21. Occam's Razor: William Of Ockham And Scholasticism William of Ockham wasn’t the first person to use or explain this logical tool. However, it was Ockham who used it most ruthlessly and even vehemently, chiefly in reaction to http://atheism.about.com/od/criticalthinking/a/occamrazor_2.htm

zWASL=1;zGRH=1 zGCID=this.zGCID?zGCID+" test11":" test11" zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zDO=0 Home Agnosticism / Atheism Agnosticism / Atheism Search Atheism Basics Critiquing Religion Life Without Gods ... Share w(x2+zWl+'?p=1" zT="18/1[N" rel="nofollow">Print') Free Atheism Newsletter! Sign Up Discuss in my Forum William of Ockham and Scholasticism By Austin Cline , About.com Guide Filed In: Skeptics, Critical Thinking Philosophy, Philosophers zSB(3,3) (Continued from Page 1) reality rather than just a description Prev Next Suggested Reading Logical Fallacies Flaws in Reasoning and Arguments Skepticism Polls Skepticism News ... Books on Science and Skepticism Related Articles William of Ockham on the Web Book Review - How We Believe: The Search for God in an Age of Science, by M... Bulletproof Faith - An interview with Candace Chellew-Hodge Austin Cline Atheism Guide Sign up for my Newsletter My Blog My Forum if(zSbL<1)zSbL=3;zSB(2);zSbL=0 Related Searches theology and philosophy rational explanations logical tool thomas aquinas ... independent entities Explore Agnosticism / Atheism Must Reads Atheism 101: Common Questions Answered Why Not Believe? Reasons for Atheism

22. Robert Wagner - About William Of Ockham Biography of this philosopher. http://www.physik.tu-muenchen.de/~rwagner/me/ockham.html

Robert Wagner about William of Ockham William of Ockham also called W ILLIAM O CKHAM , Ockham also spelled O CCAM , byname V ENERABILIS I NCEPTOR OCTOR INVINCIBILIS c. Early life After his early training, Ockham took the traditional course of theological studies at the University of Oxford and apparently between 1317 and 1319 lectured on the Sentences Sentences (a commentary known as Ordinatio inceptor baccalaureus formatus. Ockham continued his academic career, apparently in English convents, simultaneously studying points of logic in natural philosophy and participating in theological debates. When he left his country for Avignon, Fr., in the autumn of 1324 at the pope's request, he was acquainted with a university environment shaken not only by disputes but also by the challenging of authority: that of the bishops in doctrinal matters and that of the chancellor of the university, John Lutterell, who was dismissed from his post in 1322 at the demand of the teaching staff. theologicus logicus is Luther’s term). On the one hand, with his passion for logic he insisted on evaluations that are severely rational, on distinctions between the necessary and the incidental and differentiation between evidence and degrees of probability – an insistence that places great trust in man’s natural reason and his human nature. On the other hand, as a theologian he referred to the primary importance of the God of the creed whose omnipotence determines the gratuitous salvation of men; God’s saving action consists of giving without any obligation and is already profusely demonstrated in the creation of nature. The medieval rule of economy, that "plurality should not be assumed without necessity," has come to be known as

23. William Of Ockham On The Web Useful websites about this historical figure of the Middle Ages, from your About.com Guide http://historymedren.about.com/library/who/blwwockhamweb.htm

zWASL=1;zGRH=1 zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zDO=0 Home Education Medieval History Medieval History Search Medieval History Share w(x2+zWl+'?p=1" zT="18/1[N" rel="nofollow">Print') Filed In: Medieval History William of Ockham on the Web Biographical Catholic Encyclopedia: William of Ockham Brief but thorough biography and overview of William's work by William Turner, with a few helpful hyperlinks. William of Occam A short biography by Dave Beckett of the 14th-century cleric, at the Internet Parallel Computing Archive. William of Ockham An extensive examination of William's life, writings and philosophy by Paul Vincent Spade. Philosophical Decay of Scholasticism The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: William of Ockham Fairly comprehensive biography and examination of William's writings and philosophies concerning Nominalism, the nature of God, reason and authority, Christology, and the relationship of Church and State. Natural law and will in Ockham An extensive and very esoteric excerpt from the History of Philosophy Yearbook by John Kilcullen explores Ockham's approach to natural law, God's will, and logic.

