1. Turkmenistan History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resourc Turkmenistan History Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System http://workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_history_index.html

Country Ranks Introduction History Geography People Government Gov. Leaders ... Feedback Turkmenistan History http://workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_history_index.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies History Introduction Historical Setting Origins and Early History Formation of the Turkmen Nation ... Sovereignty and Independence NOTE: The information regarding Turkmenistan on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Turkmenistan History information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Turkmenistan History should be addressed to the Library of Congress. Please put this page in your BOOKMARKS - - - - - http://workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_history_index.html Revised 24-Jul-02 Photius Coutsoukis

2. History Of Turkmenistan Brief history of Turkmenistan. Historical monuments and events. While the ancient history of early Turkmenistan is largely shrouded in mystery, its past since the arrival of Indo http://www.east-site.com/turkmenistan_history

3. The History Of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan History The territory of Turkmenistan has been populated since ancient times, as armies from one empire to another decamped on their way to more prosperous territories. http://www.factrover.com/history/Turkmenistan_history.html

Home All Countries World Newspapers US Newspapers The History of Turkmenistan Below is a brief history of Turkmenistan. To find information other than history for Turkmenistan then visit the Turkmenistan Country Page Turkmenistan Government Turkmenistan People Turkmenistan Geography ... Turkmenistan Economy Turkmenistan History The territory of Turkmenistan has been populated since ancient times, as armies from one empire to another decamped on their way to more prosperous territories. Tribes of horsebreeding Turkmen drifted into the territory of Turkmenistan from ancient times, possibly from the Altay Mountains, and grazed along the outskirts of the Karakum Desert into Persia, Syria, and Anatolia. Alexander the Great conquered the territory in the 4th century B.C. on his way to India. One hundred fifty years later the Parthian Kingdom took control of Turkmenistan, establishing its capital in Nisa, an area now located in the suburbs of the modern-day capital of Ashgabat. In the 7th century A.D. Arabs conquered this region, bringing with them the Islamic religion and incorporating the Turkmen into Middle Eastern culture. It was around this time that the famous "Silk Road" was established as a major trading route between Asia and Europe. In the middle of the 11th century, the powerful Turks of the Seldjuk Empire concentrated their strength in the territory of Turkmenistan in an attempt to expand into Afghanistan. The empire broke down in the second half of the 12th century, and the Turkmen lost their independence when Genghis Khan took control of the eastern Caspian Sea region on his march west. For the next 7 centuries, the Turkmen people lived under various empires and fought constant intertribal wars amongst themselves.

4. History Of Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia While the ancient history of Turkmenistan is largely shrouded in mystery, its past since the arrival of IndoEuropean Iranian tribes around 2000 BC is often the starting point of the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan

History of Turkmenistan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search It has been suggested that Early history of Turkmenistan be merged into this article or section. ( Discuss Turkmenistan This article is part of the series: History of Turkmenistan Early History A Turkmen Nation Turkmenistan under the USSR Since Independence While the ancient history of Turkmenistan is largely shrouded in mystery, its past since the arrival of Indo-European Iranian tribes around 2000 BC is often the starting point of the area's discernible history. Early tribes were nomadic or semi-nomadic due to the arid conditions of the region as the steppe culture in Central Asia was an extension of a larger Eurasian series of horse cultures which spanned the entire spectrum of language families including the Proto-Indo-Europeans and Altaic groups. Some of the known early Iranian tribes included the Massagatae Scythians Sakas , and early Soghdians (most likely precursors of the Khwarezmians ). Turkmenistan was a passing point for numerous migrations and invasions by tribes which gravitated towards the settled regions of the south including ancient Mesopotamia Elam , and the Indus Valley Civilization The region's written history begins with the region's conquest by the Achaemenid Empire of ancient Iran , as the region was divided between the satrapys of Margiana Chorasmia and Parthia . Later conquerors included Alexander the Great , the Parni Ephthalites Huns Göktürks ... Sarmatians , and Sassanid Iranians. During this early phase of history, the majority of Turkmenistan's inhabitants were either adherents of

