41. History Of Computers A directory of sites about the history of computers arranged categorically and with specific topic and general topic sections. http://www.hitmill.com/computers/computerhx1.html

hitmill.com Enter your search terms Submit search form NEW! 2 May 2010: History of Totalisators by Brian Conlon. Hitmill.com's blog for students History of Computers The development of the modern day computer was the result of advances in technologies and man's need to quantify. Papyrus helped early man to record language and numbers. The abacus was one of the first counting machines.. Part 2 A B C ... 8-Bit Operating Systems (Armory.Com) Classic 8-bit Computers A A Brief History of Computers and Networks (GoldenInk.Com) A Chronology of Computer History (Cyberstreet.Com) A Chronology of Personal Computers (kpolsson - islandnet.com) A Few Quotes from Silicon Valley History A Journey Through the History of Information Technology Photos: History of Computing Information Artificial Intelligence, History of ... A Timeline of Computer and Internet History ABACUS The Abacus (Hitmill.com: Good pictures, overview, brief history, definition, counting boards, bibliography, and links for further study) ADA Ada was a US governmental (DoD) developed programming language. The standard was originally known as Ada83, but this is now obsolete, as it was recently "overhauled" and re-born as Ada95. This is now the preferred standard and implementation of the Ada programming language. Read more about it: Ada Programming at U. of Mich.

42. History Of Computing Hardware - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The history of computing hardware is the record of the constant drive to make computer hardware faster, cheaper, and capable of storing more data. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware

History of computing hardware From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Computing hardware is a platform for information processing block diagram The history of computing hardware is the record of the constant drive to make computer hardware faster, cheaper, and capable of storing more data. Before the development of the general-purpose computer, most calculations were done by humans. Tools to help humans calculate were then called "calculating machines", by proprietary names, or even as they are now, calculators . It was those humans who used the machines who were then called computers; there are pictures of enormous rooms filled with desks at which computers (often young women) used their machines to jointly perform calculations, as for instance, aerodynamic ones required for in aircraft design. Calculators have continued to develop, but computers add the critical element of conditional response and larger memory, allowing automation of both numerical calculation and in general, automation of many symbol-manipulation tasks. Computer technology has undergone profound changes every decade since the 1940s. Computing hardware has become a platform for uses other than mere computation, such as process automation, electronic communications, equipment control, entertainment, education, etc. Each field in turn has imposed its own requirements on the hardware, which has evolved in response to those requirements, such as the role of the

43. Computer - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format. While a computer can, in theory, be made out of almost http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

Lc�0ӝ�^�q��F3�͘���V���x�5�K�c�r����j�_���>M�X���� <yr����tۖ�l���� k;W���O=��wR�J��eY�A��R�%�'�!���+հx�~��� <�pW,��-���^)MbXl�˹����q:i2����Ұ"� ų�ٸ ���J�M��A�W�z�ȶM�Nr k2�ĶcdL)X�ug�`J,�,������O� <(Xu mKV�;2�WU�U�eh�SB�Vaߏ;� <��IG~e �8���SG�q�ɦ <�D����T�/�zXj��;�橔f,�qT)kwUv^k��m��[��8�� ^�9t������R�o�?�L��@`HG[��ƺ�%A <�c�l4ۍr[��:a�I���1�6���I��[: І倖@%B��%�B������s��������M�z�h�pf�Kv���O���0���վ�����e�i:$3F��a <`˾��I��F�, ���W� <�ԅ82�X ��wZ�"�p��N3�d�b�*OY�?��K��dq8#!�6Ȳ���Gȋ@O���PrL�� C�8$�梘D��Μ9U��n�9��� r�nA��[(�g��#� X� L�ْ� <��Nq��-i)~�)�d1e�C�Sݱ�T��� �� ]���6���s��S�ŵ��� <�X���6�d�4�S� <2Ҿ7��p Bad��;]��%� tD�/ٚq�9��)�ryfd)�`�2�`Λ8��!�V *�bx��L� �i <*`�a��~!%�Z��Ty�2$y��KܤAdj���p�p�C�- �8���f�e���59�+c�h�)�cZr)�����#��J����]�����29cR� �J�Τ���i�d g֤�E �# <�y�?���������z���侚z��5Û��x��I� R���nCP���=���S���i�n����U�b��H��.���a���=X���Q� � ������K�-ᢠ'�� 2G40���I,F�8�Gp� <�@5i2F������Cի��V5�5�q0� <�q�6�VW ��4�xa�] �C��$�C���� ?�ZOF���w�قbWaW �����v"�T/�7��y��[�Y �'zk�~0�����rs��x�5�K����5V <5�E�k Raъ'��� <�� ْ�9:?��Z��W�9�w�����hU�Tګ����.��?��

