is a Grail of modern physics; a substance that could revolutionize all electronic devices as we know them, and conserve electric energy. Since their discovery in 1911, engineers have looked for a better superconductor, one which will function under easily attainable conditions. The first superconductors only displayed superconductivity at temperatures near 0K, never above 23K. In recent years, a goal has been to find a substance that becomes superconducting above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. What is a Superconductor? By definition, superconductors are substances which display zero electrical resistance when a current is supplied, and are able to propagate such a current in a circuit indefinitely. Another property of superconductors, used to test a potential superconductor, is the inability for a magnetic field to exist within the material when a current is applied. All known superconductors become superconducting at very low temperatures none above about 125K and this specific temperature is called the critical temperature, abbreviated Tc. Because they have no resistance, superconductors do not lose any current in the form of heat, and are therefore totally energy efficient (except for the energy required to cool them, at Earth temperatures). Zero resistance allows for many strange phenomena, including the ability to levitate a magnet in mid-air. This phenomenon made superconductors known to the general public, from pictures on television.

24. Superconductivity Experiment superconductors. Superconductivity was first noticed when liquid mercury was cooled to liquid Helium temperatures (4.2K) while its resistivity was being plotted. http://www.coolmagnetman.com/magsuper.htm

Experiments with magnets and conductors Superconductors Superconductivity was first noticed when liquid mercury was cooled to liquid Helium temperatures (4.2K) while its resistivity was being plotted. While approaching that temperature, the resistance was coming down linearly, when all of a sudden it dropped to zero Ohms! Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes was performing this experiment in 1911. Since that time, other elements and combinations of elements have been shown to posses a superconducting state at various temperatures. This table shows the elements which become superconducting and the temperature at which it happens. Most research has been to find materials which are superconducting at higher temperatures. For example, the ceramics in kits you can buy become superconductors at about -186C. Using liquid nitrogen (LN2) which is at -196C, you can make that ceramic superconducting. What is unique about a superconductor? 1. First, its resistance is really zero Ohms, nothing, nada, all gone! This means that if current were flowing in the material, it would produce no heat whatsoever. 2. Second, it will exclude any magnetic fields that come near it, like a magnetic mirror. If a north pole approaches the superconductor, the magnet will behave as though another magnet, just like itself, is approaching from the other side of the surface of the superconductor. At some distance, the magnet's north pole will start to repel the "other magnet's north pole", which is really a reflection of its own. It doesn't matter if it is a north or south pole, it will act the same way. This is the Meissner effect where a magnet will float, or levitate, above a ceramic of superconducting material.

25. FUNDAMENTALS OF SUPERCONDUCTORS FUNDAMENTALS OF superconductors. The theoretical understanding of superconductivity is extremely complicated and involved. It is far beyond the scope of this video booklet to http://www.ornl.gov/reports/m/ornlm3063r1/pt3.html

FUNDAMENTALS OF SUPERCONDUCTORS The theoretical understanding of superconductivity is extremely complicated and involved. It is far beyond the scope of this video booklet to attempt to discuss the quantum mechanics of superconductors. However, in this section fundamental terms and phenomena of superconductors will be discussed. Superconductors have the ability to conduct electricity without the loss of energy. When current flows in an ordinary conductor, for example copper wire, some energy is lost. In a light bulb or electric heater, the electrical resistance creates light and heat. In metals such as copper and aluminum, electricity is conducted as outer energy level electrons migrate as individuals from one atom to another. These atoms form a vibrating lattice within the metal conductor; the warmer the metal the more it vibrates. As the electrons begin moving through the maze, they collide with tiny impurities or imperfections in the lattice. When the electrons bump into these obstacles they fly off in all directions and lose energy in the form of heat. Figure (3) is a drawing that shows atoms arranged in a crystalline lattice and moving electrons bouncing off the atoms that are in their way.

