21. History & Culture Water is a Turkmen's life, a horse is his wings, and a carpet is his soul The energyrich Central Asian country revives its most ancient rituals and customs and discovers http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/turkmen/history/hist_cult.html

Culture, Traditions, and History "Water is a Turkmen's life, a horse is his wings, and a carpet is his soul" The energy-rich Central Asian country revives its most ancient rituals and customs and discovers old taboos that were thinly papered over during Communist rule. Yurta the traditional tent (it has a collapsable wooden frame and is covered with reeds and felt) is still used today. The tent is placed in the front yard and used as a summer house... National dress: men wear high, shaggy sheepskin hats and red robes over white shirts. Women wear long sack-dresses over narrow trousers (the pants are trimmed with a band of embroidery at the ankle). Female headdresses usually consist of silver jewelry . Bracelets and brooches are set with semi-precious stones. Young women with two braids and a small scarf are unmarried; those with one braid and a big kerchief have been wed. Turkmen Nation has a glorious history. Because of archeological excavations, Turkmenistan became famous to the whole world by its rich heritage. Only the discovery of up to now unknown Margiana civilization raised the necessity to reconsider ancient world history. Such historical-cultural monuments as ancient merv, Koneurgench, and Nisa are included to the list of world natural and cultural heritage of UNESCO. Ancient Merv , one of the most ancient towns of Central Asia, is a part of Margiana civilization. If earlier were known four ancient centers of civilization (Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China), now Margiana is recognized to be the fifth center. There is a number of settlements by which it is easily read historical topography of this legendary town from antique times up to late Middle Ages. Among the most interesting architectural monuments are the Big and Small Kyz-Kala, Mausoleum of Muhammed ibn-Zeid and Ashabs, Mosque of Khodja-Yusup Hamadani and glanderous burial vault of Sultan Sanjar, which is considered by explorers to be the masterpiece of the Middle Ages architecture of the East. In Merv at different periods of time lived and worked Al Khorezmi, Omar Khayam, al-Mervezi, as-Samani, Enveri and other great thinkers of the Middle Ages. It is established by archeological explorations that Merv emerged in VII century B.B. at the place of Erk-Kala.

22. Turkmenistan History Turkmenistan History Please submit information or links explaining Turkmenistan History http://www.hobotraveler.com/hi2turkmenistanhistory.php

23. Turkmenistan/History - Discussion And Encyclopedia Article. Who Is Turkmenistan/ Turkmenistan/History. Discussion about Turkmenistan/History. Ecyclopedia or dictionary article about Turkmenistan/History. http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Turkmenistan/History/

24. TURKMEN HISTORY Articles on Turkmenistan History. The Turkmen Hun Empire. The Gok Turkmen (Turk) Empire. The Turkmen Seljuk Empire. The Turkmen Ottoman Empire. Turkmen Principialities in Anatolia http://turkmeniya.tripod.com/

Build your own FREE website at Tripod.com Share: Facebook Twitter Digg reddit document.write(lycos_ad['leaderboard']); document.write(lycos_ad['leaderboard2']); TURKMEN HISTORY Home History Articles Gok Turkmen Seljuk Empire ... Turkmen Carpets States and Empires Built by the Turkmen Brief History of Turkmenistan Articles on Turkmenistan History The Turkmen Hun Empire The Gok Turkmen (Turk) Empire ... Articles on Turkmen Carpets SELJUK, FOUNDER OF TURKMEN SELJUK DYNASTY Webmaster

25. Turkmenistan History Turkmenistan History. Comprehensive information about History in Turkmenistan. Visit GeckoGo to find out about Turkmenistan History. http://www.geckogo.com/Guide/Turkmenistan/People-Culture/History/

26. Turkmenistan Culture Turkmenistan History Complete, objective information on Turkmenistan travel, including photos and reviews. Add your own wikistyle contributions. http://www.world66.com/asia/centralasia/turkmenistan/history

27. Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The Turkmenistan, also known as Turkmenia is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Turkmenistan Türkmenistan Flag Emblem Anthem Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem ... Turkmen Language for inter-ethnic communication Russian Demonym Turkmen Government ... Independence from the Soviet Union Declared Recognized Area Total Population Density 10.5/km GDP PPP Total $31.966 billion Per capita HDI medium Currency Turkmen new manat TMT Time zone ... DST not observed UTC Drives on the right TM Internet TLD .tm Calling code The Turkmenistan Turkmen Türkmenistan ), also known as Turkmenia Russian ) is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia . Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union , the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states . It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. Turkmenistan's GDP growth rate of 6.1% in 2009 ranks 16th in the world, but these figures are subject to wide margins of error. It possesses the world's fourth largest reserves of natural gas resources. Although it is wealthy in natural resources in certain areas, most of the country is covered by the

