1. Syria Ottoman Empire - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resourc http//workmall.com/wfb2001/syria/syria_history_ottoman_empire.html Source The Library of Congress Country Studies BACK TO HISTORY CONTENTS http://workmall.com/wfb2001/syria/syria_history_ottoman_empire.html

HISTORY INDEX Country Ranks Introduction History ... Feedback Syria Ottoman Empire http://workmall.com/wfb2001/syria/syria_history_ottoman_empire.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies < BACK TO HISTORY CONTENTS The Ottomans were nomadic Muslim Turks from central Asia who had been converted to Islam by Umayyad conquerors in the eighth century. Led by Uthman (whence the Western term Ottoman), they founded a principality in 1300 amid the ruins of the Mongolwrecked Seljuk Empire in northwest Turkey. Fifty years later Uthman's successors invaded Europe. They conquered Constantinople in 1453 and in the sixteenth century conquered all of the Middle East. From 1300 to 1916, when the empire fell, 36 sultans, all descendants of Uthman, ruled most of the Muslim world. Europeans referred to the Ottoman throne as the Sublime Porte, a name derived from a gate of the sultan's palace in Istanbul. From 1516 the Ottomans ruled Syria through pashas, who governed with unlimited authority over the land under their control, although they were responsible ultimately to the Sublime Porte. Pashas were both administrative and military leaders. So long as they collected their taxes, maintained order, and ruled an area not of immediate military importance, the Sublime Porte left them alone. In turn the pashas ruled smaller administrative districts through either a subordinate Turk or a loyal Arab. Occasionally, as in the area that became Lebanon, the Arab subordinate maintained his position more through his own power than through loyalty. Throughout Ottoman rule, there was little contact with the authorities except among wealthier Syrians who entered government service or studied in Turkish universities.

2. Syria -- History (subject At ISBNdb.com) ISBNDB.COM Books search engine taking data from hundreds of libraries http://isbndb.com/d/subject/syria_history.html

Subject Summary Subject Books Subjects Search Recently Added Syria History Referred from 18 books Books on this subject: Here are some of the most recently loaded books on this subject, you can also see all 18 matching books on a separate page. Histoire des Seleucides (323-63 avant J.-C.) Auguste Bouche-Leclerq Publisher: Aalen : Scientia Verlag ISBN: 3511090598 Syria Syria revolution from above Raymond A. Hinnebusch Publisher: London ; Routledge ISBN: 0203646576 LCC: DS98.2 The Lebanon (Mount Souria) The Lebanon (Mount Souria): a history and a diary by David Urquhart Publisher: Farnborough, Eng. : Gregg International ISBN: 057603326X Subject structure: Below you can see components of the subject along with their types and similar subjects. Click on a subject component to see other subjects that include it. "Syria" Geographic, 651/a Similar Subjects: History Middle East Syria Syria Antiquities Syria Politics and government more... ... "History" Chronological, 651/y FAQ Contact ISBNdb.com

3. Syria History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Cur Syria History Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System, immigration http://workmall.com/wfb2001/syria/syria_history_index.html

Country Ranks Introduction History Geography People Government Gov. Leaders ... Feedback Syria History Index http://workmall.com/wfb2001/syria/syria_history_index.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies History Introduction Historical Setting ANCIENT SYRIA MUSLIM EMPIRES ... THE ASSAD ERA NOTE: The information regarding Syria on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Syria History information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Syria History should be addressed to the Library of Congress. Please put this page in your BOOKMARKS - - - - - http://workmall.com/wfb2001/syria/syria_history_index.html Revised 04-Jul-02 Photius Coutsoukis

4. History Of Syria - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Categories History of Syria History of the Levant Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent. Hidden categories Articles to be expanded from January 2008 All articles to be http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria

History of Syria From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Please help improve this article by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page (January 2008) This article deals with the history of Syria , and the nations (or pre-national civilizations) previously occupying its territory. Contents Prehistory Ancient history Roman Syria Umayyad Caliphate ... edit Prehistory See also: Pre-history of the Southern Levant Since approximately 10 000 BC Syria was one of centers of PPNA where agriculture and cattle breeding appeared for the first time in the world. The following period of PPNB is represented by rectangular houses of Mureybet culture. At the time of the pre-pottery Neolithic people used vessels made of stone, gyps and burnt lime ( Vaiselles blanches ). Finds of obsidian tools from Anatolia are evidences of early trade relations. Cities of Hamoukar and Emar played an important role during the late Neolithic and Bronze Age. edit Ancient history Further information: Ebla Female figurine, Syria, 5000 BC. Ancient Orient Museum Archaeologists have demonstrated that civilization in Syria was one of the most ancient on earth. Around the excavated city of

5. Welcome To Syrian History | Syrian History Warning Table './history2_history/watchdog' is marked as crashed and should be repaired query INSERT INTO watchdog (uid, type, message, severity, link, location, referer http://syrianhistory.com/

@import "/modules/node/node.css"; @import "/modules/simplenews-5.x-1.5/simplenews/simplenews.css"; @import "/modules/system/defaults.css"; @import "/modules/system/system.css"; @import "/modules/user/user.css"; @import "/sites/all/modules/cck/content.css"; @import "/sites/all/modules/date/date.css"; @import "/sites/all/modules/lightbox2/css/lightbox.css"; @import "/sites/all/modules/logintoboggan/logintoboggan.css"; @import "/sites/all/modules/cck/fieldgroup.css"; @import "/sites/all/themes/syrianhistory/style.css"; @import "/files/sifr/sifr-screen.css"; @import "/sites/all/modules/sifr/lib/sIFR-print.css"; Syrian History Home Timeline Songs ... Contact us Welcome to Syrian History Most Viewed Content Welcome to Syrian History Timeline Syrian Flag History About this Site ... more Search Navigation Browse by Era Browse byType Documents Events ... Stamps Join Newsletter Stay informed on our latest news! E-mail: Subscribe Unsubscribe Previous issues User login Login/Register Latest President Shukri al-Quwatli at the tomb of the Muslim caliph Saladin in 1955 President Hafez al-Assad of Syria, with PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat, and Libyan leader Muammar al-Qaddafi The presidents of Syria, Algeria, and Egypt in the early 1970s. more ... level09 studios Best viewed on : Firefox 2+, IE7+ Warning /home/history2/public_html/includes/database.mysql.inc

6. Syria - History, Administrative Divisions, Syrian Major Cities, Other Cities, Sy Citing this material. Please include a link to this page if you have found this material useful for research or writing a related article. Content on this website is from high http://encyclopedia.stateuniversity.com/pages/21612/Syria.html

7. A Brief History Of Syria A Brief History of Modern Syria. Syria fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1516 and remained a part of their Ottoman Empire for four centuries. During this period, Syria witnessed great http://www.damascus-online.com/history/brief.htm

A Brief History of Modern Syria Syria fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1516 and remained a part of their Ottoman Empire for four centuries. During this period, Syria witnessed great deterioration in economic, social, and political fields. In 1916, the Arabs took the opportunity of World War I to revolt against the Turkish rule. Arabs received British military help and promises that after the War ends, Arab countries will be granted full independence. On 6 May 1916, the Ottoman authorities hanged tens of Syrian national leaders in Damascus and Beirut. This day is still celebrated in Syria and Lebanon as the Martyrs' Day. The Arab armies under leadership of Sharif Hussein of Mecca soon achieved victory over the Turks, and in early 1918, Arab and British armies entered Damascus ending 400 years of Ottoman occupation. Later in 1918, Syria was declared an independent kingdom under King Faisal I, son of Sharif Hussein. However, France and Britain had their own plans in mind. In an agreement known as the Sykes-Picot agreement, they decided to divide the Middle East into French and British 'spheres of influence'. Syria was to be put under French mandate. In early 1920, French troops landed on the Syrian coast, after several battles with poorly equipped Syrian rebels, they managed to get the country under their control. In 1923, the League of Nation officially recognized French mandate over Syria. Syrians decided to resist the new invaders. In 1925, they revolted against the mandate. Several battles took place in Jabal al-Arab region and in Damascus. The capital was severely damaged during French air raids in retaliation for the city's support for rebels. It was until 1936 when France finally accepted to give Syria partial independence according to the Franco-Syrian treaty signed in Paris, but French troops remained on the Syrian soil and continued to influence the Syrian policies. During World War II, Syria witnessed military confrontations between French troops loyal to the Vichy government, allied with the Germans, and Free French troops allied with the British. In 1941, the British army, along with its French allies, occupied the country, and promised full independence after the end of the war.

