21. NOVA Online | Cracking The Code Of Life | Nature Vs Nurture Revisited After a decade of hype surrounding the Human Genome Project, punctuated at regular intervals by gaudy headlines proclaiming the discovery of genes for killer diseases and complex http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/debate.html

document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js' %3E%3C/script%3E")); The news that shocked the world: We have only about twice as many genes as your average fruit fly. Nature vs Nurture Revisited by Kevin Davies The most shocking surprise that emerged from the full sequence of the human genome earlier this year is that we are the proud owners of a paltry 30,000 genes barely twice the number of a fruit fly. After a decade of hype surrounding the Human Genome Project, punctuated at regular intervals by gaudy headlines proclaiming the discovery of genes for killer diseases and complex traits, this unexpected result led some journalists to a stunning conclusion. The seesaw struggle between our genes nature and the environment nurture had swung sharply in favor of nurture. "We simply do not have enough genes for this idea of biological determinism to be right," asserted Craig Venter, president of Celera Genomics, one of the two teams that cracked the human genome last February. [For a conversation with Venter, see Meet the Decoders Indeed, Venter has wasted little time in playing down the importance of the genes he has catalogued. He cites the example of colon cancer, which is often associated with a defective "colon cancer" gene. Even though some patients carry this mutated gene in every cell, the cancer only occurs in the colon because it is triggered by toxins secreted by bacteria in the gut. Cancer, argues Venter, is an environmental disease. Strong support for this viewpoint appeared last year in the

22. Pharmacogenomics: Medicine And The New Genetics Overview, anticipated benefits, and links to related resources. From the U.S. Human Genome Project. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/pharma.shtml

Human Genome Project Information Genomic Science Program DOE Microbial Genomics home ... Disorders Pharmacogenomics Basic Information FAQs Glossary Acronyms Links ... Media Guide About the Project What is it? Goals Landmark Papers Sequence Databases ... FAQs the New Genetics Home Gene Testing Gene Therapy Pharmacogenomics ... Genetic Counseling Ethical, Legal, Social Issues Home Privacy Legislation Gene Testing Gene Therapy ... Human Migration Education Teachers Students Careers Webcasts ... Genética Websites en Español Research Home Sequence Databases Landmark Papers Insights Publications Chromosome Poster Primer Molecular Genetics List of All Publications Search This Site Contact Us Privacy Statement Site Stats and Credits Site Map Quick Links to questions and answers on this page: What is pharmacogenomics? What are the anticipated benefits of pharmacogenomics? Is pharmacogenomics in use today? What are some of the barriers to pharmacogenomics progress? ... Pharmacogenomics resources What is pharmacogenomics? Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual's genetic inheritance affects the body's response to drugs. The term comes from the words pharmacology and genomics and is thus the intersection of pharmaceuticals and genetics.

23. CellNEWS Blog on the human genome project, ethics debate, molecular biology, and stem cells. http://cellnews-blog.blogspot.com/

Pages Home About CellNEWS Friday, 29 October 2010 Is the Shape of a Genome as Important as Its Content? Study shows structure exposes genes to regulation and chromosomal crosstalk Friday, 29 October 2010 The laboratory of Ken-ichi Noma, Ph.D., an assistant professor at the Wistar Institute, has produced the first detailed structure of the fission yeast genome. The researchers demonstrate how the physical structure of the genome itself helps cells regulate and control gene expression. Credit : Ken-ichi Noma, Ph.D./The Wistar Institute. If there is one thing that recent advances in genomics have revealed, it is that our genes are interrelated, "chattering" to each other across separate chromosomes and vast stretches of DNA. According to researchers at The Wistar Institute, many of these complex associations may be explained in part by the three-dimensional structure of the entire genome. A given cell's DNA spends most of its active lifetime in a tangled clump of chromosomes, which positions groups of related genes near to each other and exposes them to the cell's gene-controlling machinery. This structure, the researchers say, is not merely the shape of the genome, but also a key to how it works. Their study, published online as a featured article in the journal Nucleic Acids Research, is the first to combine microscopy with advanced genomic sequencing techniques, enabling researchers to literally see gene interactions. It is also the first to determine the three-dimensional structure of the fission yeast genome, S. pombe. Applying this technique to the human genome may provide both scientists and physicians a completely new framework from which to better understand genes and disease, the researchers say.