5. Turkmenistan History And Culture Historical and Cultural information about Turkmenistan including religion and social conventions http://www.worldtravelguide.net/turkmenistan/history-and-culture

Beta Home DESTINATIONS Flights HOTELS ... Tours Search Home Destinations Asia Travel Guide Turkmenistan Travel Guide › Turkmenistan History and Culture Takir / Turkmenistan, Karakum Desert Nisa, Turkmenistan Archaeological site of Gonor Depe Creative Commons / Travelling Runes Ashgabat Creative Commons / martijnmunneker Previous Pause Next Turkmenistan History and Culture The territory of what is now Turkmenistan provided the bedrock for many of the most powerful empires of their age. The Parthians, the Seljuks and the Khans of Khoresm all based their empires at various points on the edge of the Kara-Kum Desert, while Alexander the Great conquered the region during his epic campaign of the fourth century BC. The influence of Islam dates from the seventh century AD, when the region was under Arab control. Modern-day Turkmen are descended from tribes that migrated to the area in the 10th century from the northeast. Around 300 years later, Genghis Khan arrived from the same direction and incorporated Turkmenistan into his expanding empire. From the 15th century, the area was under Persian domination until the Russian move into Central Asia at the end of the 19th century. Turkmenistan fell into the British sphere of influence but the Bolsheviks took control of the region in 1920 and incorporated Turkmenistan as a union republic in 1925. Turkmenistan's ability to embrace the reforms made possible by glasnost and independence were hampered by its backward economy and, as a result, it retains many more of the trappings of the old system than other post-Soviet republics. There have, however, been significant changes – such as the introduction of a new currency – and the framework for further economic change has been put in place. By contrast, politics has changed little since the Soviet era. The current president is Saparmyrat Niyazov, who has acquired the honorific title of

6. History & Culture Rich information on history starting from early rulers in the 4th century B.C, arrival of Oguz, soviet regime and ending with independence on October 27, 1991. http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/turkmen/history/history.html

History of Turkmenistan Tools from the Stone-Age have been discovered along the Caspian Sea shore and near the modern port of Turkmenbashi, establishing the pre-historic presence of humans in the area that is today known as Turkmenistan. The remains of farming settlements in the Kopet-Dag Mountains date back 8,000 years. The ancient cultivators in this region used the mountain streams to irrigate their crops. They also survived by herding livestock and by hunting wild game. As early societies learned to make pottery and metal tools, they began to trade with other people of central Asia. This profitable trade, however, also attracted foreign invaders. By the 6th century B.C., the powerful Persian Empire had established the provinces of Parthia and Margiana in what is now Turkmenistan. From their base south of the Kopet-Dag range the Persians controlled trade through central Asia and subdued the many nomadic people who lived on Turkmenistan's arid plains. Early Rulers In the 4th century B.C., the Persian Empire was defeated by the army of Alexander the Great. In 330 B.C., Alexander marched northward into Central Asia and founded the city of Alexandria near the Murgab River.

7. Turkmenistan Mountains Turkmenistan History Turkmenistan Travel Turkmenistan Visa Travel Destinations Turkmenistan Cities Ashgabat Turkmenabad Mary Turkmenbashi Kushka http://www.advantour.com/turkmenistan/nature/mountains.htm

Turkmenistan Tours Hotels Visa Support ... Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Mountains Turkmenistan Guide Turkmen Culture Turkmenistan History Turkmenistan Travel Turkmenistan Visa Travel Destinations Turkmenistan Cities Ashgabat Turkmenabad Mary Turkmenbashi ... Gaurdak The Kughinang Mountains with the highest peak of Turkmenistan - Airibaba (3,137m). The Bolsoi (Big) Balkan is a mountain range in the Kara Kum Desert. There archeologists found the human remains of the Stone Age. The scenery of Mount Syunt is peculiar due to the rear plant species thickly covering its slopes. Red and orange canyons of Yuanghikala and Yyuanghusu are breathtaking indeed. In the vicinities of Makhtumkuli village stand the Lunar Mountains . These mountains look extremely strange: they have rounded sagged forms of pink-cream or grey - almost white colors which change their shades after a rain and depending on humidity shimmer with practically all colors of a rainbow … the Lunar Mountains look more like giant cakes than the landscape elements. It is an extremely rare occasion when you stumble upon accidental shrub which makes this "alien" scenery look a little more "earthy". silk road central asia uzbekistan kyrgyzstan ... armenia Advantour Uzbekistan Tel.: +998 71 1503020

