1. Blaise Pascal biography of Blaise Pascal Achievement. Invented one of the first mechanical calculators the pascaline http://www.thocp.net/biographies/pascal_blaise.html

Blaise Pascal June 19, 1623 Clermont August 19, 1662 Paris Related Articles Related Resources Gordon Moore Related Topics Principal papers Les Pensées Letter to the Chancelor Hardware the pascaline Software See Also descartes Keywords pensees, pascaline Achievement Invented one of the first mechanical calculators: the pascaline Biography Among the contemporaries of Descartes none displayed greater natural genius than Pascal, but his mathematical reputation rests more on what he might have done than on what he actually effected, as during a considerable part of his life he deemed it his duty to devote his whole time to religious exercises. His father, struck by this display of ability, gave him a copy of Euclid's Elements, a book which Pascal read with avidity and soon mastered. Before Pascal turned 13 he had proven the 32-nd proposition of Euclid and discovered an error in Rene Descartes geometry. At 16, Pascal began preparing to write a study of the entire field of mathematics, but his father required his time to hand total long columns of numbers. Pascal began designing a calculating machine, which he finally perfected when he was thirty, the pascaline , a beautiful handcrafted box about fourteen by five by three inches. The first accurate mechanical calculator was born. The Pacaline was not a commercial success in Pascal's lifetime; it could do the work of six accountants and people feared it would create unemployment.

2. Inventor Blaise Pascal Biography (URL www.thocp.net/biographies/pascal_blaise.html) The Calculators Museum The Museum of HP Calculators displays and describes HewlettPackard calculators introduced from http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/pascal.htm

Fascinating facts about Blaise Pascal inventor of a mechanical adding machine in 1642. Blaise Pascal Inventor: Blaise Pascal Criteria: First to invent. First practical. Birth: June 19, 1623 in Clermont-Ferrand, France Death: August 19, 1662 in Paris, France Nationality: French Blaise Pascal, French philosopher, mathematician, and physicist, considered one of the great minds in Western intellectual history. Inventor of the first mechanical adding machine. Blaise Pascal was born in Clermont-Ferrand on June 19, 1623, and his family settled in Paris in 1629. Under the tutelage of his father, Pascal soon proved himself a mathematical prodigy, and at the age of 16 he formulated one of the basic theorems of projective geometry, known as Pascal's theorem and described in his Essai pour les coniques (Essay on Conics, 1639). In 1642 he invented the first mechanical adding machine. Pascal proved by experimentation in 1648 that the level of the mercury column in a barometer is determined by an increase or decrease in the surrounding atmospheric pressure rather than by a vacuum, as previously believed. This discovery verified the hypothesis of the Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli concerning the effect of atmospheric pressure on the equilibrium of liquids. Six years later, in conjunction with the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat, Pascal formulated the mathematical theory of probability, which has become important in such fields as actuarial, mathematical, and social statistics and as a fundamental element in the calculations of modern theoretical physics.

3. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Blaise Pascal Biographical entry. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11511a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... P > Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal Born at Clermont-Ferrand , 19 June 1623; died in Paris , 19 August 1662. He was the son of Etienne Pascal, advocate at the court of Aids of Clermont , and of Antoinette . His father, a man of fortune, went with his children (1631) to live in Paris . He taught his son grammar, Latin Spanish , and mathematics, all according to an original method. In his twelfth year Blaise composed a treatise on the communication of sounds; at sixteen another treatise, on conic sections. In 1639 he went to Rouen with his father , who had been appointed intendant of Normandy , and, to assist his father in his calculations, he invented the arithmetical machine. He repeated Torricelli's vacuum experiments and demonstrated, against Abel Lefranc "Revue Bleue", 1906; Strowski, "Pascal", Paris, 1908). He published works on the arithmetical triangle, on wagers and the theory of probabilities, and on the roulette or cycloid Meanwhile, in 1646, he had been won over to Jansenism , and induced his family , especially his sister Jacqueline , to follow in the same direction. In 1650, after a sojourn in

4. Blaise Pascal - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Blaise Pascal; Blaise Pascal Full name Blaise Pascal Born June 19, 1623 (162306-19) Clermont-Ferrand, France Died August 19, 1662 (aged 39) Paris, France http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal

Blaise Pascal From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal Full name Blaise Pascal Born June 19, 1623 Clermont-Ferrand France Died August 19, 1662 Paris France Era 17th-century philosophy Region Western Philosophy School Continental Philosophy , precursor to existentialism Main interests Theology Mathematics Notable ideas Pascal's Wager Pascal's triangle Pascal's law Pascal's theorem Influenced by Michel de Montaigne Blaise Pascal [blɛz paskal] ; June 19, 1623 – August 19, 1662), was a French mathematician physicist inventor ... writer and Catholic philosopher . He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a Tax Collector in Rouen . Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids , and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli . Pascal also wrote in defense of the scientific method In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines, and after three years of effort and 50 prototypes he invented the mechanical calculator He built twenty of these machines (called the Pascaline ) in the following ten years.

5. Blaise Pascal: Biography From Answers.com Pascal, Blaise (162362). One of the greatest advocates of Christian ideas, Pascal also displayed outstanding gifts as a mathematician, a scientist, a controversialist, and a http://www.answers.com/topic/blaise-pascal

var isReferenceAnswers = true; BodyLoad('s'); On this page Library Animal Life Health History, Politics, Society ... Technology Blaise Pascal Who2 Biography: Blaise Pascal Mathematician/Philosopher Home Library Miscellaneous Who2 Biographies ... Source Born: 19 June 1623 Birthplace: Clermont-Ferrand, France Died: 19 August 1662 Best Known As: 17th century mathematical genius A prodigy in math, Blaise Pascal was a contemporary and rival of . In spite of years of ill health and a short life, Pascal accomplished quite a bit: he published a significant work on the geometry of conical sections when he was only sixteen; he invented a calculating machine by the time he was nineteen; he and Pierre de Fermat founded the modern theory of probability; he described the principle that is the basis for the hydraulic press (called Pascal's Law); and he proved that there was a vacuum above the atmosphere. Pascal had a religious conversion in the 1650s and devoted himself to religion instead of science. He is famous for the philosophical theorem known as Pascal's Wager, and for the remark that history would have been different had Cleopatra 's nose been differently shaped.

6. DISF - Dizionario Interdisciplinare Di Scienza E Fede | Pascal Una scheda biografica redatta da Bernard Tommaso Vinaty. http://www.disf.org/Voci/156.asp

Chi Siamo Home Dizionario Pascal Pascal, Blaise (1623 - 1662) Bernard Tommaso Vinaty Fides et ratio, 13, 76. I. La vita e le opere 1. Gli anni giovanili e i primi interessi scientifici Accademia Parisiensis Elementi di Euclide, anche se ciò non significa che egli avesse dimostrato tutte le proposizioni precedenti. Il suo vero maestro di geometria fu Gaspard Desargues (1592-1662), al quale Etienne Pascal era particolarmente legato; architetto, Desargues ebbe il pregio di rifondare la geometria della prospettiva e delle sezioni coniche. A diciassette anni, Blaise pubblicò per via di affissione nella capitale un Breve saggio sulle coniche infra Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655), Gilles Personne de Roberval (1602-1675). Nello stesso periodo, Pascal lesse le principali opere di René Descartes (1596-1650). Secondo una felice espressione di Henri Gouhier, egli fu un anticartesiano nutrito di cartesianesimo. Augustinus . Alla prima conversione legata a questo risveglio spirituale risale la conoscenza da parte di Pascal delle opere di s. Agostino, una conoscenza che nel tempo andrà sempre più espandendosi.

7. Pascal, Blaise [1623-1662]: Free Web Books, Online Biographical note. French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a civil servant. http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/pascal/blaise/

The University of Adelaide Library eBooks Help ... Contact us Blaise Pascal, 1623-1662 Biographical note French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a civil servant. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the construction of mechanical calculators, the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defense of the scientific method. Pascal was a mathematician of the first order. He helped create two major new areas of research. He wrote a significant treatise on the subject of projective geometry at the age of sixteen, and later corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. Following Galileo and Torricelli, in 1646 he refuted Aristotle's followers who insisted that nature abhors a vacuum. His results caused many disputes before being accepted. In 1646, he and his sister Jacqueline converted to Jansenism. His father died in 1651. Following a mystical experience in late 1654, he had his "second conversion", abandoned his scientific work, and devoted himself to philosophy and theology. His two most famous works date from this period: the Lettres provinciales and the Pensées, the former set in the conflict between Jansenists and Jesuits. In this year, he also wrote an important treatise on the arithmetic of triangles. Between 1658 and 1659 he wrote on the cycloid and its use in calculating the volume of solids.