24. Introduction - The Human Genome Project Introduction The Human Genome Project National Center for Human Genome Research, National Institutes of Health. New Tools for Tomorrow's Health Research. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/IE/Intro_The_Human_Genome.php

25. Human Genome Project - Human DNA Sequence - DNA Sequencing In 1990, a project was initiated to determine the entire sequence of DNA making up the human genome. The human genome project involved participants from laboratories worldwide http://biotech.about.com/od/casestudies/a/humangenome.htm

zWASL=1;zGRH=1 zGCID=this.zGCID?zGCID+" test11":" test11" zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zDO=0 Home Biotech / Biomedical Biotech / Biomedical Search Biotech / Biomedical Lab Techniques Get Involved New Technologies ... Share w(x2+zWl+'?p=1" zT="18/1[N" rel="nofollow">Print') Free Biotech / Biomedical Newsletter! Sign Up Discuss in my Forum By Theresa Phillips , About.com Guide See More About: drug discovery companies data analysis high throughput technology dna sequencing zSB(3,3) The human genome project was initiated in 1990 by the US Department of Energy (DOE) and National Institutes of Health (NIH). It also involved hundreds of scientists from different organizations worldwide. The primary goal of this DNA sequencing project was to determine the entire sequence of nucleotide bases (DNA) in humans (the human genome). In addition to DNA sequencing, the project goals included identifying all of the genes in the human genome, developing and improving techniques for gene sequencing and genomic data analysis and sharing the data and technologies with the private sector. A portion of the money raised for the project was used to address ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) arising from having determined the genome sequence. This aspect of the project made it unique in that it was the first time a project included evaluation of ELSI arising from its own data.

26. Genetics Education Center Resources for educators interested in human genetics and the human genome project. The site is maintained by Medical Genetics, University of Kansas Medical Center. http://www.kumc.edu/gec/

Genetics Education Center University of Kansas Medical Center For educators interested in human genetics and the human genome project Human Genome Project Resources (books, videos, curricula) Lesson Plans Networking Genetic Conditions Careers ... Search The Human Genome Project National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Human Genome Project Glossary of Genetic Terms Educational Resources Genetic Variation ... Department of Energy Human Genome Program (DOE), Education Human Genome Research Molecular Genetics Primer Science Behind the Project ... The Human Genome Project: Exploring Our Molecular Selves , Multimedia Education Kit, NHGRI, DOE, Science, Nature, HHMI, Pharma, ASHG Genome Gateway , Nature Publishing Company Human Genome , National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) Human Genome Teacher Networking Project - Univ. Kansas Medical Center Human Genome Project Resources - background, goals, developments

27. Human Genome Project Guide | Genome Project | Human Health Guide to Human Genome Project Human Genome Project News, Genome Project Photos, Human Health Articles Blogs http://humangenomeproject.info/

Human Genome Project HOME CONTACT US SITE MAP HUMAN GENOME PROJECT NEWS ... ABOUT US Recent Searches: Search: Human Genome Project Search: Genome Project Search: Human Health Partner Sites: Web Inceptions, Inc. Domain Names TheNameStore.com San Diego Photography ... VerticalCapture.com New Sites: Supernatural Photography Bargain Scrapbooks Challenge Workshop Virtual Pets ... Coral Adventures HumanGenomeProject.info Sunday, October 31, 2010 What's new at Human Genome Project All There is, is dust in the wind; Dust Particulate Traveling The Globe Dust from Deserts and Particulate ControlThe greatest contributor to particulate matter, which effects human health comes from the World? Deserts. In the Western US we have huge deserts. Dust storms from China? deserts have traveled around the World... (read more) The Plight of Industrialized Man Living in the Pacific Northwest is a challenge for any body: the poor excuse for weather west of the Cascades is one of the worst on earth for human health... (read more) Boost the Immune System the Natural Way Since Dr Peter Koeppel, one of the leading experts on immunology and biochemistry at a leading Swiss pharmaceutical company released a paper on the use of nucleotides and RNA for human health applications... (read more) Glyconutrients - The Next Household Word?