8. Turkmenistan: History, Geography, Government, And Culture — Infoplease.com Information on Turkmenistan — geography, history, politics, government, economy, population statistics, culture, religion, languages, largest cities, as well as a map and the http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108058.html

Site Map FAQ in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Spelling Checker Daily Almanac for Nov 16, 2010 Search White Pages Skip Navigation Home American Indian Heritage Month ... games, quizzes Editor's Favorites American Indian Heritage Month Thanksgiving Most Corrupt Countries in the World Conversion Calculator ... DK Daily Teach Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips Share World Countries ... Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Next Map of Turkmenistan President: Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov (2007) Total area: 188,455 sq mi (488,100 sq km) Population (2010 est.): 4,940,916 (growth rate: 1.1%); birth rate: 19.6/1000; infant mortality rate: 43.8/1000; life expectancy: 68.2; density per sq mi: 27 Capital and largest city (2003 est.) : Ashgabat, 727,700 Other large cities: Chardzhou, 213,500; Tashauz, 160,400 Monetary unit: Manat Index Turkmenistan Main Page Issues with Oil Exportation First Contested Elections Lead to a Questionable Outcome, New Constitution Geography Turkmenistan (formerly Turkmenia) is bounded by the Caspian Sea in the west, Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan in the east, and Iran and Afghanistan in the south. About nine-tenths of Turkmenistan is desert, chiefly the Kara-Kum. One of the world's largest sand deserts, it is approximately 138,966 sq mi (360,000 sq km).

9. NCBuy: Turkmenistan Country Reference NCBuy Home Reference Center Country Turkmenistan History Alexander the Great conquered the territory in the 4th century B.C. on his way http://www.ncbuy.com/reference/country/backgrounds.html?code=tx&sec=backhist

10. Turkmenistan History | IExplore The territory of what is now Turkmenistan provided the bedrock for many of the most powerful empires of their age. The Parthians, the Seljuks and the Khans of Khoresm all based http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Turkmenistan/History

11. Turkmenistan History From Stanfords Maps And Travel Books World's largest stock of History for Turkmenistan. Stanfords, the UK's leading map and travel book shops. http://www.stanfords.co.uk/go/turkmenistan/history/

@import url(/css/screen,ns-0-0-unk.css); Skip to navigation No products matching this search. Please use the explore options above to locate the products that you are interested in. Stanfords Books and Maps The world’s largest map and travel book stores online Search the site Continents Countries Regions Cities Products Explore our entire catalogue... Expand Go Start again Text only ... Website by the OTHER media, London

12. Turkmenistan History Privides brief Information about Turkmenistan History Historical sources say that the life on the territory of Turkmenistan appeared during the early paleolith. http://www.advantour.com/turkmenistan/history.htm

Turkmenistan Tours Hotels Visa Support ... Turkmenistan Turkmenistan History Turkmenistan Guide Turkmen Culture Turkmenistan History Turkmenistan Travel Turkmenistan Visa Travel Destinations Turkmenistan Cities Ashgabat Turkmenabad Mary Turkmenbashi ... Gaurdak Historical sources say that the life on the territory of Turkmenistan appeared during the early paleolith. The numerous stone tools found there are related to that period. The remnants of the settlements of hunters and fishers are related to neolith: the most known of them are Dzhebel grottos in the eastern Caspian Sea coast. The southern Turkmenistan is the place of the earliest agriculture and cattle husbandry in Central Asia. Dzheitun village found near Ashgabat is the most ancient agricultural settlement (6,000 BC). … Ancient civilizations developed and prospered on the territory of modern Turkmenistan. In 1,000 BC the states of Margiana, Parthia, Midia existed there. They were conquered by Persians in the 6th century BC and were a part of Persian Empire (Akhmenid Dynasty) which was in turn conquered by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. After Alexander's empire collapse the territories were possessed by his heirs - Selevkid Dunasty. … In the 7th -8th centuries the territory of Turkmenistan was taken by Arabs who introduced Islam.