24. Ockham, William Of [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] Unsigned article which provides an overview of major concepts in Ockham. http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/ockham.htm

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C ... Z William of Ockham (1280/5-1347/9), also known as William Ockham or William of Occam, was a fourteenth-century English philosopher. Historically, Ockham has been cast as the outstanding opponent of Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274): Aquinas perfected the great “medieval synthesis” of faith and reason and was canonized by the Catholic Church; Ockham destroyed the synthesis and was condemned by the Catholic Church. Although it is true that Aquinas and Ockham disagreed on most issues, Aquinas had many other critics, and Ockham did not criticize Aquinas any more than he did others. It is fair enough, however, to say that Ockham was a major force of change at the end of the Middle Ages. He was a courageous man with an uncommonly sharp mind. His philosophy was radical in his day and continues to provide insight into current philosophical debates. Plato (437-347 B.C.E.) poses the following question: Is something good because God wills it or does God will something because it is good? Although most philosophers affirm the latter, divine command theorists affirm the former. Ockham’s divine command theory can be seen as a consequence of his metaphysical libertarianism. In political theory, Ockham advances the notion of rights, separation of church and state, and freedom of speech.

25. EpistemeLinks: Website Results For Philosopher William Of Ockham General website search results for William of Ockham including brief biographies, link resources, and more. Provided by EpistemeLinks. http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Philosophers.aspx?PhilCode=Ockh

26. Ockham, William Of [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] William of Ockham (Occam, c.1280 – c.1349) William of Ockham (1280/51347/9), also known as William Ockham or William of Occam, was a fourteenth-century http://www.iep.utm.edu/ockham/

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C ... Z William of Ockham (1280/5-1347/9), also known as William Ockham or William of Occam, was a fourteenth-century English philosopher. Historically, Ockham has been cast as the outstanding opponent of Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274): Aquinas perfected the great “medieval synthesis” of faith and reason and was canonized by the Catholic Church; Ockham destroyed the synthesis and was condemned by the Catholic Church. Although it is true that Aquinas and Ockham disagreed on most issues, Aquinas had many other critics, and Ockham did not criticize Aquinas any more than he did others. It is fair enough, however, to say that Ockham was a major force of change at the end of the Middle Ages. He was a courageous man with an uncommonly sharp mind. His philosophy was radical in his day and continues to provide insight into current philosophical debates. Plato (437-347 B.C.E.) poses the following question: Is something good because God wills it or does God will something because it is good? Although most philosophers affirm the latter, divine command theorists affirm the former. Ockham’s divine command theory can be seen as a consequence of his metaphysical libertarianism. In political theory, Ockham advances the notion of rights, separation of church and state, and freedom of speech.

27. William Of Ockham - Definition Of William Of Ockham By The Free Online Dictionar Thesaurus Legend Synonyms Related Words Antonyms. Noun 1. William of Ockham English scholastic philosopher and assumed author of Occam's Razor (1285-1349) http://www.thefreedictionary.com/William of Ockham

28. Ockham's Ethics WILLIAM OF OCKHAM (c. 1285 1347) Born in England and educated at Oxford, Ockham was the preeminent Franciscan thinker of the mid-fourteenth century. http://www.nd.edu/~afreddos/papers/ockethic.htm

WILLIAM OF OCKHAM (c. 1285 - 1347) Born in England and educated at Oxford, Ockham was the preeminent Franciscan thinker of the mid-fourteenth century. Because of his role in the bitter dispute between the Franciscans and Pope John XXII over evangelical poverty, he was excommunicated in 1328. After that he abandoned philosophy and theology proper, producing instead a series of political tracts on the ecclesiastical and secular power of the papacy. Ockham's moral doctrine has often been summarily dismissed as voluntaristic, authoritarian, fideistic, and even skeptical. Though the first two charges are at least defensible, recent work suggests that Ockham's ethical writings are more subtle and, in short, more Aristotelian than is commonly recognized. Because the relevant texts are dispersed throughout Ockham's non-political works, the recent publication of a complete critical edition of those works should spur more definitive research into his ethics. Right reason and divine commands According to Ockham, moral theory is divided into (i)