28. The Human Genome Project (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy) The century that opened with rediscoveries of Gregor Mendel's studies on patterns of inheritance in peas closed with a research project in molecular biology heralded as the http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/human-genome/

Cite this entry Search the SEP Advanced Search Tools ... Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free The Human Genome Project First published Wed Nov 26, 2008 The official date of completion was timed to coincide with celebrations of the 50 th st This article provides a brief history of the HGP and discusses a range of associated issues that gained the attention of philosophers during the project's planning stages and as it unfolded. Prominent among philosophical concerns are the conceptual foundations of the project and its ethical implications. 1. Brief History of the Human Genome Project 2. Philosophy and the Human Genome Project 2.1 Conceptual Foundations of the Human Genome Project 2.2 Ethical Implications of the Human Genome Project ... Related Entries 1. Brief History of the Human Genome Project HGP at the start In September 1986, committees were established to study the feasibility of a publicly-funded project to sequence the human genome: one by the National Research Council (NRC) on scientific merit, and one by the Office for Technology Assessment (OTA) as a matter of public policy. Both committees released reports in 1988. The OTA report, Mapping Our Genes: Genome Projects: How Big, How Fast?

29. ELSI - Human Genome Project Primarily a collection of links to sites exploring the ELSI. http://www.kumc.edu/gec/prof/geneelsi.html

Professional policy papers Ethical, Legal, Public Policy Testing / Insurance / Privacy / Nondiscrimination Health Insurance Portability ... Other Policy papers on specific issues, professional societies American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) policy papers on Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein Screening, DNA Analysis, Cystic Fibrosis, Genetics and Adoption, Cystic Fibrosis Carrier Screening. Genetic Testing for Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Testing in Children and Adolescents, Apolipoprotein E Testing for Alzheimer Disease, Disclosure of Familial Genetic Information, Eugenics, and other Genetic Testing Issues , other policy sites American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) policy papers on Prenatal FISH Studies, Multiple Marker Screening in Women 35 and Older, Fragile X Syndrome Testing, Advanced Paternal Age, Apolipoprotein E Testing for Alzheimer Disease, Testing in Children and Adolescents, Testing for Prader-Willi and Angelman Syndromes, Population Screening for BRCA-1 Mutation in Ashkenazi Jewish Women, Principles of Screening, Carrier Testing for Canavann Disease , Genetic Testing for Cystic Fibrosis, and other testing issues German Society for Human Genetics Statements and Declarations and Position Paper American Society of Gene Therapy policy / position statements American Academy of Pediatrics genetic policy statements Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia , Evaluation of the Newborn with Developmental Anomalies of the External Genitalia , Folic Acid for the Prevention of

30. The Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project . Electron micrograph of chromosomes, condensed DNA that comprises an organism's genome. By the late 1980s, a fairly large amount of information on http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~edy/genome/

Main Menu Home Introduction to Genetics Molecular Genetics Genetics Laboratory Techniques ... Contact Me The Human Genome Project Electron micrograph of chromosomes, condensed DNA that comprises an organism's genome. Background information on DNA sequencing NIH's Public Human Genome Project Celera's Unique Approach Back to top

31. JGI - Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project is an international effort to discover all of the estimated 30,000-40,000 human genes and make them accessible for further biological study. http://www.jgi.doe.gov/science/hgp.html

Home MyJGI Contact Us Site Map ... Emergency Info JGI website People Genome Projects User Programs Software Tools Education ... Protocols Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international 13-year effort formally begun in October 1990 to discover all the estimated 30,000-40,000 human genes and make them accessible for further biological study. Another project goal was to determine the complete sequence of the 3 billion DNA subunits (bases in the human genome). As part of the HGP, parallel studies have been carried out on selected model organisms such as the bacterium E. coli to help develop the technology and interpret human gene function. The DOE Human Genome Program and the NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) together made up the U.S. Human Genome Project. JGI's effort in this landmark project went toward sequencing human chromosomes 5, 16, and 19. The assemblies of Chromosomes 5 , and are available on the Genome Portal Mapping Data Looking for a Cosmid/BAC The best way to obtain CIT (CalTech) clones is to order directly from Research Genetics , part of the Invitrogen corporation.