8. Today In Syria History Today in Syria History. Important events, famous birthdays and historical deaths from our searchable today in history archives. http://www.historyorb.com/countries/syria

Home Articles Dates Days ... Countries Today in Syria History Countries Topics: Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra ... Bolivia Historical Events Results of 0763-06-15 BC Assyrians record a solar eclipse that will be used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history. 0612-08-10 BC Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire. Destruction of Nineveh. Bataafs nobleman Gaius Julius Civilis proclaimed emperor of Syria Byzantines troops occupy Antioch Syria Crusaders set fire to Mara Syria 1st Crusaders begins siege of Hosn-el-Akrad Syria Crusaders capture Syria's harbor city of Tripoli Syria harbor city Saida (Sidon) surrenders to Crusaders A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. Battle of El-Babein, Egypt: Franks under Amalrik vs Syrians In Syria, sultan Baybars conquers the Krak of Chevaliers. Jews are expelled from Syria Jews are expelled from Graz (Syria) Battle at Aleppo: Turks beat Syria Antioch Syria, hit by Earthquake; about 20,000 die Earthquake in southern Syria kills thousands French cruiser "Admiral Charner" torpedoed off Syrian coast, kills 374 French govt names Gen Serrail gov-gen of Syria French air force bombs Damascus Syria The Iraqi Government slaughters over 3,000 Assyrians in the village of Sumail. The day becomes known as Assyrian Martyrs Day.

9. Syria: History, Geography, Government, And Culture — Infoplease.com Information on Syria — geography, history, politics, government, economy, population statistics, culture, religion, languages, largest cities, as well as a map and the http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108016.html

Site Map FAQ in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Spelling Checker Daily Almanac for Nov 16, 2010 Search White Pages Skip Navigation Home American Indian Heritage Month ... games, quizzes Editor's Favorites American Indian Heritage Month Thanksgiving Most Corrupt Countries in the World Conversion Calculator ... DK Daily Teach Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips Share World Countries ... Syria Syria Next Map of Syria President: Bashar al-Assad (2000) Prime Minister: Muhammad Naji al-Otari (2003) Land area: 71,062 sq mi (184,051 sq km); total area: 71,498 sq mi (185,180 sq km) Population (2010 est.): 22,198,110 (growth rate: 1.9%); birth rate: 24.4/1000; infant mortality rate: 16.18/1000; life expectancy: 74.4; density per sq mi: 272 Capital (2003 est.): Damascus, 2,381,800 (metro. area), 1,861,900 Largest cities: Aleppo, 2,492,100 (metro. area), 1,933,700 (city proper); Homs, 751,500; Latakia, 417,100; Hama, 380,200 Monetary unit: Syrian pound Index Syria Main Page Regional Conflicts Continue Through the End of the Century Syria is Repeatedly Accused of Supporting Terrorist Groups Syria and Israel Begin Negotiating, but Terrorism and Conflict Continue

10. Syria Culture Syria History Complete, objective information on Syria travel, including photos and reviews. Add your own wikistyle contributions. http://www.world66.com/asia/middleeast/syria/history

11. Syria - History Syria History. Present day Syria constitutes only a small portion of the ancient geographical Syria. Until the twentieth century, when Western powers began to carve out the http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/syria/history.htm