26. Uses Of Superconductors Ever since the discovery of superconductors, there has been great interest in their use in electronics. It turns out that the magnetic properties of http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2003.web.dir/Rodney_Guritz Folder/uses.htm

Superfluids Properties of Superfluids Superfluid He Superfluid Research Bose-Einstein Condensates Superconductors Physics of Superconductors Superconductors and magnetism Uses/Industry References Uses of Superconductors and the SC Industry Ever since the discovery of superconductors, there has been great interest in their use in electronics. It turns out that the magnetic properties of superconductors has been more useful in a larger variety of applications than the lack of resistance. Maglev trains use superconductors to levitate the train above magnetic rails. This enables them to operate without friction, and therefore acheive unheard of speeds. The maglev train below is being installed at the Old Dominion University in Hampton, Virginia. It is the first to be installed in the US. Unfortunately, due to the short track it is on, it can only reach speeds of 40 miles per hour. Maglevs, with sufficient track, can reach speeds over 300 mph. A new Maglev train in Shanghai recently broke the 500 Km/h barrier (310 mph). These trains are also more efficient because there less energy loss to friction between the train and the track. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) machines use superconductors to deliver a strong enough magnetic field so that hydrogen atoms in the body's fat and water molecules will pick up energy from the field which can then be detected by special instruments. SQUIDS (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) can be used like an MRI, but without the need for a strong magnetic field. They can detect magnetic fields of infinitely small magnatudes. They can also be used for extremely precise motion detection.

27. ISTF2008: Cutting The Cord - Superconductors In normal electromagnetism, electricity is the movement or flow of electrons through a medium. In most atoms, electrons are strictly bound in orbit around the nuclei of http://mainland.cctt.org/istf2008/superconductors.asp

Mainland High School Cutting the Cord: ISTF 07-1726 Home Introduction Components One Two Three W. C. Brown ... Resources Project Assessment Bibliography Glossary Team Superconductors In normal electromagnetism, electricity is the movement or "flow" of electrons through a medium. In most atoms, electrons are strictly bound in orbit around the nuclei of individual atoms, making these materials bad conductors, or good insulators of electricity. However, in metals, the electrons are allowed to move more or less freely throughout the atoms, creating an electron "pool" within the material . This makes metals good conductors of electricity. Certain metals are known to be better conductors than others. Metals such as gold, silver, and copper are such metals. They allow electrons to move a little more freely than others, making them ideal for electrical transfer. The degree to which a material prevents the free flow of electrons is known as resistance. This is alo a ratio of electric potential to electric current. The amount of electrical charge that moves by a point over a certain unit of time is called electric current . Charge is measured in Coulombs ( 1 Coulomb equals the total charge carried by 6.25 x 10

28. Futurescience - Superconductors Futurescience Superconductor Page From 1994 until early 2006, Futurescience, Inc. sold several superconductor kits using the Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide high temperature http://www.futurescience.com/sc.html

From 1994 until early 2006, Futurescience, Inc. sold several superconductor kits using the Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide "high temperature" superconducting ceramic material. All these superconductor kits required liquid nitrogen. Futurescience, Inc. no longer exist, and its operations (including the operation of this web site) have been taken over by Futurescience, LLC, a company that was founded in early 2008 by the person who made all of the superconducting disks and rings for Futurescience, Inc. PLEASE READ THE IMPORTANT NOTE BELOW. WE CANNOT ACCEPT NEW ORDERS FOR SUPERCONDUCTOR KITS. VERY IMPORTANT NOTE: We are not accepting any new orders for Futurescience superconductor products. We may resume some limited superconductor production for replacement parts at some point in the future; but for now, the people here who are knowledgeable about superconductor production are far too busy with other projects. We will still be here to do our best to support those who have purchased Futurescience superconductor products in the past. We hope to be able to provide parts and assistance to our previous customers for a long time, although we currently have no intention of resuming normal superconductor production. The documentation about our superconductor products will remain online. As of February 2010, we have spares of the magnets that were included in the kits. We also have a few of the complete assembled spare probes (including the superconducting bar) for the Model 500 kit on hand. These Model 500 probes can also be used as replacements for the probes in the Model 1000 kit, although you will not be able to perform the persistent current experiment. For information about these replacement parts, see the contact information near the bottom of this page.