32. Human Genome Project SCOPE NOTE 17 Bioethics Research Library The Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute of Ethics Box 571212, Georgetown University Washington, DC 200571212 http://bioethics.georgetown.edu/publications/scopenotes/sn17.htm

SCOPE NOTE Bioethics Research Library The Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute of Ethics Box 571212, Georgetown University Washington, DC 20057-1212 202-687-3885; fax: 202-687-8089 e-mail:bioethics@georgetown.edu http://bioethics.georgetown.edu Human Genome Project Table of Contents Introduction Background Essay I. General Surveys II. The Debate ... Get a Quick Bib for Recent Literature on this Topic First published in December 1991, Scope Note 17 is an annotated bibliography with links to electronic texts and/or sites where possible. It is updated on a periodic basis. Last updated: July 2010 Introduction To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the discovery of DNA's structure, the human genome sequence and the Human Genome Project were declared complete on April 14, 2003. Using the "working draft" announced on February 12, 2001 (see Science: Human Genome Special Issue ), scientists from around the world (the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium ) put draft fragments in order so that researchers could use the data "out of the box" without additional sequencing. "If you are looking for a disease gene, you can be confident that it exists in one continuous stretch of highly accurate sequence," said Dr. Francis Collins, director of the genome center at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (III. Wade 2003)

33. Genome Glossary Indexed and cross-referenced collection of genetic s terminology. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/glossary/index.shtml

Human Genome Project Information Genomic Science Program DOE Microbial Genomics home ... Research Archive Genome Glossary Basic Information FAQs Glossary Acronyms Links ... Media Guide About the Project What is it? Goals Landmark Papers Sequence Databases ... FAQs the New Genetics Home Gene Testing Gene Therapy Pharmacogenomics ... Genetic Counseling Ethical, Legal, Social Issues Home Privacy Legislation Gene Testing Gene Therapy ... Human Migration Education Teachers Students Careers Webcasts ... Genética Websites en Español Research Home Sequence Databases Landmark Papers Insights Publications Chromosome Poster Primer Molecular Genetics List of All Publications Search This Site Contact Us Privacy Statement Site Stats and Credits Site Map A glossary of genetic terms from the DOE Human Genome Program. Choose terms by using the list of links below Also visit the Human Genome Project Information web : what the project is; its progress, history, and goals; what issues are associated with genome research; frequently asked questions, the science behind the project; and who its sponsors are. A B C D ... All Terms (printable version; long download time)

34. Human Genome - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Personal genomes had not been sequenced in the Human Genome Project to protect the identity of volunteers who provided DNA samples. That sequence was derived from the DNA of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome

Human genome From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search For a non-technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to genetics A graphical representation of the normal human karyotype This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (September 2009) The human genome is the genome of Homo sapiens , which is stored on 23 chromosome pairs. Twenty-two of these are autosomal chromosome pairs , while the remaining pair is sex-determining . The haploid human genome occupies a total of just over 3 billion DNA base pairs . The Human Genome Project (HGP) produced a reference sequence of the euchromatic human genome, which is used worldwide in biomedical sciences The haploid human genome contains ca. 23,000 protein-coding genes , far fewer than had been expected before its sequencing. In fact, only about 1.5% of the genome codes for proteins , while the rest consists of non-coding RNA genes, regulatory sequences introns , and (controversially named) "junk" DNA Contents Features Genes Regulatory sequences Other DNA ... edit Features edit Genes There are estimated to be between 20,000 and 25,000 human protein-coding

35. Gary Schneider Genetic Self-Portrait. Photographic installation of fourteen works addressing some of the revolutionary discoveries that were emerging from the Human Genome Project. http://museum.icp.org/museum/exhibitions/schneider/

36. The Human Transcript Map T he Human Genome Project is expected to produce a sequence of DNA representing the functional blueprint and evolutionary history of the human species. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SCIENCE96/

A Gene Map of the Human Genome An update to this work has been released. See GeneMap'99 T he Human Genome Project is expected to produce a sequence of DNA representing the functional blueprint and evolutionary history of the human species. However, only about 3% of this sequence is thought to specify the portions of our 50,000 to 100,000 genes that encode proteins. Thus an important part of basic and applied genomics is to identify and localize these genes in a process known as transcript mapping. When genes are expressed, their sequences are first converted into messenger RNA transcripts, which can be isolated in the form of complementary DNAs (cDNAs). Approximately half of all human genes had been sampled as of 15 June, 1996. A small portion of each cDNA sequence is all that is needed to develop unique gene markers, known as sequence tagged sites or STSs, which can be detected in chromosomal DNA by assays based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To construct a transcript map, cDNA sequences from a master catalog of human genes were distributed to mapping laboratories in North America, Europe, and Japan. These cDNAs were converted to STSs and their physical locations on chromosomes determined on one of two radiation hybrid (RH) panels or a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) library containing human genomic DNA. This mapping data was integrated relative to the human genetic map and then cross-referenced to cytogenetic band maps of the chromosomes. (Further details are available in the accompanying article in the 25 October issue of SCIENCE).