28. Turkmenistan History Turkmenistan Local History Turkmenistan Home. Turkmenistan Actors, Acting Turkmenistan Agency, Travel http://www.internationaldiscussions.com/country/Turkmenistan/Turkmenistan-histor

Turkmenistan Home Turkmenistan Actors, Acting Turkmenistan Agency, Travel Turkmenistan Agriculture ... Turkmenistan Weird Turkmenistan History This page relates to History from Turkmenistan or in other words Local History . This is what we have in our database about Turkmenistan History : Description: More information about this subject in Turkmenistan is needed Please use the link below to respond as a Guest or Member! News: Martin Luther King, Jr. "Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that. Hate multiplies hate, violence multiplies violence, and toughness multiplies toughness, in a descending spiral of destruction. The chain reaction of evil must be broken, or we shall be plunged into the dark abyss of annihilation" Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. [See Similar Topics] * How are Turkmenistan History devised on a local level, if at all

29. Turkmenistan - History A selection of articles related to Turkmenistan History Turkmenistan - History Encyclopedia II - Turkmenistan - History. The territory of Turkmenistan has a long and chequered http://www.experiencefestival.com/turkmenistan_-_history

30. History - Turkmenistan - Asia history, turkmenistan, asia Turkmenistan, History. Throughout its history, the expansive, barren area between the Caspian Sea and the Amu Darya river—the area of presentday http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/turkmenistan/history.htm

you are here home Asia Turkmenistan History Turkmenistan, History Throughout its history, the expansive, barren area between the Caspian Sea and the Amu Darya river—the area of present-day Turkmenistan—has been subject to conquests by foreign powers. It became part of the Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great in the 500s bc and was conquered by Macedonian leader Alexander the Great in the 300s bc. Arabs invaded the area in the 7th and 8th centuries ad, introducing the local population to Islam. In the 11th century the Seljuk Turks appropriated Merv, an ancient city near Ashgabat, as the center of a dominion that stretched from Afghanistan to Egypt. Merv became one of the most important Muslim cities in the world. The land of present-day Turkmenistan was included in the vast empires of the Mongol Genghis Khan in the 13th century and the Turkic leader Tamerlane in the 14th century. The ancestors of the Turkmens, believed to be Oghuz tribes from the foothills of the Altay Mountains to the northeast, migrated to the area in about the 10th century. The Turkmens, a nomadic Turkic-speaking people, were a distinct ethnic group by the 15th century. From the 15th century to the 17th century, the southern portion of present-day Turkmenistan was under Persian rule. Meanwhile, the northern portion fell under the suzerainty of Khiva and Bukhoro, which both became Uzbek-ruled states in the 16th century. The Persians ruled Khiva and Bukhoro from the early to the mid-1700s, when Uzbek dynasties regained control.

31. Turkmenistan History - Unearth Travel History. In the area of the middle and lower Syrdariya in the eighth century. By the tenth century the Oghuz had expanded west and north of the Aral Sea and into the steppe of http://www.unearthtravel.com/guide/turkmenistan/history

Home Bookmark Share Login ... Blog Turkmenistan History Turkmenistan Guide Itinerary Gallery ... [Edit] History In the area of the middle and lower Syrdariya in the eighth century. By the tenth century the Oghuz had expanded west and north of the Aral Sea and into the steppe of present-day Kazakstan absorbing not only Iranians but also Turks from the Kipchak and Karluk ethnolinguistic groups. In the eleventh century the renowned Muslim Turk scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari described the language of the Oghuz and Turkmen as distinct from that of other Turks and identified twenty-two Oghuz clans or sub-tribes some of which appear in later Turkmen genealogies and legends as the core of the early Turkmen. Oghuz expansion by means of military campaigns went at least as far as the Volga River and Ural Mountains but the geographic limits of their dominance fluctuated in the steppe areas extending north and west from the Aral Sea. Accounts of Arab geographers and travelers portray the Oghuz ethnic group as lacking centralized authority and being governed by a number of "kings" and "chieftains." Because of their disparate nature as a polity and the vastness of their domains Oghuz tribes rarely acted in concert. Hence by the late tenth century the bonds of their confederation began to loosen. At that time a clan leader named Seljuk founded a dynasty and the empire that bore his name on the basis of those Oghuz elements that had migrated southward into present-day Turkmenistan and Iran. The Seljuk Empire was centered in Persia from which Oghuz groups spread into Azerbaijan and Anatolia.