/*********************************************** * Interstitial Content Box- © Dynamic Drive DHTML code library (www.dynamicdrive.com) * This notice MUST stay intact for legal use * Visit Dynamic Drive at http://www.dynamicdrive.com/ for full source code ***********************************************/ Education Jobs Travel White Papers ... Public Eye Get the day's top stories every morning in your inbox from our newsletter. EMAIL (required) Military Overiew History of Syria Terrain Climate ... Economy Join the GlobalSecurity.org mailing list Enter Your Email Address Syria - History Present day Syria constitutes only a small portion of the ancient geographical Syria. Until the twentieth century, when Western powers began to carve out the rough contours of the contemporary states of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel, the whole of the settled region at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea was called Syria, the name given by the ancient Greeks to the land bridge that links three continents. For this reason, historians and political scientists usually use the term Greater Syria (see Glossary) to denote the area in the prestate period. Historically, Greater Syria rarely ruled itself, primarily because of its vulnerable position between the Mediterranean Sea and the desert. As a marchland between frequently powerful empires on the north, east, and south, Syria was often a battlefield for the political destinies of dynasties and empires. Unlike other parts of the Middle East, Greater Syria was prized as a fertile cereal-growing oasis. It was even more critical as a source of the lumber needed for building imperial fleets in the preindustrial period.

12. Syria History Nation by Nation the story of the countries of the world http://www.historycentral.com/NationbyNation/Syria/History2.html

13. Syria Gate - About Syria - History Of Syria A list and description of all the major periods in Syria starting from Early settlment and agriculture, through to the crusaders, through to the franch mandate. http://www.syriagate.com/Syria/about/general/history.htm

Home Clients Syrian Companies Services ... Search History of Syria History of Syria Often called the Cradle of Civilization and the Gateway to History, Syria has a lot to offer history and the development of civilized man. On the other hand Syria's natural boundaries did nothing for the security of the land… its strategic location also made it vulnerable and many conquerors and attackers were able to conquer Syria. It has been a great crossroad for trade between the Mediterranean and the East; it exported the Alphabet to the West, and has been linked to Religion from the beginning, from the Semitic Deities to the monotheistic faiths. Settling, Agriculture and the Beginning of civilization 9000BC: This is where civilization began. The development of agriculture in Syria meant settled communities. Tribes and peoples began to prefer agriculture to hunting and with the appearance of bronze and copper tools, agriculture developed quickly. Along with the development in agriculture came a development in trade, as urbanized communities began to engage in various economic activities. Ebla, Mari and the Bronze Age:

14. Major Events In Syria-Lebanon History - USATODAY.com 1920 France, the colonial power in Syria and Lebanon, declares a Lebanese state with its current borders, adding to it regions that were part of the Ottoman province of Syria. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-08-24-1607117170_x.htm

15. Syria: Encyclopedia II - Syria - History Archaeologists have demonstrated that Syria was the center of one of the most ancient civilizations on earth. Around the excavated city of Ebla in northeastern Syria, discovered http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Syria_-_History/id/5501174

16. Syria History | GlobalEDGE A brief history of Syria, including a picture of Syria's flag and key facts on Albania, including GDP, area, population, and life expectancy. http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/syria/history/