8. Pascal Summary An overview and selection of links. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Pascal.html

9. Pascal, Blaise - Hutchinson Encyclopedia Article About Pascal, Blaise Pascal, Blaise (1623–1662) French philosopher and mathematician. He contributed to the development of hydraulics, calculus, and the mathematical theory of probability. http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Pascal, Blaise

10. Pascal, Blaise Encyclopedia Topics | Reference.com Copy paste this link to your blog or website to reference this page http://www.reference.com/browse/Pascal, Blaise

11. Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662) Detailed biography reproduced from a 1908 history of mathematics. http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Pascal/RouseBall/RB_Pascal.html

Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662) From `A Short Account of the History of Mathematics' (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball. Among the contemporaries of Descartes none displayed greater natural genius than Pascal, but his mathematical reputation rests more on what he might have done than on what he actually effected, as during a considerable part of his life he deemed it his duty to devote his whole time to religious exercises. Blaise Pascal Elements , a book which Pascal read with avidity and soon mastered. In 1650, when in the midst of these researches, Pascal suddenly abandoned his favourite pursuits to study religion, or, as he says in his , ``contemplate the greatness and the misery of man''; and about the same time he persuaded the younger of his two sisters to enter the Port Royal society. His famous Provincial Letters directed against the Jesuits, and his , were written towards the close of his life, and are the first example of that finished form which is characteristic of the best French literature. The only mathematical work that he produced after retiring to Port Royal was the essay on the cycloid in 1658. He was suffering from sleeplessness and toothache when the idea occurred to him, and to his surprise his teeth immediately ceased to ache. Regarding this as a divine intimation to proceed with the problem, he worked incessantly for eight days at it, and completed a tolerably full account of the geometry of the cycloid. I now proceed to consider his mathematical works in rather greater detail.

12. Blaise Pascal — Infoplease.com Encyclopedia Pascal, Blaise. Pascal, Blaise (blez p sk l') , 1623 – 62, French scientist and religious philosopher. Studying under the direction of his father, a civil servant http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0837765.html

13. Pascal, Blaise - Geometry, Pascal’s, Pressure, Religious, Age, And Help paskahl (1623–62) French mathematician, physicist and philosopher pioneer of theory of probability. Educated by his father, Pascal showed early intellectual ability, proving one http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/7513/Pascal-Blaise.html

14. Blaise Pascal, 1623-1662 Brief biography with excerpts from Pascal s writings. http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/bpascal.html

Blaise Pascal, 1623-1662 We run carelessly to the precipice, after we have put some thing before us to prevent us seeing it. The French mathematician, theologian, physicist and man-of-letters, Blaise Pascal, was born June 19 at Clermont-Ferrand, the son of the local president of the court of exchequer. Pascal's mother died in 1630 and the family moved to Paris, where his father, a prominent mathematician, personally undertook his children's education. Unlike the famous education of John Stuart Mill, the young Pascal was not allowed to begin a subject until his father thought he could easily master it. Consequently it was discovered that the eleven year old boy had worked out for himself in secret the first twenty-three propositions of Euclid, calling straight lines "bars" and circles "rounds." At sixteen he published a paper on solid geometry which Descartes refused refused to believe was the handiwork of a youth. Father an son collaborated in experiments to confirm Torricelli's theory, unpalatable the the Schoolmen, that nature does, after all, not abhor a vacuum. These experiments, carried out by Pascal's brother-in-law, Florin Périer, consisted in carrying up the Puy de Dôme two glass tubes containing mercury, inverted in a bath of mercury and noting the fall of the mercury columns with increased altitude. Again, Descartes disbelieved the principle, which Pascal fully described in three papers on the void published in 1647, when he also patented a calculating machine, later simplified by Leibniz, which he had built to assist his father in his accounts. Pascal was also led to invent the barometer, the hydraulic press and the syringe.

