81. Joseph Fourier - Wikipedia Biography of the mathematician with links to relevant terms. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fourier

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82. John Nash Brief biography and photograph of the mathematician. http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/nash.htm

John F. Nash, 1928- When the 21-year old John Nash wrote his 27-page dissertation outlining his "Nash Equilibrium" for strategic non-cooperative games, the impact was enormous. On the formal side, his existence proof was one of the first applications of Kakutani's fixed-point theorem later employed with so much gusto by Neo-Walrasians everywhere; on the conceptual side, he spawned much of the literature on non-cooperative game theory which has since grown at a prodigious rate - threatening, some claim, to overwhelm much of economics itself. When the young Nash had applied to graduate school at Princeton in 1948, his old Carnegie Tech professor, R.J. Duffin, wrote only one line on his letter of recommendation: "This man is a genius". It was at Princeton that Nash encountered the theory of games, then recently launched by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern . However, they had only managed to solve non-cooperative games in the case of "pure rivalries" (i.e. zero-sum). The young Nash turned to rivalries with mutual gain. His trick was the use of best-response functions and a recent theorem that had just emerged - Kakutani's fixed point-theorem. His main result, the "Nash Equilibrium", was published in 1950 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. He followed this up with a paper which introduced yet another solution concept - this time for two-person cooperative games - the "Nash Bargaining Solution" (NBS) in 1950. A 1951 paper attached his name to yet another side of economics - this time, the "Nash Programme", reflecting his methodological call for the reduction of all cooperative games into a non-cooperative framework.

83. Erdös Number Project - The Erdös Number Project - Oakland University Research into the collaboration graph centered around mathematician Paul Erd s. http://www.oakland.edu/enp/

84. Indexes Of Biographies Biographies of famous mathematicians, indexed alphabetically and chronologically. Part of MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/BiogIndex.html

Indexes of Biographies Click below to go to either an alphabetical or chronological index. Full indexes are available, but these files are quite large (about 200K). Alphabetical indexes A B C D ... XYZ Chronological indexes -500 AD 1940 - present Female mathematicians Recent changes to the archive ... Full Chronological index Enter a word or phrase: Main index History Topics Index Birthplace Maps Famous curves index ... Search Form JOC/EFR February 2005 The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/BiogIndex.html

85. Combined Membership List (CML) Combined Membership List for the AMS, MAA, SIAM, AMATYC, AWM and CMS. Includes almost all North American mathematicians. http://www.ams.org/cml/

Search the Combined Membership List (CML) Update CML Directory of Institutions Help Last Name: First Name: Position: Select from the list Adj Asso Prof Adj Asst Prof Adj Instr Adj Lect Adv Anal Asso Prof Asst Prof Atty CPA Chief Exec Officer Cmdr Cons Dean Dir Elec Engr Emer Engr Exec Fellow Grad Asst Grad Teaching Asst Grad Teaching Fellow Instr Lect Libn Mem Mem, Tech Staff Mgr Oper Oper Res Anal Postdoc Fellow Pres Prin Prof Prof Emer Progr Res Asso Res Asst Res Fellow Retired Self-Employed Software Engr Sr Anal Sr Engr Sr Lect Sr Math Sr Mem, Tech Staff Supt Supvr Sys Anal Sys Mgr Teacher Teaching Assoc Teaching Asst Teaching Fellow Tech V Pres Visiting Asso Prof Visiting Asst Prof Visiting Lect Visiting Prof State: Select from the list Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas Armed Forces for Pacific Armed Forces of America Armed Forces of Europe California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Federated States of Micronesia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Marshall Islands Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Marianas Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Palau Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virgin Islands Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Country: Select from the list USA Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Anguilla Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh

86. E-mail Addresses Of Russian Mathematicians Compiled by Sergei Duzhin. http://www.botik.ru/~duzhin/russmath.lst

# E-mail addresses of Russian mathematicians # maintained by S.V.Duzhin (http://www.botik.ru/~duzhin), # started 09-Feb-98, last updated 07-Dec-01 # # Currently 369 entries # # Send suggestions to if you find inaccuracies # or wish to add information to this list. # # Useful links: # 1. Moscow Mathematical Society # 2. Independent university of Moscow (http://www.mccme.ru/ium) # 3. Arnold's seminar (http://www.botik.ru/~duzhin/arnsem.html) # 4. Steklov Inst. at St.Petersburg (http://www.pdmi.ras.ru/) # 5. http://www.ras.ru/cgi-bin/wldnew/ (searchable index of 2550 # e-mails of Russian mathematicians prepared by RAS (April 1996)). # 6. http://www.math.msu.su/stuff/index.html (information about the # mathematicians of Moscow University (MechMath)). # # Notice: # 1. The term "Russian mathematicians" is used rather freely # (sorry if that makes any inconvenience). # 2. Optional active addresses are given as comments (after #). # 3. The list is ordered lexicographically by family name. # "Abramov, Sergei Alexandrovich" "Abrashkin, Victor A."

87. Mathematics WWW Virtual Library A list of collections of mathematicians addresses, by subject or institution. Part of the Mathematics WWW Virtual Library. http://www.math.fsu.edu/Virtual/index.php?f=1

88. List Of Individuals The data submitted by the Estonian Mathematical Society to the World Directory of Mathematicians. http://www.ioc.ee/matem/EMS/directory.html

List of Individuals Aasma, Ants Associate Professor Tallinn Univ. of Educational Sciences antsa@tpu.ee Abel, Elts Associate Professor Univ. of Tartu elts@math.ut.ee Abel, Mati Associate Professor Univ. of Tartu abel@math.ut.ee Abramov, Viktor Associate Professor Univ. of Tartu abramov@math.ut.ee Associate Professor Univ. of Tartu afa@math.ut.ee Agu, Elina Teacher tel. 22-239038 infojuht@piritamg.tln.edu.ee Aigro, Sirje Teacher tel. 244-51144 Ainola, Leo Professor Emeritus Tallinn Technical Univ. lainola@edu.ttu.ee Allikvee, Helle Teacher tel. 232-42775 Altement, Malle Director tel. 246-94419 Annus, Malle Teacher tel. 232-30337 Arro, Margit Teacher tel. 238-78462 laine@tyrigy.edu.ee Aser, Eve School Inspector Education Department of Tallinn tel. 2-6404596 e.aser@tallinnlv.ee Aun, Arvo Teacher 1. Keskkool Avi, Kalev Teacher tel. 27-474126 kalev@tkug.tartu.ee Erit, Esta Teacher tel. 22-590232 infojuht@oishum.tln.edu.ee Grigorjeva, Ksenia Lecturer Tallinn Technical Univ. tel. 2-6202256 kg@va.ttu.ee Haavasalu, Andres Teacher Carl Robert Jacobsoni tel. 243-52375

89. Eudoxus Of Cnidus (ca. 400-ca. 347 BC) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scienti Biography of the mathematician from Eric Weisstein s World of Scientific Biography. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Eudoxus.html

Branch of Science Astronomers Branch of Science Mathematicians ... Greek Eudoxus of Cnidus (ca. 400-ca. 347 BC) Greek philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who accepted Plato's notion of the rotation of the planets around the Earth on crystalline spheres, but noticed discrepancies with observations. He tried to adjust Plato's model by postulating that each crystalline sphere had its poles set to the next sphere. His model contained no mechanical explanation; it was simply a mathematical description. There were problems, however, with his model. First of all, each "hippopede" produced by the superposition of the motions of two spheres produced the same curve, yet the retrogressions of planets were observed to exhibit differing shapes. Secondly, although his models predicted tolerable retrogressions for Jupiter and Saturn and not for Mars or Venus Thirdly, his model in no way accounted for the observed differences in the lengths of the seasons Finally, the model failed to account for variations in the observed diameter of the Moon or changes in the brightness of planets, which were correctly interpreted to indicate that their distances were changing. Eudoxus was the first Greek to make a map of the stars.