13. Turkmenistan - History Of Turkmenistan - Turkmen Culture Covers the history and culture of the area now known as Turkmenistan, from earliest settlement through the present day. The nation of Turkmenistan was founded in 1991, with the http://asianhistory.about.com/od/turkmenistan/History_and_Culture_of_Turkmenista

zWASL=1 zGL='0';zGR='ca-about-radlink'; zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zDO=0 Home Education Asian History Asian History Search Asian History Countries Important People Filed In: Country Histories A to...Y History and Culture of Turkmenistan Covers the history and culture of the area now known as Turkmenistan, from earliest settlement through the present day. The nation of Turkmenistan was founded in 1991, with the break-up of the Soviet Union. For centuries before, though, it was part of Turcostan - the land of the Turcomen. Turkmenistan Profile of Turkmenistan, the former Soviet republic in Central Asia. Includes information about Turkmenistan's people, culture, economy and landscape. Battle of Geoktepe Russia's southward expansion during the 19th century was checked by a fierce tribe of nomads - the Tekke Turkmen. After a stinging defeat in 1879, the Russian Imperial Army got its revenge at the Battle, and subsequent Massacre, of Geoktepe. Free Asian History Newsletter! Sign Up if(zSbL<1)zSbL=3;zSB(2);zSbL=0 Explore Asian History Must Reads Asian History Forum 12 Battles That Changed Asia Vietnam War Timeline History of the Ninja ... Asia's 5 Worst Dictators Most Popular Biography of Genghis Khan Jose Rizal Biography History of the Samurai History of the Ninja ... Qin Shi Huang biography Free Asian History Newsletter!

14. Turkmenistan - History And Structure Country Listing. Turkmenistan Table of Contents. Turkmenistan History and Structure. Islam came to the Turkmen primarily through the activities of Sufi (see Glossary) shaykhs http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-13852.html

Country Listing Turkmenistan Table of Contents Turkmenistan History and Structure Islam came to the Turkmen primarily through the activities of Sufi (see Glossary) shaykhs rather than through the mosque and the "high" written tradition of sedentary culture. These shaykhs were holy men critical in the process of reconciling Islamic beliefs with pre-Islamic belief systems; they often were adopted as "patron saints" of particular clans or tribal groups, thereby becoming their "founders." Reformulation of communal identity around such figures accounts for one of the highly localized developments of Islamic practice in Turkmenistan. Integrated within the Turkmen tribal structure is the "holy" tribe called övlat . Ethnographers consider the övlat, of which six are active, as a revitalized form of the ancestor cult injected with Sufism. According to their genealogies, each tribe descends from the Prophet Muhammad through one of the Four Caliphs. Because of their belief in the sacred origin and spiritual powers of the övlat representatives, Turkmen accord these tribes a special, holy status. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the

15. Turkmenistan History | GlobalEDGE A brief history of Turkmenistan, including a picture of Turkmenistan's flag and key facts on Albania, including GDP, area, population, and life expectancy. http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/turkmenistan/history/