29. William Of Ockham: Biography From Answers.com Born c. 1285 Birthplace Ockham, England Died c. 1347 Best Known As Medieval thinker responsible for the principle of Ockham's Razor William of Ockham (also spelled Occam http://www.answers.com/topic/william-of-ockham

var isReferenceAnswers = true; BodyLoad('s'); On this page Library Animal Life Health History, Politics, Society ... Technology William of Ockham Who2 Biography: William of Ockham Philosopher Home Library Miscellaneous Who2 Biographies ... Source Born: c. 1285 Birthplace: Ockham, England Died: c. 1347 Best Known As: Medieval thinker responsible for the principle of Ockham's Razor William of Ockham (also spelled Occam) was a 14th century English philosopher who was also a Franciscan friar. Resistant to the popular wave of Scholasticism, a philosophical position that tried to unify worldly and religious ideas, William of Ockham asserted that one could not know God through reason and rationality. His philosophy is sometimes called nominalism, and he is now most famous for only one of his many ideas, what is called the principle of Ockham's Razor (or The Law of Parsimony): that the simplest explanation to any problem is the best explanation. Because of his views challenging papal supremacy, Ockham was charged with heresy in 1324. He fled to Bavaria, where he spent the remainder of his life. Previous: Wilfred Owen (Poet / Soldier)

30. William Of Occam (or Ockham), 12851349?), known as Doctor Invincibilis (Latin, “unconquerable doctor”) and Venerabilis Inceptor (Latin, “worthy initiator”), English philosopher and http://paedpsych.jk.uni-linz.ac.at/INTERNET/ARBEITSBLAETTERORD/PHILOSOPHIEORD/Oc

William of Occam Ockham was born in Surrey, England. He entered the Franciscan order and studied and taught at the University of Oxford from 1309 to 1319. Denounced by Pope John XXII for dangerous teachings, he was held in house detention for four years (1324-28) at the papal palace in Avignon, France, while the orthodoxy of his writings was examined. Siding with the Franciscan general against the pope in a dispute over Franciscan poverty, Ockham fled to Munich in 1328 to seek the protection of Louis IV, Holy Roman emperor, who had rejected papal authority over political matters. Excommunicated by the pope, Ockham wrote against the papacy and defended the emperor until the latter's death in 1347. The philosopher died in Munich, apparently of the plague, while seeking reconciliation with Pope Clement VI. Ockham won fame as a rigorous logician who used logic to show that many beliefs of Christian philosophers (for example, that God is one, omnipotent, creator of all things; and that the human soul is immortal) could not be proved by philosophical or natural reason but only by divine revelation. His name is applied to the principle of economy in formal logic, known as Ockham's razor , which states that entities are not to be multiplied without necessity.

31. Occam's Razor - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Walter of Chatton was a contemporary of William of Ockham (1287–1347) who took exception to Ockham's razor and Ockham's use of it. In response he devised his own antirazor If http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam's_razor

Occam's razor From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Does the sun revolve around the earth? Although there will always be elaborate explanations that could allow the possibility, Occam's Razor leads us to a sun-centered model of the solar system. Occam's razor (or Ockham's razor ) is often expressed in Latin as the lex parsimoniae (translating to the law of parsimony law of economy or law of succinctness ). The principle is popularly, but incorrectly, summarized as "the simplest explanation is usually the correct one." More accurately, the principle of Occam's Razor recommends selecting the competing hypothesis that makes the fewest new assumptions (aka postulates, entities). It is also important that the two hypotheses be equal in other respects; for instance, they must both sufficiently explain available data in the first place. It is in this sense that Occam's razor is usually understood. Occam's Razor is attributed to the 14th-century English logician , theologian and Franciscan friar Father William of Ockham (de Okham) who wrote "entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity" ( entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem ). This is also phrased as