29. Superconductors News - The New York Times News about superconductors. Commentary and archival information about superconductors from The New York Times. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/s/superconductors/i

30. Articles About Superconductors - Los Angeles Times superconductors News. Find breaking news, commentary, and archival information about superconductors from the Los Angeles Times http://articles.latimes.com/keyword/superconductors

31. First Principles Research Ab initio quantum chemistry and computational studies of superconductors. http://www.firstprinciples.com/

32. Superconductors - The Naked Scientists 2006.10.05 superconductors are amazing materials whose resistance drops to zero when cooled. Chris looks at how they can be used to detect Pulsars, receive mobile messages, and make trains http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/articles/article/superconductors116004828

Science Articles Article from our Archive Science of Sunday Lunch - A Question of Taste Home About Us Articles ... Search Next Article: The Rubik's Cube Unravelled...or is that unpieced ? Science Articles RSS Feed Chris Muirhead Superconductors making things clearer for mobiles, moons and medicine What is a Superconductor? Figure 1 - Microphotograph of a superconducting device which measures about a thousandth of a millimetre in size. What are they used for? A member of the superconductivity research team demonstrating coolants to school children. "The dream is code breaking, super-secure, quantum computers." Dr Chris Muirhead, School of Physics and Astronomy Superconductivity at the University of Birmingham The Birmingham Portfolio Partnership is a £6M research grant from The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). The award, entitled "Superconducting Thin Films - Their Science and Applications", is between the School of Engineering and the School of Physics and Astronomy at The University of Birmingham. The research is at the forefront in Europe and in Engineering centres on the invention, production and application of new superconducting materials and devices. The work in Physics develops and applies techniques for investigating and exploiting the properties of these new materials.

33. How Superconductors Work - Introduction To Superconductivity - Explain That Stuf An easyto-understand explanation of how materials called superconductrs lose electrical resistance at very low temperatures. Includes high-temperature superconductors. http://www.explainthatstuff.com/superconductors.html

34. Superconductors! - TIME Jun 24, 2001 Tweet; Digg; They began lining up outside the New York Hilton's Sutton Ballroom at 530 in ^ the afternoon; by the time the doors opened at 645, recalls Physicist Randy http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,146563,00.html

35. - Superconductors New research is unlocking the amazing potential of hightemperature superconductors. http://www.firstscience.com/site/articles/superconductors.asp

ADVERTISMENT Members Login RSS FEED Win a Book News ... FirstScience DVDs Browse by category Earth Humans Machines Space ... Technology 16 Nov 2010 Superconductors - 6 Jan 2001 By Patrick L. Barry Page 1 of 3 New research is unlocking the amazing potential of high-temperature superconductors. Few technologies ever enjoy the sort of rock-star celebrity that superconductors received in the late 1980s. Headlines the world over trumpeted the discovery of "high temperature" superconductors (abbreviated HTS), and the media and scientists alike gushed over the marvels that we could soon expect from this promising young technology. Levitating 300-mph trains, ultra-fast computers, and cheaper, cleaner electricity were to be just the beginning of its long and illustrious career. Today we might ask, like a Hollywood gossip columnist: what ever happened to the "high-temp" hype? "It was the hottest potato of its time, but it all fizzled out," says Louis Castellani, president of the Houston-based HTS company Metal Oxide Technologies, Inc. (MetOx). The problem was learning to make wire out of it. These superconductors are made of ceramics - the same kind of material in coffee mugs. Ceramics are hard and brittle. Finding an industrial way to make long, flexible wires out of them was going to be difficult.