Your location is: > Countries > Turkmenistan > History Key Facts GDP (ppp) per CAPITA $6,625.00 (2008 est.) Inflation Rate 15.00% (2009 est.) Population 4.88 million (2009 est.) Country Risk Ratings D Navigation introduction statistics economy history ... country memo Turkmenistan : History The majority of Turkmenistan's citizens are ethnic Turkmen; other ethnic groups include Russian, Uzbek, and Kazakh. Turkmen is the official language of Turkmenistan, though Russian still is widely spoken as a "language of inter-ethnic communication" (per the 1992 constitution). Education is universal and mandatory through the secondary level, the total duration of which is 10 years. The territory of Turkmenistan has been populated since ancient times, as armies from one empire to another decamped on their way to more prosperous territories. Tribes of horse-breeding Turkmen drifted into the territory of Turkmenistan, possibly from the Altay Mountains, and grazed along the outskirts of the Karakum Desert into Persia, Syria, and Anatolia. Alexander the Great conquered the territory in the 4th century B.C. on his way to India. One hundred fifty years later the Parthian Kingdom took control of Turkmenistan, establishing its capital in Nisa, an area now located in the suburbs of the modern-day capital of Ashgabat. In the 7th century A.D. Arabs conquered this region, bringing with them the Islamic religion and incorporating the Turkmen into Middle Eastern culture. It was around this time that the famous "Silk Road" was established as a major trading route between Asia and Europe.

16. Turkmenistan - HISTORY Turkmenistan History Turkmenistan. Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan underwent the intrusion and rule of several foreign powers before falling under first http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/turkmenistan/HISTORY.html

17. Turkmenistan: Turkmenistan History - Travel Information From OnPedia.com In the area of the middle and lower Syrdariya in the eighth century. By the tenth century the Oghuz http://www.onpedia.com/destinations/asia/central-asia/turkmenistan/history

Other Definitions turkmenistan (dest) turkmenistan (enc) turkmenistan (dict) Turkmenistan In the area of the middle and lower Syrdariya in the eighth century. By the tenth century the Oghuz had expanded west and north of the Aral Sea and into the steppe of present-day Kazakstan absorbing not only Iranians but also Turks from the Kipchak and Karluk ethnolinguistic groups. In the eleventh century the renowned Muslim Turk scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari described the language of the Oghuz and Turkmen as distinct from that of other Turks and identified twenty-two Oghuz clans or sub-tribes some of which appear in later Turkmen genealogies and legends as the core of the early Turkmen. Oghuz expansion by means of military campaigns went at least as far as the Volga River and Ural Mountains but the geographic limits of their dominance fluctuated in the steppe areas extending north and west from the Aral Sea. Accounts of Arab geographers and travelers portray the Oghuz ethnic group as lacking centralized authority and being governed by a number of "kings" and "chieftains." Because of their disparate nature as a polity and the vastness of their domains Oghuz tribes rarely acted in concert. Hence by the late tenth century the bonds of their confederation began to loosen. At that time a clan leader named Seljuk founded a dynasty and the empire that bore his name on the basis of those Oghuz elements that had migrated southward into present-day Turkmenistan and Iran. The Seljuk Empire was centered in Persia from which Oghuz groups spread into Azerbaijan and Anatolia.

18. MapZones.com : Turkmenistan History Information of Turkmenistan History, Civilization, independence, king, rural, war http://www.mapzones.com/world/asia/turkmenistan/historyindex.php

Country Info Home Introduction General Data Maps ... Time and Date Turkmenistan : History During much of its past, Turkmenistan has received little attention from the outside world. Apart from its role in establishing the Seljuk dynasty in the Middle East in the Middle Ages, for most of its history this territory was not a coherent nation but a geographically defined region of independent tribal groups and other political entities. Like other republics of the former Soviet Union, Turkmenistan has emerged on the world scene as a newly independent nation in need of both national and international acceptance, security, and development. When other constituent republics of the Soviet Union advanced claims to sovereignty in 1988 and 1989, Turkmenistan's leadership also began to criticize Moscow's economic and political policies as exploitative and detrimental to the well-being and pride of the Turkmen. By a unanimous vote of its Supreme Soviet, Turkmenistan declared its sovereignty in August 1990. After the August 1991 coup attempt against the Gorbachev regime in Moscow, Turkmenistan's communist leader Saparmyrat Niyazov called for a popular vote on freedom. The official result of the vote was 94 % in favor of freedom. The republic's Supreme Soviet had little choice other than to declare Turkmenistan's freedom from the Soviet Union and the establishment of the Republic of Turkmenistan on October 27, 1991. Ahal Welayaty Balkan Welayaty Dashhowuz Lebap Welayaty ... AskBabyNames @ 2008 MapZones