32. History Of Occam's Razor History of Occam's Razor. William of Ockham (also spelled Occam) was a Franciscan theologian born in Surrey, England, around 1285. He studied at Oxford and later at Paris. http://cgm.cs.mcgill.ca/~soss/cs644/projects/jacob/history.html

History of Occam's Razor William of Ockham (also spelled Occam) was a Franciscan theologian born in Surrey, England, around 1285. He studied at Oxford and later at Paris. His philosophical views made him a polemic scholar. He died in Munich, Germany, around 1349. Although the general idea of the preference for simplicity is attributed to William of Ockham, there are some precedents. Some writings by Duns Scoto, Ockham's teacher, mention similar principles. A french Dominican named Durand de Saint-Pourcain used this idea before. Even earlier, Aristotle made statements such as "nature operates in the shortest way possible", "the more limited, if adequate, is always preferable", and "if the consequences are the same it is always better to assume the more limited antecedent". In the history of Science we find the principle has often been cited to argue in favor of one theory over others. It has played an especially successful role in physics. One example is the preference for Newton's laws of motion and gravitation over Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Although both theories made essentially the same predictions about the motions of the planets, Newton's law is simpler and more general, requiring fewer assumptions, and was hence preferred. Newton's theory was later empirically confirmed when its predictions led to the discovery of the planet Neptune. An earlier application of Occam's Razor, also in astronomy, was the controversy between heliocentric and geocentric models of the solar system. Ptolemy explained the observed movement of the stars using a rather complex model with the Earth in the center, and the planets orbiting around invisible spheres which themselves were orbiting around the Earth. Aristarco of Samos in Greece, and later Copernicus, convincingly argued for a simpler model in which the sun is in the center and the planets orbit around it.

33. The Ecole Glossary Brief profile of the originator of Ockham s razor. http://www2.evansville.edu/ecoleweb/glossary/ockham.html

2007 Archive Edition - See the Archive Notice on the Project Homepage for more information. The Ecole Glossary William of Ockham A logician and proponent of nominalism, William of Ockham originated Ockham's razor, a philosophical paring tool that prefers the simplest theory that will explain the observable data. Born c. in Surrey, William was a Franciscan who taught at Oxford until the chancellor John Lutterell accused him of teaching suspect doctrine. John XXII appointed a commission which found 51 propositions questionable but which did not condemn the lecturer. William revised these, and while he was at Oxford and Avignon, he wrote commentary on the Organon of Aristotle and the Sentences of Peter Lombard. William accepted the teachings of the Spiritual Franciscans, who believe that Christ and his Apostles held all property in common and, therefore, poverty was essential to the church. John XXII did not accept these ideas, and William came to see him as a pseudo-pope. William, with two leaders of the Spiritual Franciscans, fled in to the protection of Louis of Bavaria, a papal enemy. John excommunicated William and the others. After John's death in

34. William Of Ockham (English Philosopher) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia William of Ockham (English philosopher), c. 1285Ockham, Surrey?, Eng.1347/49Munich, Bavaria now in GermanyFranciscan philosopher, theologian, and political writer, a late http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/424689/William-of-Ockham

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35. William Of Ockham Biography - Biography.com Learn about the life of William of Ockham at Biography.com. Read Biographies, watch interviews and videos. http://www.biography.com/articles/William-of-Ockham-38156

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36. Medieval Philosophy A study of Duns Scotus, William of Ockham and other fourteenth century philosophers, and of medieval elements in Descartes and other early modern philosophers. Course notes by R.J. Kilcullen. http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/Ockham/medph.html