37. Genomics And Its Impact On Science And Society: 2003 Primer A primer on basic genetics; the science of the Human Genome Project; genomic medicine; ethical, legal, and social issues; and post-genomics research - from the U.S. Dept. of Energy Human Genome Program. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/primer2001/index.sht

Genomics and Its Impact on Science and Society The Human Genome Project and Beyond a publication of the U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program June 2008 Use the buttons to navigate between chapters and the button to return to this table of contents. This document is also available in printer-friendly PDF format , viewable with Adobe Acrobat. Powerpoint slides are available to accompany this Primer. Genomics 101: A Primer The Human Genome Project: 1990-2003 Insights from the Human DNA Sequence Medicine and the New Genetics ... Dictionary of Genetic Terms Search This Report: This document may be cited in the following style: Human Genome Program, U.S. Department of Energy, Genomics and Its Impact on Science and Society: A 2008 Primer For printed copies, please complete this form . Send questions or comments to martinsa@ornl.gov . Author is Denise K. Casey. Site designed by Marissa Mills. The online presentation of this publication is a special feature of the Human Genome Project Information Web site Document Use and Credits Publications and webpages on this site were created by the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Program's

38. Human Genome Project Human Genome Project Concise synopsis of its history, ultimate goal, and implications that suggests we should proceed wisely and cautiously with this knowledge. http://www.allaboutpopularissues.org/human-genome-project.htm

Human Genome Project - Let's Move Carefully You are here: Popular Issues Human Genome Project Human Genome Project - What is it? The Human Genome Project, comprised of the U.S. Department of Energy and NIH Human Genome Programs, is the national coordinated effort to characterize all human genetic material by determining the complete sequence of DNA in the human genome. The Human Genome Project's ultimate goal is to discover and map all of the approximately 35,000 human genes and make them accessible for further biological study. To facilitate the future interpretation of human gene function, the Human Genome Project is also conducting parallel studies on the genetic makeup of other organisms. Human Genome Project - The DNA Sequence Has Been Revealed After years of multi-billion-dollar research, the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics (a non-government biotechnology company) jointly announced drafts of the human genome sequence in 2000. By mid-2001, scientists associated with these ventures had presented the true nature and complexity of the digital code inherent in DNA. We now understand that there are approximately 35,000 genes in each human DNA molecule, comprised of approximately 3 billion chemical bases arranged in precise sequence. Even the DNA molecule for the single-celled bacterium, E. coli

39. Human Genome Project | The Human Genome The Human Genome Project is the largest international collaboration ever undertaken in biology. Between 1990 and 2003, thousands of scientists worldwide undertook the immense http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/node30075.html

40. BBC News | NEWSNIGHT | Genome Transcript - 12/2/01 Transcript of a discussion with David Baltimore, John Sulston and David Bentley about the project. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/newsnight/1173801.stm

low graphics version feedback help You are in: Events: Newsnight Front Page World ... AudioVideo This transcript has been typed at speed, and therefore may contain mistakes. Newsnight accepts no responsibility for these. However, we will be happy to correct serious errors. Who owns the map of the human body? SUSAN WATTS: Wherever we look, our world has been conquered. We've trodden its contours, mapped its every detail and understand what it holds. Today, a new exploration has begun - the exploration of ourselves. Scientists have had a rough map of our genes since last summer, but only now are they beginning to make sense of this new terrain. It's turning out to be an exhilarating journey. DAVID BALTIMORE: President, California Institute of Technology Shivers ran down my spine because I realised that we were seeing human beings opened to investigation with a depth we'd never seen before. JOHN SULSTON: International Human Genome Project This is an iconic moment when we say we've got to this point - it's only the beginning not the end, in fact it's only halfway through the beginning. WATTS: SULSTON: Without that, not only would we have a privatised genome, but we would not have a genome at all.

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