44. 12998 History Of Computers Lesson Plans Reviewed By Teachers Search history of computers lesson plans to find teacher approved lesson plans. From history of computers to the history of computers, quickly find lesson plans that inspire http://www.lessonplanet.com/search?keywords=history of computers&media=lesso

45. UK National Archive For The History Of Computing (Centre For The History Of Scie Houses the UK s most important collection of documents relating to the history of computing, and encourages interest and study in the history of computing more generally. http://www.chstm.manchester.ac.uk/research/nahc/

@import url("../../css/_import.css"); @import url("../../css/_devolved.css"); Skip to main content Skip to navigation Skip to Search University home Quicklinks Choose a Quick Link News Seminars People Contact us Maps and travel Search Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine Undergraduate Postgraduate Our Research ... Contact us UK National Archive for the History of Computing Tom Kilburn (left) and F C Williams at the console of the Manchester Mark 1 computer, 1949. This machine grew from the 'Manchester Baby', which in 1948 first demonstrated the now-standard technique of storing both data and programming instructions digitally. In 1948 an innovative memory device, a storage system now known as the Williams-Kilburn Tube, allowed the first electronic digital stored-program computer to be built in Manchester. To understand the development of the information age, historians also need a storage system. Computing machines became central to technological and social change in the twentieth century; their use determines many aspects of our lives in the twenty-first. British institutions and individuals played an important role in this process. However, the records and artefacts which might help the historian to document it are fast disappearing. The UK National Archive for the History of Computing (NAHC) was created in 1987 as a repository for the documents and images of computer history, and a centre to encourage its study. A rich collection is now available to scholars.

46. Wikipedia:History Of Computing/Permission - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia You can enter and edit the article about computing history yourself, just http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:History_of_computing/Permission

Wikipedia:History of computing/Permission From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search The following is the permission to use the material in the History of computing hardware pages. I have obscured the email addresses in the message below in an obvious way. AxelBoldt Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:History_of_computing/Permission Categories Personal tools New features Log in / create account Namespaces Project page Discussion Variants Views Read View source View history Actions Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events ... Donate Interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia ... Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages ... Permanent link Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version This page was last modified on 30 October 2005 at 09:33. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. See for details. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Contact us About Wikipedia

47. The History Of Computers - Computer History Timeline A history of computers and the inventors involved with each computer invention milestone a timeline with detailed history features. http://inventors.about.com/library/blcoindex.htm

zWASL=1;zGRH=1 zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zDO=0 Home Inventors Inventors Search Inventors Basics Intellectual Property Share w(x2+zWl+'?p=1" zT="18/1[N" rel="nofollow">Print') See More About: history of computers internet transistor vacuum tube ... electricity The History of Computers "Who invented the computer?" is not a question with a simple answer. The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers and that a computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts, each of which can be considered a separate invention. This series covers many of the major milestones in computer history (but not all of them) with a concentration on the history of personal home computers. zSB(3,3) Computer History Year/Enter Computer History Inventors/ Inventions Computer History Description of Event Konrad Zuse - Z1 Computer First freely programmable computer. ABC Computer Who was first in the computing biz is not always as easy as ABC. Harvard Mark I Computer The Harvard Mark 1 computer. ENIAC 1 Computer 20,000 vacuum tubes later...

48. History Of Computers This section provides a brief summary of the history of computers. For more detailed information on the history of computers, visit the links at the end of this reading. http://homepage.cs.uri.edu/book/history/history.htm

History of Computers This section provides a brief summary of the history of computers. For more detailed information on the history of computers, visit the links at the end of this reading. First Computers ENIAC Computer The first substantial computer was the giant ENIAC machine by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) used a word of 10 decimal digits instead of binary ones like previous automated calculators/computers. ENIAC was also the first machine to use more than 2,000 vacuum tubes, using nearly 18,000 vacuum tubes. Storage of all those vacuum tubes and the machinery required to keep them cool took up over 167 square meters (1800 square feet) of floor space. Nonetheless, it had punched-card input and output and arithmetically had 1 multiplier, 1 divider-square rooter, and 20 adders employing decimal "ring counters," which served as adders and also as quick-access (0.0002 seconds) read-write register storage. Progression of Hardware In the 1950's two devices would be invented that would improve the computer field and set in motion the beginning of the computer revolution. The first of these two devices was the transistor. Invented in 1947 by William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs, the transistor was fated to oust the days of vacuum tubes in computers, radios, and other electronics.

