41. Ulisse Dini One of the most important Italian and European mathematicians of the 19th century, he studied at the Normal School of Higher Studies in Pisa, his native city, under the guidance of http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itineraries/biography/UlisseDini.html

42. Fibnaci Numbers Essay I History of Fibonacci Different Names of Fibonacci Books by Fibonacci The Different Names of Fibonacci In 1175 AD, one of the greatest European mathematicians was born. http://www.directessays.com/viewpaper/26578.html

43. Descartes - Background In the sixteenth century, European mathematicians reached the point where they surpassed the ancient mathematicians Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius. http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/distance_arc/descartes/descartes-backgrou

Descartes Background First Sightings You are going to read much of Descartes' Meditations, The birth of modern science A Spanish historian writing some fifty years after the voyages of Columbus, remarked of those voyages that nothing had happened of such importance in the history of the world since "the birth of our Savior." A modern historian of science, reflecting on the development of modern science in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, remarked that nothing had happened of such importance in European cultural history since the advent of Christianity. Rene Descartes was a major figure in these developments. In the sixteenth century, European mathematicians reached the point where they surpassed the ancient mathematicians Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius. The ancients had left a series of unsolved problems. European mathematicians either solved those remaining problems or showed that they could not be solved. Similarly, astronomical thinking during the sixteenth century broke with ancient models. Copernicus, mentioned by Montaigne in An Apology for Raymond Sebond The development of mathematics, astronomy and physics in Europe beyond what the ancients had achieved, was a major factor in bringing the Renaissance to a close. Francis Bacon understood what was happening. He captured these developments in an image which compares voyages of the mind with voyages by ship. The Mediterranean Sea was the boundary of the ancient world, beyond the pillars of Hercules was the unknown Atlantic Ocean. Bacon saw Europeans breaking the bounds of ancient learning and sailing past the Pillars of Hercules (The Straits of Gibralter) and passing out into a voyage of discovery on the unknown sea. It is clear that Descartes was a great captain in these new intellectual voyages of discovery.

44. Karl's Calculus Tutor - Box 5.3b Solving A Quartic (4th Degree) Polynomial Four centuries before European mathematicians solved the problems of the cubic and quartic equations, Indian mathematician and astronomer, Bhaskara, had solved these problems. http://www.karlscalculus.org/quartic.html

Box 5.3b: Solving a Quartic (4th degree) Polynomial © 1999 by Karl Hahn How Ferrari Did It Four centuries before European mathematicians solved the problems of the cubic and quartic equations, Indian mathematician and astronomer, Bhaskara , had solved these problems. You can see a biography of Bhaskara by clicking here The information on this page is now available in pdf format. Click here to get document ( pdf viewer required. There are also pdf converters available online if you need to have any pdf document in another format.) Only once in my life have I actually found use of the quartic formula. But seeing how to develop a solution to the general quartic is much more interesting than the formula itself, which is what I will do here. Once again, this is optional material , placed here for those who have both a curious mind and the extra time needed to spend on topics that won't be on the exam. To be honest, I don't think I could have come up with a solution to the quartic on my own even if I had studied the problem for years. What I will do here is reconstruct, as best I can, Ferrari's thinking when he discovered the solution. The general quartic equation is x + px + qx + rx + s = eq. 5.3b-1

45. European Mathematical Society Awards The EMS holds its congress every four years and, at that time, awards 10 prizes intended to encourage young European mathematicians. http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/en/pres/compress/mathsawards.html

Press release The European Mathematical Society Awards Five Prizes to CNRS Researchers Paris, July 19, 2000 At its congress held from July 10 to 14, 2000 in Barcelona (Spain), the European Mathematical Society awarded prizes to 10 young European mathematicians under age 32. These prizes reward research work that is particularly promising. Five of the prize winners work in joint CNRS/ third party research laboratories. This international recognition corroborates the CNRS policy of recruiting and training young researchers in the field of mathematics. The prize winners from the CNRS: - Raphaël CERF (probabilities), chargé de recherche at CNRS, "Laboratoire de mathématiques d’Orsay" [Orsay Mathematics Laboratory] (CNRS – Université de Paris 11, Orsay) - Emmanuel GRENIER (partial derivative equations and fluid mechanics), university professor, "Unité de mathématiques pures et appliquées de l’ENS de Lyon" [Pure and Applied Mathematics Unit of the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon] (CNRS – Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, Lyon) - Vincent LAFFORGUE (operator algebra), chargé de recherche at CNRS, "Institut de mathématiques" [Institute of Mathematics] (CNRS – Université de Paris 6 – Université de Paris 7, Paris)

46. EMS Summer Schools The European Mathematical Society organises Summer Schools each year. With this activity the EMS wants to encourage young European mathematicians to meet and study...... http://www.emis.de/etc/ems-summer-schools.html

Summer Schools of the (for EMS Joint Mathematical Weekends, please follow the link EMS Joint Mathematical Weekends Description EMS Summer Schools and Conferences in pure and applied mathematics - Second series (2006-2008) List of the EMS Summer Schools 2008 ... The EMS Summer Schools 1998-2007 Description: The European Mathematical Society organises Summer Schools each year. With this activity the EMS wants to encourage young European mathematicians to meet and study together current developments in Mathematics and its applications. EMS Summer Schools and Conferences in pure and applied mathematics - Second series The EMS is happy to announce that its second series of Summer Schools and Conferences in pure and applied Mathematics will be funded as a series of Marie Curie Conferences and Training Course , under EU Contract MSCF-CT-2005-029473. This means in particular that support for travel and living expenses will be available for a substantial number of participants in three categories of eligible researchers: Early stage researchers, with up to four years research experience, computed as full time years of research work after completion of the diploma giving access to a Ph.D. programme. These researchers could be of any nationality. Typically, Ph. D. students enter in this category.

47. Facts About India He discovered this in the sixth century long before European mathematicians. Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India. Quadratic equations were made by Sridharacharya in http://www.cgisf.org/cultural/facts.html

FACTS ABOUT INDIA Source: One India One People, Issue of May, 2000, Page 53. India invented the number system. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta The world's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the fourth century BC was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education. Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans. Charaka, the father of medicine consolidated Ayurveda 2,500 years ago. Today Ayurveda is fast gaining its rightful place in our civilization. The art of navigation was developed in the river Sindh 6,000 years ago, The very word navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word navgatih . The word navy is also derived from Sanskrit nou Bhaskaracharya who calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun hundreds of years before astronomer Smart, found in the fifth century, that it took 365.258756484 days. The value of "Pi" was first calculated by Budhayana before Pythagoras. He discovered this in the sixth century long before European mathematicians. Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India. Quadratic equations were made by Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 1,053,91 to the power of 53 with specific names as early as 5,000 BC during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest used number is Tera 1,012,910 to the power,of 12.

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