36. Horizon Technologies...Software Products Code for properties of fluids, materials, and superconductors. http://www.htess.com/software.htm

Home Software Products Engineering Services About Us ... Contact Us Software Products... Quick links to: Fluid Property Packages Material Property Packages Superconductivity Analysis Software Pricing ... List of International Sales Agents Fluid Property Packages GASPAK Developed by Cryodata Inc. , GASPAK provides 42 state and transport properties for 33 fluids from the triple point to high temperatures. The GASPAK property estimation algorithm uses a highly accurate variable-term Helmholtz equation. Note - not all properties are available for all fluids. Available: As an an Excel Add-In for function-only access to the fluids and properties (version 3.32), or as an ActiveX DLL (version 3.41) to be interfaced to other Windows applications. Fortran source code is also available. GASPAK Specifications Pricing HEPAK Developed by Cryodata Inc. , HEPAK calculates thermophysical properties of helium-4 ( He) from fundamental state equations, valid from 0.8 Kelvin or the melting line to 1,500 Kelvin, including the superfluid range, the lambda line, and liquid vapor mixtures. As a function of pressure, calculations are valid up to 1,000 bars, except between 80 and 300 Kelvin where they are valid to 20,000 bars.

37. Superconductivity Concepts Characteristic lengths in superconductors http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Solids/supcon.html

38. Welcome To Dr. Zhi Gang Yu's Web Site Research physicist studying spin-dependent transport in organic materials and devices, DNA and proteins, conducting polymers, and high-temperature superconductors. http://aristotle.sri.com/~zyu/

I am a Senior Research Physicist at Applied Optics Laboratory in SRI International Graphics by

39. MITEI | Superconductors superconductors. Nearly 10 percent of all electricity is lost as electrons traverse power lines and highvoltage transformers while traveling from the power plant to end users. http://web.mit.edu/mitei/research/transformations/superconductors.html

skip to content Contact Us Members login Search Home Research Transformations Superconductors Research Education Campus Energy Activities Support MITEI ... Tools MIT centers, laboratories, departments and programs provide a multi-faceted approach to solving the world's energy challenge. MITEI Seed Fund Program Major energy studies and reports Superconductors Nearly 10 percent of all electricity is lost as electrons traverse power lines and high-voltage transformers while traveling from the power plant to end users. The cumulative energy loss from the total volume of electricity transmitted and distributed to the world's energy consumers is enormous, as are the emissions of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants associated with generating that increment. The use of superconducting technologies can help minimize these energy losses and increase the overall efficiency of the power grid. They could also provide new opportunities for renewable resources such as wind and solar energy by increasing the overall capacity of the grid to accommodate the intermittent nature of these resources. Areas of research that have great potential to enhance the promise of superconducting technology include system evaluation of superconducting and cryogenic components of the power grid; design of increased-capacity power transmission lines; investigation of high-efficiency power-conditioning equipment; examination of the implications of superconducting materials for higher performance and greater efficiency; development of new high-temperature superconducting materials; and development of electrical machinery with improved cost, performance, and efficiency.

40. APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCTORS APPLICATIONS OF superconductors. Soon after Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity, scientists began dreaming up practical applications for this strange new phenomenon. http://www.ornl.gov/info/reports/m/ornlm3063r1/pt4.html

APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCTORS Soon after Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity, scientists began dreaming up practical applications for this strange new phenomenon. Powerful new superconducting magnets could be made much smaller than a resistive magnet,because the windings could carry large currents with no energy loss. Generators wound with superconductors could generate the same amount of electricity with smaller equipment and less energy. Once the electricity was generated it could be distributed through superconducting wires. Energy could be stored in superconducting coils for long periods of time without significant loss. The recent discovery of high temperature superconductors brings us a giant step closer to the dream of early scientists. Applications currently being explored are mostly extensions of current technology used with the low temperature superconductors. Current applications of high temperature superconductors include; magnetic shielding devices, medical imaging systems, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDS), infrared sensors, analog signal processing devices, and microwave devices. As our understanding of the properties of superconducting material increases, applications such as; power transmission, superconducting magnets in generators, energy storage devices, particle accelerators, levitated vehicle transportation, rotating machinery, and magnetic separators will become more practical. The ability of superconductors to conduct electricity with zero resistance can be exploited in the use of electrical transmission lines. Currently, a substantial fraction of electricity is lost as heat through

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