49. The History Of Computing Project Offers a detailed timeline on the history of computer. Sections include hardware, software, pioneers and references. http://www.thocp.net

50. Computer History An illustrated history of computers with over 50 rare photos. An Illustrated History of Computers Part 1 _ John Kopplin 2002 http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/History.htm

Computer Science Lab An Illustrated History of Computers Part 1 The first computers were people! That is, electronic computers (and the earlier mechanical computers) were given this name because they performed the work that had previously been assigned to people. "Computer" was originally a job title: it was used to describe those human beings (predominantly women) whose job it was to perform the repetitive calculations required to compute such things as navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs. Imagine you had a job where hour after hour, day after day, you were to do nothing but compute multiplications. Boredom would quickly set in, leading to carelessness, leading to mistakes. And even on your best days you wouldn't be producing answers very fast. Therefore, inventors have been searching for hundreds of years for a way to mechanize (that is, find a mechanism that can perform) this task. This picture shows what were known as "counting tables" [photo courtesy IBM]

51. History Of Computers At the beginning of WW2 in Berlin, Germany, Konrad Zuse was a construction engineer for the Henschel Aircraft Company who http://techcenter.davidson.k12.nc.us/fall022/ZUSE.HTM

Development Inventors Five Generations Machines ... Data "The Best Past and Present Information" History Links Computer Museum DCS Techcenter Vintage Festival Digital Century ... Softlord Short Info Did You Know? Konrad Zuse (1910-1995) At the beginning of WW2 in Berlin, Germany, Konrad Zuse was a construction engineer for the Henschel Aircraft Company who built a series of automatic calculators to assist him in his engineering work. Zuse's inventions have earned the title of being "The Inventor Of The Modern Computer." Zuse modestly dismissed the title, while praising many of the inventions of his contemporaries and successors, as being equally, if not more important than his. Zuse learned that one of the most difficult aspects of doing a large calculation is keeping track of all intermediate results and using them, in their proper place, in later steps of the calculation, Zuse realized that an automatic-calculator device would require three basic elements a memory, a control, and a calculator for the arithmetic.

52. History Of Computers Article Does the history of computers, those wonderful, information rich tools that bring the world to our fingers and sometimes aggravation to our lives have any interest to us? It http://www.christianet.com/laptops/historyofcomputers.htm

History Of Computers Does the history of computers , those wonderful, information rich tools that bring the world to our fingers and sometimes aggravation to our lives have any interest to us? It probably ought to because the computer has been voted one of the most influential inventions of the last one hundred years, although this writer's choice is the air conditioner which has sucked everybody back in our cool houses and away from relationships that were born on front porches during long summer evening walks. No, this is not about air conditioners. While the abacus has been around for tens of centuries, anything resembling what might be called a computer of sorts was invented in the late 1930's and early 40's by a German inventor named Konrad Zuse. The man has been called the father of the modern computer. By the seventies, internal parts of a computer began acquiring names with which many Americans are now familiar. Hard drives, disk drives, motherboard, sound card, power supply, CPU and other terms started being uttered on the lips of a few and later became the common vocabulary of millions. Americans may not have understood what any of these parts played in the pc processing scheme, but they knew that a hard disk breakdown or a motherboard being fried was not a good thing. Many a pc was tossed out a nearby window when the term fatal error flashed on the screen. And when a disk drive went bad, many Americans began to understand that the problem was just a matter of slipping one out and putting another one in its place. "I beseech you therefore brethren by the mercies of God that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God which is your reasonable service." (Romans 12:1)

53. Computer History Museum The world's largest history museum for the preservation and presentation of artifacts and stories of the Information Age located in the heart of Silicon Valley http://www.computerhistory.org/

54. History Of Computers Many first time computer users have expressed nervousness when it comes to learning how to use a computer and conversing using the Internet. http://www.insightempire.com/history-of-computers/

55. Computer History Museum - Timeline Of Computer History WHAT THE TIMELINE IS . This timeline explores the history of computing from 1939 to 1994. Each year features illustrated descriptions of significant innovations in hardware and http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/

56. A Brief History Of Computers And Networks From the early proposals, through World War II, and into the computer age, this history tracks the development of modern computing http://goldenink.com/computersandnetworks.shtml

A Brief History of Computers and Networks, Part I Webster's Dictionary defines "computer" as any programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data. The basic idea of computing develops in the 1200's when a Moslem cleric proposes solving problems with a series of written procedures. As early as the 1640's mechanical calculators are manufactured for sale. Records exist of earlier machines, but Blaise Pascal invents the first commercial calculator, a hand powered adding machine. Although attempts to multiply mechanically were made by Gottfried Liebnitz in the 1670s the first true multiplying calculator appears in Germany shortly before the American Revolution. In 1801 a Frenchman, Joseph-Marie Jacquard builds a loom that weaves by reading punched holes stored on small sheets of hardwood. These plates are then inserted into the loom which reads (retrieves) the pattern and creates(process) the weave. Powered by water, this "machine" came 140 years before the development of the modern computer. Ada Lovelace Shortly after the first mass-produced calculator(1820), Charles Babbage begins his lifelong quest for a programmable machine. Although Babbage was a poor communicator and record-keeper, his difference engine is sufficiently developed by 1842 that Ada Lovelace uses it to mechanically translate a short written work. She is generally regarded as the first programmer. Twelve years later George Boole, while professor of Mathematics at Cork University, writes An Investigation of the Laws of Thought(1854), and is generally recognized as the father of computer science.