90. Eudoxus Of Cnidus - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Biography of the mathematician with links to relevant terms. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus

Eudoxus of Cnidus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Not to be confused with Eudoxus of Cyzicus Eudoxus of Cnidus (410 or 408 BC – 355 or 347 BC) was a Greek astronomer mathematician , scholar and student of Plato . Since all his own works are lost, our knowledge of him is obtained from secondary sources, such as Aratus 's poem on astronomy Theodosius of Bithynia's Sphaerics may be based on a work of Eudoxus. Contents Life Mathematics Astronomy Eudoxan planetary models ... edit Life His name "Eudoxus" means "good opinion" and "good fame" (in Greek Εὔδοξος), from eu = good, doxa = opinion or belief or fame). It is analogous to the Latin name "Benedictus" (Benedict, Benedetto). Eudoxus's father Aeschines of Cnidus loved to watch stars at night. Eudoxus first travelled to Tarentum to study with Archytas , from whom he learned mathematics . While in Italy, Eudoxus visited Sicily, where he studied medicine with Philiston Around 387 BC, at the age of 23, he traveled with the physician Theomedon , who according to Diogenes Laërtius some believed was his lover

91. Eudoxus Of Cnidus Biography of the astronomer and mathematician. http://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/eudoxus/eudoxus.html

Next: About this document Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus (c. 400 B.C.) is the greatest of the ancient mathematicians, surpassed only by Archimedes but later. Biographical highlights: Eudoxus was born in Cnidos, on the Black Sea. He studied mathematics with Archytus in Tarentum. He studied medicine with Philistium on Sicily. At 23 years he went to Plato's academy in Athens to study philosophy and rhetoric. Some time later he went to Egypt to learn astronomy at Helopolis. He established a school at Cyzicus on the sea of Marmora and had many pupils. In 365 B. C. he returned to Athens with his pupils. He became a colleague of Plato. At the age of 53 he died in Cnidos, highly honored as a lawgiver. He was the leading mathematician and astronomer of his day. Eudoxus was the most reknown astronomer and mathematician of his day. In astronomy devised an ingenious planetary system based on spheres. The spherical earth is at rest at the center. Around this center, 27 concentric spheres rotate. The exterior one caries the fixed stars, The others account for the sun, moon, and five planets.

92. Evariste Galois Documents and texts about the life and works of the famous mathematician Evariste Galois in German, French, Italian, English, and Spanish. http://www.galois-group.net/

The Evariste Galois Archive A resource of biographical material in various languages Topics Introduction Translation Project Galois Theory Galois in Fiction ... What's New Evariste Galois Biography Preface Childhood School Days Strokes of Fate ... The Duel Other Biographies Paul Dupuy "Evariste Galois oder das tragische Scheitern eines Genies" von Bernd Klein Other Sites The Art of Lying with Statistics L�gen mit Statistik (in German) This site in: German English French Italian ... Russian Written by Bernard Bychan ; Last Modified: Friday, April 09, 2010 Special Thanks to our Sponsor: Bodenseo, Linux courses in England (London), France (Paris) and Germany (Bodensee) for beginners and advanced users.

93. Galois, Évariste (1811-1832) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Biogr Biography of the mathematician from Eric Weisstein s World of Scientific Biography. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Galois.html

Branch of Science Mathematicians Nationality French French mathematician who developed new techniques to study the solubility of equations which are now called group theory Simultaneously with Abel , he showed that the general quintic equation and polynomial equations of higher degree are not soluble in terms of a finite number of rational operations and root extractions. Galois's life was a tragic one. His father committed suicide. Galois himself regularly failed his exams in school while he concentrated on reading Legendre's Geometry cover to cover. In his examination to the Preparatory School in 1830, the physics teacher Péclet wrote of the young genius "He knows absolutely nothing. I have been told that this student has mathematical ability; this certainly astonishes me. Judging by his examination, he seems of little intelligence, or has hidden his intelligence so well that I found it impossible to detect it" (Infeld 1948, pp. 101-102). Galois also failed to gain admittance to the École Polytechnique not once, but two times. During the first of these examinations, in 1829, Galois was so frustrated by the inane questions that he vented his anger by throwing an eraser at his examiner M. Dinet (Infeld 1948, pp. 99-100). Galois suffered the additional misfortune of having his work not only ignored, but completely misplaced by its caretakers on several occasions. When Galois gave