Your location is: > Countries > Syria > History Key Facts GDP (ppp) per CAPITA $4,583.00 (2008 est.) Inflation Rate 3.80% (2009 est.) Population 21.76 million (2009 est.) Country Risk Ratings C Ease of Doing Business Rankings 137 out of 181 (2008 est.) Global Competitiveness Report 3.76 (94 out of 133) (2009 est.) Navigation introduction statistics economy history ... country memo Syria : History Archaeologists have demonstrated that Syria was the center of one of the most ancient civilizations on earth. Around the excavated city of Ebla in northern Syria, discovered in 1975, a great Semitic empire spread from the Red Sea north to Turkey and east to Mesopotamia from 2500 to 2400 B.C. The city of Ebla alone during that time had a population estimated at 260,000. Scholars believe the language of Ebla to be the oldest Semitic language. Syria was occupied successively by Canaanites, Phoenicians, Hebrews, Arameans, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Nabataeans, Byzantines, and, in part, Crusaders before finally coming under the control of the Ottoman Turks. Syria is significant in the history of Christianity; Paul was converted on the road to Damascus and established the first organized Christian Church at Antioch in ancient Syria, from which he left on many of his missionary journeys. Damascus became a provincial capital of the Mameluke Empire around 1260. It was largely destroyed in 1400 by Tamerlane, the Mongol conqueror, who removed many of its craftsmen to Samarkand. Rebuilt, it continued to serve as a capital until 1516. In 1517, it fell under Ottoman rule. The Ottomans remained for the next 400 years, except for a brief occupation by Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt from 1832 to 1840.

17. Syria, History And Culture. - Syria - VirtualTourist.com Syria travel tips, recommendations, reviews, photos and more from VirtualTourist member, albateh. Get insider travel tips for Syria from real travelers and Syria locals. http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/4010a/bcf/

18. Syria / History - LookLex Encyclopaedia Timeline on Syria's history leading up to our times. Article in the LookLex / Encyclopaedia http://i-cias.com/e.o/syria.history.htm

var addthis_pub="looklex"; Syria INTRODUCTION Political situation Economy a. Figures Health Education a. Universities Demographics Religions a. Freedom Peoples Languages History ... Cities and Towns Select country Algeria Bahrain Egypt Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Sudan Syria Tunisia Turkey U.A.E. Yemen Western Sahara Countries Algeria Bahrain Egypt Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Sudan Syria Tunisia Turkey U.A.E. Yemen Western Sahara Historical Ancient Egypt Babylonia Andalucia Mamluks Ottomans Paul's journeys Punic Wars Safavids Seljuqs Select country Egypt Morocco Tunisia Algeria Libya Mauritania Turkey Spain Sudan Syria History Historical periods Pre-History Mesopotamians and Hittites Persians and Hellenism Romans and Byzantines ... Assad Dynasty Pre-history Archaeological finds proves that Syria was inhabited deep into the Stone Age. Ca. 10,000 BCE: Permanent settlements along Euphrates river , the earliest of man. Ca. 6500 BCE: Ugarit is first settled. 4th millennium BCE: Earliest traces of urban settlement near Damascus Ca. 2900:

19. Syria - History Syria Table of Contents. PRESENTDAY SYRIA constitutes only a small portion of the ancient geographical Syria. Until the twentieth century, when Western powers began http://countrystudies.us/syria/2.htm

History Syria Table of Contents PRESENT-DAY SYRIA constitutes only a small portion of the ancient geographical Syria. Until the twentieth century, when Western powers began to carve out the rough contours of the contemporary states of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel, the whole of the settled region at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea was called Syria, the name given by the ancient Greeks to the land bridge that links three continents. For this reason, historians and political scientists usually use the term Greater Syria to denote the area in the prestate period. Historically, Greater Syria rarely ruled itself, primarily because of its vulnerable position between the Mediterranean Sea and the desert. As a marchland between frequently powerful empires on the north, east, and south, Syria was often a battlefield for the political destinies of dynasties and empires. Unlike other parts of the Middle East, Greater Syria was prized as a fertile cereal-growing oasis. It was even more critical as a source of the lumber needed for building imperial fleets in the preindustrial period. A recurrent theme of Greater Syria's history has been the encounters between Eastern and Western powers on its soil. Even in the ancient period, it was the focus of a continual dialectic, both intellectual and bellicose, between the Middle East and the West. During the medieval period this dialectic was intensified as it became colored by diametrically opposed religious points of view regarding rights to the land. The Christian Byzantines contended with Arabs, and later the Christian Crusaders competed with Muslim Arabs, for land they all held sacred.

20. | IExplore The Columbus World Travel Guide has been published for 26 years and is sold in over 90 countries worldwide. http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/syria/history

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