15. Pascal, Blaise - Definition Of Pascal, Blaise By The Free Online Dictionary, The Pascal, Blaise 16231662. French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher who, with Pierre de Fermat, developed the mathematical theory of probability. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Pascal, Blaise

16. The Galileo Project Pascal, Blaise 1. Dates Born ClermontFerrand, 19 June 1623 Died Paris, 19 August 1662 Dateinfo Dates Certain http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/pascal_bla.html

Pascal, Blaise 1. Dates Born: Clermont-Ferrand, 19 June 1623 Died: Paris, 19 August 1662 Dateinfo: Dates Certain Lifespan: 2. Father Occupation: Government Official Pascal's ancestors were rich merchants that attained the highest ranks of the burgess class. His father, Etienne, was a royal tax officer and a member of the petit noblesse. Although there is no explicit word about the financial status of the father, that ancestry of rich merchants, together with all the circumstances of Pascal's life, seem clearly to state that he grew up in wealthy circumstances. 3. Nationality Birth: French Career: French Death: French 4. Education Schooling: No University Pascal appears to have had no formal education. As a young child his father took charge of his education. He continued his education in the salons and scientific gatherings he attended with his father as a young man in Paris. 5. Religion Affiliation: Catholic In 1646 he had his first conversion experience and was attracted to the teaching of Saint-Cyran whose views were close to Jansenism. Pascal kept his ties with the Port Royalists for the rest of his life. He even came to the aid of the Jansenists against the Jesuits. 6. Scientific Disciplines

17. Blaise Pascal From Oregon State University. Includes biographical sketch, timeline, and searchable texts of the Pensees and Provincial Letters. http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/pascal.html

BLAISE PASCAL (1623-1662) "Man is but a reed, the most feeble thing in nature, but he is a thinking reed. The entire universe need not arm itself to crush him. A vapor, a drop of water suffices to kill him. But, if the universe were to crush him, man would still be more noble than that which killed him, because he knows that he dies and the advantage which the universe has over him, the universe knows nothing of this. Pensees Pascal was a child prodigy, who was educated by his father. He was a mathematician of the first order. At 16 he wrote the Essai pour les coniques which was published in 1640. In 1642 he invented a calculating machine to help his father, who served as Royal Tax Commissioner at Rouen. Pascal is often credited with the discovery of the mathematical theory of probability, and he also made serious contributions to number theory and geometry. In 1646 Pascal learned of Toricelli's experiments with the barometer and the theory of air preassure. These experiments involved placing a tube of mercury upside down in a bowl of mercury. Pascal repeated Toricelli's experiments and did more work which led to the publication of Experiences nouvelles touchant le vide in 1647. Aristotle had argued against the atomists that nature abhors a vacume. This was a view still strongly held in the seventeenth century, even by such anti-Aristotelians as Descartes and Hobbes. In the

18. Pascal, Blaise Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623 – August 19, 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. Pascal was a child prodigy, who was educated by his father. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Blaise_Pascal

Pascal, Blaise From New World Encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Previous (Blackwell, Antoinette Brown) Next (Blank Verse) Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal Born June 19, 1623 Clermont-Ferrand, France Died August 19, 1662 Paris, France Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623 – August 19, 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher . Pascal was a child prodigy, who was educated by his father. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences, where he made important contributions to the construction of mechanical calculators and the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by expanding the work of Evangelista Torricelli . Pascal also wrote powerfully in defense of the scientific method. He was a mathematician of the first order. In mathematics, Pascal helped create two major new areas of research. He wrote a significant treatise on the subject of projective geometry at the age of sixteen and corresponded with Pierre de Fermat from 1654 on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. Following a mystical experience in late 1654, he left mathematics and physics and devoted himself to reflection and writing about philosophy and theology. His two most famous works date from this period: the

19. BIOGRAPHY: Blaise Pascal BIOGRAPHY; Blaise Pascal Pascal, Blaise (162362), French philosopher, mathematician, and physicist, considered one of the great minds in Western intellectual history. http://library.thinkquest.org/10170/voca/pascal.htm

BIOGRAPHY Blaise Pascal: Index

20. Pensees The Trotter translation of this work, presented as a single text file. http://www.class.uidaho.edu/mickelsen/texts/Pascal-pensees.txt

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