94. Galois, Evariste Biography of the mathematician. http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/G/Galois/1.html

Galois Evariste French mathematician who originated the theory of groups and greatly extended the understanding of the conditions in which an algebraic equation is solvable. Augustin Cauchy , but Galois's attempts to gain recognition for his work were thwarted by the French mathematical establishment. In 1830, Galois joined the revolutionary movement. In the next year he was twice arrested, and was imprisoned for nine months for taking part in a republican demonstration. Shortly after his release he was killed in a duel. The night before, he had hurriedly written out his discoveries on group theory. His only published work was a paper on number theory 1830. What has come to be known as the Galois theorem demonstrated the insolubility of higher-than-fourth-degree equations by radicals. Galois theory involved groups formed from the arrangements of the roots of equations and their subgroups, which he fitted into each other rather like Chinese boxes.

95. Evariste Galois Biography of the mathematician. http://scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu/Math/Galois.html

Evariste Galois born: October 25, 1811 near Paris died: May 31, 1832 in Paris In all the history of science there is no completer example of the triumph of crass stupidity over untamable genius than is afforded by the all too brief life of Evariste Galois. (E.T. Bell) Brilliant. Brash. Unlucky. Died at 20. Galois groups and fields. Galois theory. At 16, Galois took the examinations to enter the prestigious Polytechnique and failed. Years later Terquem remarked, "A candidate of superior intelligence is lost with an examiner of inferior intelligence." However, Galois found a mathematics teacher, Louis Richard, and really started studying and doing mathematics. His first paper, on continued fractions, was published when he was 17. At 18, Galois reapplied to the Polytechnique, and again the examination went badly. Finally, during the oral part of the exam, he lost patience with one of the examiners and threw the eraser at him. It was a hit, but Galois could never apply there again. At 19, Galois attended the university and wrote 3 original papers on the theory of algebraic equations. He submitted them to the Academy of Sciences for the competition in mathematics. The Secretary of the Academy took them home to read, but then died before writing a report about them and the papers were never found. Galois was understandably upset: "Genius is condemned by a malicious social organization to an eternal denial of justice in favor of fawning mediocrity."

96. Évariste Galois - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Biography of the mathematician with links to relevant terms. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evariste_Galois

Évariste Galois From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Evariste Galois Jump to: navigation search "Galois" redirects here. For other uses, see Gallois (disambiguation) Évariste Galois Galois age fifteen, drawn by a classmate Born October 25, 1811 Bourg-la-Reine France Died Paris France Nationality French Fields Mathematics Work on the theory of equations and Abelian integrals Évariste Galois [evaʁist ɡalwa] ) (October 25, 1811 – May 31, 1832) was a French mathematician born in Bourg-la-Reine . While still in his teens, he was able to determine a necessary and sufficient condition for a polynomial to be solvable by radicals , thereby solving a long-standing problem. His work laid the foundations for Galois theory , a major branch of abstract algebra , and the subfield of Galois connections . He was the first to use the word " group French groupe ) as a technical term in mathematics to represent a group of permutations . A radical Republican during the monarchy of Louis Philippe in France, he died from wounds suffered in a duel under shadowy circumstances at the age of twenty. He is regarded by many respected mathematicians, including Herman Weyl, to be one of the finest examples of mathematical genius.