19. Turkmenistan: History — FactMonster.com Encyclopedia — Turkmenistan History. Originally a part of the kingdom of ancient Persia, Turkmenistan was conquered in 330 B.C. by Alexander the Great. http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0861662.html

Home U.S. People Word Wise ... Homework Center Fact Monster Favorites American Indian Heritage Month Thanksgiving Math Flashcards Geography Guide ... 2011 Calendar Reference Desk Atlas Almanacs Dictionary Encyclopedia ... FunBrain Sponsored Links TripAdvisor Turkmenistan (Asia) Encyclopedia Turkmenistan History Originally a part of the kingdom of ancient Persia, Turkmenistan was conquered in 330 B.C. by Alexander the Great . After Alexander's death the area became part of Parthia , which fell in 224 A.D. to the Sassanid Persians. In the 8th cent. Turkmenistan passed under the domination of the Arabs, who brought Islam to the region. In the 11th cent., it was ruled by the Seljuk Turks (see Khwarazm ), whose empire collapsed in 1157. Jenghiz Khan conquered the region in the 13th cent., as did Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th cent. After the breakup (late 15th cent.) of the empire of Timur's successors, the Timurids Khiva . Russian military forces founded Krasnovodsk (now Turkmenbashi) in 1869 and began to conquer the Turkmens, whose fierce resistance to Russian encroachment was broken in 1881 with the conquest of the Dengil-Tepe fortress. The Russians then established the Transcaspian Region, which in 1899 became part of the governate general of Russian Turkistan. Harsh Russian administration provoked revolts by the Turkmens. During the Russian civil war sporadic fighting flared between the Transcaspian provincial government and Bolshevik troops. The Red Army took Ashgabat in July, 1919, and Krasnovodsk in Feb., 1920. The Transcaspian Region was renamed Turkmen Region in 1921; the following year, it became part of the Turkistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which in 1924 incorporated the Turkmen districts of the former Bukhara and Khorezm republics. Turkmenistan formally became a constituent Soviet republic in 1925. Large numbers of Turkmens still live in Iran and Afghanistan.

20. Turkmenistan - History Turkmenistan Table of Contents. Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan underwent the intrusion and rule of several foreign powers before falling under first http://countrystudies.us/turkmenistan/1.htm

History Turkmenistan Table of Contents Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan underwent the intrusion and rule of several foreign powers before falling under first Russian and then Soviet control in the modern era. Most notable were the Mongols and the Uzbek khanates, the latter of which dominated the indigenous Oghuz tribes until Russian incursions began in the late nineteenth century. Origins and Early History Sedentary Oghuz tribes from Mongolia moved into present-day Central Asia around the eighth century. Within a few centuries, some of these tribes had become the ethnic basis of the Turkmen population. The Oghuz and the Turkmen The origins of the Turkmen may be traced back to the Oghuz confederation of nomadic pastoral tribes of the early Middle Ages, which lived in present-day Mongolia and around Lake Baikal in present-day southern Siberia. Known as the Nine Oghuz, this confederation was composed of Turkic-speaking peoples who formed the basis of powerful steppe empires in Inner Asia. In the second half of the eighth century, components of the Nine Oghuz migrated through Jungaria into Central Asia, and Arabic sources located them under the term Guzz in the area of the middle and lower Syrdariya in the eighth century. By the tenth century, the Oghuz had expanded west and north of the Aral Sea and into the steppe of present-day Kazakstan, absorbing not only Iranians but also Turks from the Kipchak and Karluk ethnolinguistic groups. In the eleventh century, the renowned Muslim Turk scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari described the language of the Oghuz and Turkmen as distinct from that of other Turks and identified twenty-two Oghuz clans or sub-tribes, some of which appear in later Turkmen genealogies and legends as the core of the early Turkmen.

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