57. History Of Computing: Software Index Taxonomy of many kinds of software, with historical perspective. http://www.thocp.net/software/software.htm

Software editor: Cornmelis Robat We need some help here, If you want to help or have any info Software History Introduction to software history Before printing this page, please consider the environment. In addition to saving trees, not printing this page means you'll conserve your ink cartridges , which in the end will save you money on office supplies. Reduce, reuse, and recycle. Get Hosted Exchange packages with 25 GB mailboxes, 24/7 support and a free SharePoint account from Sherweb.com. Starting from $8.95/month! Further your technology education with an online IT degree . Browse thousands of online degree programs across all areas of the technology sector, and gain a chance to excel in your career. EarnMyDegree offers the most comlete listing of degrees from accredited online schools throughout the US, so you can find the perfect program for you! Guide to online schools: There is a new program for your pdf files You can buy software that makes converting pdf to doc simple! Get your

58. History Of Computers - Long, Long Ago Definition of a Computer Simplest definition of a computer A device that processes input and generates output. Key words Input; Output; Processes http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/126/lectures/history.html

Definition of a Computer Simplest definition of a computer: A device that processes input and generates output Key words: Input Output Processes Information Modern Computers are electronic, complex, and interactive, but can be reduced to simple input-output processing devices History of Computers: 3000 BC to Present History of Computers - Long, Long Ago The Abacus beads on rods to count and calculate still widely used in Asia! http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/ History of Computers - Way Back When The Slide Rule 1630 based on Napier�s rules for logarithms used until 1970s History of Computers - 19th Century Jacquard Loom used metal cards with punched holes to guide weaving process first stored program - metal cards first computer manufacturing still in use today! Charles Babbage - 1792-1871 Difference Engine c.1822 huge calculator, never finished Analytical Engine 1833 could store numbers calculating "mill" used punched metal cards for instructions powered by steam! accurate to six decimal places Ada Augusta - First Programmer Worked with Charles Babbage Programmed Analytical Engine Discussion Question What was the biggest advance that led to modern computers?

59. The History Of The Computer Prehistoric man did not have the Internet, but it appears that he needed a way to count and make calculations. The limitations of the human body's ten fingers http://www.merchantos.com/articles/informational/the-history-of-the-computer/

Articles and Resources The History of the Computer bone carved with prime numbers found in 8,500 BC. The abacus In 19 th century England, Charles Babbage , a mathematician, proposed the construction of a machine that he called the Babbage Difference Engine. It would not only calculate numbers, it would also be capable of printing mathematical tables. The Computer History Museum Ada Byron Lovelace The computers that followed built on each previous success and improved it. In 1943, the first programmable computer Turing COLOSSUS appeared. It was pressed into service to decipher World War II coded messages from Germany. ENIAC , the brain, was the first electronic computer, in 1946. In 1951, the U.S. Census Bureau became the first government agency to buy a computer, UNIVAC The Apple expanded the use of computers to consumers in 1977. The IBM PC for consumers followed closely in 1981, although IBM mainframes were in use by government and corporations. 8,500 BC Bone carved with prime numbers found 1000 BC to 500 BC Abacus invented invented adding machine, France

60. History Of Computers The history of computers is a gradual development from the time abacus was invented till modern times. Charles Babbage, the inventor of the first computing machines, made http://www.mapsofworld.com/referrals/computers/history-of-computer.html

COMPUTERS Maps of World Web Internet Macintosh Computing Ergonomics Pos Systems Top It People Computer Books Computer Prices Computer Stores ... History Of Computer Computer Workstation Computers Functioning Legal Issues In It Computer Journals Computer Education Computer Operating Systems Computer Networking ... Security Issues Of Computers Computerized Medical Devices Computer Science Associations Top Computer Software Companies Research Areas In Computer Science Home ... Computers History of Computers History of Computers The history of computers is a gradual development from the time abacus was invented till modern times. Charles Babbage, the inventor of the first computing machines, made history by inventing the first ever computers which was far simpler from what generation Z can imagine. With time came the electronic computers, thanks to the efforts of John Atanasoff, a 1942 graduate of Iowa State University. Today the evolution of modern computers has changed the course of human history itself. The History of Computers can be listed as follows:- computing logarithms (1822) and Analytical machine (1833) for following instructions from punch cards.

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