97. Germain, Sophie (1776-1831) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Biograp Biography of the mathematician from Eric Weisstein s World of Scientific Biography. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Germain.html

Branch of Science Mathematicians Nationality French ... Women Germain, Sophie (1776-1831) French mathematician who did important work on Fermat's last theorem proving it for any primes less than 100 under certain assumptions (and, in particular, for Sophie Germain primes She also contributed to acoustics elasticity and number theory Gauss , under the pen name "Antoine-August Le Blanc." Upon discovering that his gifted correspondent was a women, Gauss wrote a later to Germain stating, "A taste for the abstract sciences in general and above all the mysteries of numbers is excessively rare.... But when a person of the sex which, according to our customs and prejudices, must encounter infinitely more difficulties than men to familiarize herself with these thorny researches, succeeds nevertheless in surmounting these obstacles and penetrating the most obscure parts of them, then without a doubt she must have the noblest courage, quite extraordinary talents and superior genius" (Hoffman 1998, p. 191). Gauss Additional biographies: MacTutor (St. Andrews)

98. Sophie Germain Biography from Biographies of Women Mathematicians. http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/germain.htm

Biographies of W omen Mathematicians Home Alphabetical Index Chronological Index Resources ... Search Sophie Germain April 1, 1776 - June 27, 1831 Written by Amanda Swift, Class of 1995 (Agnes Scott College) Sophie Germain was born in an era of revolution. In the year of her birth, the American Revolution began. Thirteen years later the French Revolution began in her own country. In many ways Sophie embodied the spirit of revolution into which she was born. She was a middle class female who went against the wishes of her family and the social prejudices of the time to become a highly recognized mathematician. Like the member of a revolution, her life was full of perseverance and hard work. It took a long time for her to be recognized and appreciated for her contributions to the field of mathematics, but she did not give up. Even today, it is felt that she was never given as much credit as she was due for the contributions she made in number theory and mathematical physics because she was a woman. Sophie Germain was born in Paris on April 1, 1776 to Ambroise-Francois and Marie Germain. Her family was quite wealthy. Her father was a merchant and later became a director of the Bank of France.

99. Sophie Germain - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Biography of the mathematician with links to relevant terms. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Germain

Sophie Germain From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search This article is about the mathematician Marie-Sophie Germain. See also Sophie Germain primes Marie-Sophie Germain Marie-Sophie Germain Born April 1, 1776 Rue Street, Denis, Paris, France Died Nationality French Other names Auguste Antoine Le Blanc Occupation mathematician elasticity theory, differential geometry , and number theory Marie-Sophie Germain (April 1, 1776 – June 27, 1831) was a French mathematician physicist , and philosopher . Despite initial opposition from her parents and difficulties presented by a gender-biased society, she gained education from books in her father's library and from correspondence with famous mathematicians such as Lagrange, Legendre, and Gauss. One of the pioneers of elasticity theory, she won the grand prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences for her essay on the subject. Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem provided a foundation for mathematicians exploring the subject for hundreds of years after. Because of her gender, she was unable to make a career out of mathematics, but worked independently throughout her life.

100. Alexander Grothendieck - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Biography of the mathematician with links to relevant terms. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Grothendieck

Alexander Grothendieck From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Alexander Grothendieck Alexander Grothendieck in Montreal, 1970 Born 28 March 1928 Berlin Germany Residence France Fields Mathematics Alma mater University of Montpellier University of Nancy ... Laurent Schwartz Doctoral students Pierre Berthelot Pierre Deligne Luc Illusie Michel Raynaud ... Jean-Louis Verdier Notable awards Fields Medal Crafoord Prize (1988, declined) Alexander Grothendieck (born 28 March 1928 in Berlin , Germany) is one of the most influential mathematicians of the twentieth century . He is known principally for his revolutionary advances in algebraic geometry , and also for major contributions to number theory category theory and homological algebra , and his early achievements in functional analysis . He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1966. He was co-awarded (but declined) the Crafoord Prize with Pierre Deligne in 1988. He is noted for his mastery of abstract approaches to mathematics and his perfectionism in matters of formulation and presentation. Indeed, the increasing abstraction and formalization of pure mathematics over the 20th century is due in part to his influence. Relatively little of his work after 1960 was published by the conventional route of the learned journal , circulating initially in duplicated volumes of seminar notes; his influence was to a considerable extent personal. He retired in 1988 and within a few years became reclusive.

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