32. Turkmenistan - History Background - Soviet, Century, Living, Republic, Script, A Turkmenistan was known for most of its history as a loosely defined geographic region of independent tribes. Now it is a landlocked, mostly desert, nation of about 4.2 million http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1571/Turkmenistan-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.

33. Religion In Turkmenistan - History And Structure religion Religion in Turkmenistan History and Structure. Misunderstanding Buddhism. In reality, much of what everybody knows about Buddhism isn't true. http://atheism.about.com/library/world/KZ/bl_TurkmenistanHistory.htm

zWASL=1;zGRH=1 zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zDO=0 Home Agnosticism / Atheism Agnosticism / Atheism Search Atheism Basics Critiquing Religion Life Without Gods ... Share w(x2+zWl+'?p=1" zT="18/1[N" rel="nofollow">Print') Filed In: Agnosticism / Atheism Religion in Turkmenistan Must Reads Atheism 101: Common Questions Answered Why Not Believe? Reasons for Atheism How to Be an Atheist Top 10 Conversation Killers for Atheists ... Austin Cline Atheism Guide Sign up for my Newsletter My Blog My Forum Free Atheism Newsletter! Sign Up zSB(3,3) zSbL=3;zSB(2);zSbL=0 Explore Agnosticism / Atheism Must Reads Atheism 101: Common Questions Answered Why Not Believe? Reasons for Atheism How to Be an Atheist Top 10 Conversation Killers for Atheists Most Popular Atheism vs. Agnosticism Arguments Deductive, Inductive Arguments Against Gay Marriage Branches of Philosophy ... Ethics as Obedience to God Free Atheism Newsletter! Sign Up By Category Does God Exist? What is Atheism? What is Agnosticism? Myths About Atheism ... Bible Analysis, Commentary splitList(gEI('bcl')); About.com Special Features

34. Browse Subject: Turkmenistan -- History | The Online Books Page Turkmenistan History Broader terms Turkmenistan; History; Filed under Turkmenistan History. Ruhnama, by Saparmyrat Turkmenbashy (HTML with commentary at ruhnama.com) http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/browse?type=lcsubc&key=Turk

35. Turkmenistan History And Structure - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Nat Turkmenistan History and Structure Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics http://www.photius.com/countries/turkmenistan/society/turkmenistan_society_histo

Country Ranks INDEX for Turkmenistan History ... Feedback Turkmenistan History and Structure http://www.photius.com/countries/turkmenistan/society/turkmenistan_society_history_and_structur~2404.html Sources: The Library of Congress Country Studies; CIA World Factbook Back to Turkmenistan Society Islam came to the Turkmen primarily through the activities of Sufi (see Glossary) shaykhs rather than through the mosque and the "high" written tradition of sedentary culture. These shaykhs were holy men critical in the process of reconciling Islamic beliefs with pre-Islamic belief systems; they often were adopted as "patron saints" of particular clans or tribal groups, thereby becoming their "founders." Reformulation of communal identity around such figures accounts for one of the highly localized developments of Islamic practice in Turkmenistan. Integrated within the Turkmen tribal structure is the "holy" tribe called övlat . Ethnographers consider the övlat, of which six are active, as a revitalized form of the ancestor cult injected with Sufism. According to their genealogies, each tribe descends from the Prophet Muhammad through one of the Four Caliphs. Because of their belief in the sacred origin and spiritual powers of the övlat representatives, Turkmen accord these tribes a special, holy status. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the

36. Turkmenistan: Encyclopedia II - Turkmenistan - History The territory of Turkmenistan has a long and chequered history, as armies from one empire to another decamped on their way to more prosperous territories. Alexander the Great http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Turkmenistan_-_History/id/5547831

37. Turkmenistan :: Turkmenistan Information. Turkmenistan History. Turkmenistan Pic About Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan information. Turkmenistan history. Turkmenistan pictures. Map of Turkmenistan. Emblem, Flag and Shtandart of Turkmenistan. Pictures of http://turkmenistan.orexca.com/

38. Turkmenistan HISTORY GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE SOCIETY ECONOMY GOVERNMENT NATIONAL SECURITY REFERENCE Turkmenistan History Turkmenistan. Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/turkmenistan/all.html

39. Today In Turkmenistan History Today in Turkmenistan History. Important events, famous birthdays and historical deaths from our searchable today in history archives. http://www.historyorb.com/countries/turkmenistan

40. Turkmenistan History Nation by Nation the story of the countries of the world http://navyhistory.com/nationbynation/Turkmenistan/History1.html

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