Teaching Materials on Medieval Philosophy John Kilcullen For my homepage, go to Politics, Philosophy and Medieval Studies Download 1 Download 2 Courses (no longer offered) Course description, Medieval Philosophy Course description, Later Medieval Philosophy Website for Sydney University Course The Medieval Intellectual Tradition Reading Guides These courses were taught using audio cassette tapes and printed reading books. The reading books contained photocopied extracts from translations of medieval philosophers. The idea was that the student would play the cassette, pressing the pause button from time to time to read another segment of text from the reading book. The cassettes give a detailed commentary on the text. The web pages listed below are (mostly) transcripts of the audio cassettes. Anyone wishing to use them will need to have at hand, open on the desk, the text on which the cassette comments (or some equivalent translation). The commentary is not likely to make much sense without the translations. (Some of the pages do "stand alone", but most refer to a text.) Medieval Philosophy: An Introduction Greek Philosophical Background Aristotle on the Web Macquarie Library books on Aristotle ... Reading Guide to Boethius,

37. William Of Occam Biography William of Ockham, born in the village of Ockham in Surrey (England) about 1285, was the most influential philosopher of the 14th century and a controversial theologian. http://wotug.org/parallel/www/occam/occam-bio.html

Biography William of Ockham, born in the village of Ockham in Surrey (England) about 1285, was the most influential philosopher of the 14th century and a controversial theologian. He entered the Franciscan order at an early age and took the traditional course of theological studies at Oxford. Strong opposition to his opinions from members of the theological faculty prevented him from obtaining his Master's degree. His teaching had also aroused the attention of Pope John XXII, who summoned him to the papal court in Avignion (France) in 1324. The charges against him were presented by Jogh Lutterell, the former chancellor of the university of Oxford. Ockham was never condemned, but in 1327, while residing in Avignion, he became involved in the dispute over apostolic poverty. When this controversy reached a critical stage in 1328, and the Pope was about to issue a condemnation of the position held by the Franciscans, Ockham and two other Franciscans fled from Avignion to seek the protection of Emperor Louis IV, the Bavarian. They followed the emperor to Munich (Germany) in 1330, where Ockham wrote fervently against the papacy in a series of treatises on papal power and civil sovereignty. The medieval rule of parsimony, or principle of economy, frequently used by Ockham came to be known as

38. Aus Der Summa Logicae Des William Von Ockham (ca Ausz ge aus der Summa Logicae des William von Ockham zu Intention, Universalien und Suppositionslehre. http://www.uni-rostock.de/fakult/philfak/fkw/iph/strobach/veranst/mittelalter/OC

Aus der summa logicae des William von Ockham (ca. 1286 - ca. 1350) zur Download-Version SL I,12: Erste und zweite Intention [Intentionen sind allgemein mentale Termini mit Zeichencharakter] (3) Aber was ist dieses Etwas in der Seele, welches ein derartiges Zeichen ist? SL I, 14: In welchem Sinne "Universalien" allgemein und in welchem Sinne sie Einzelnes sind erste Anders SL I,15: Das Universale ist kein extramentales Ding SL I,33: The Meaning of Meaning ["Bedeuten" ist doppeldeutig] (2) Denn auf eine (5) Anders [Es gibt Dinge und "Akzidentien" (ja, die auch!)] (6) [...] es gibt keine anderen Dinge als Substanzen und Akzidenzien; aber sowohl Substanz als auch Akzidens sind Seiende an sich. [...] [Grobe Charakterisierung] SL I,64: Die Arten der Supposition 1. Die suppositio personalis 2. Die suppositio simplex 3. Die suppositio materialis Klarstellungen SL I,5: (4) Es gibt nun drei Unterarten oder Unterschiede [abstrakter] Namen. Der erste SL II,2: [Nieder mit dem platonisch-aristotelischen Jargon!]

39. Philosophy Professor | William Of Ockham William of Ockham. http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/william-of-ockham.php

@import url(http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/side/cssphp.css); HOME Philosophies Philosophers Library ... Some Rights Reserved . Designated trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners. By accessing this site or its contents you agree to the below terms. SITE MAP William of Ockham Ideas - Nominalism rejects the view that there are universals (essences) in things; it emphasizes the experienced world of contingent beings. - The name used for a thing does not capture the essence of the thing, but is simply a conventional sign used to refer to the thing. - Logic seeks to organize and clarify human thought. - Intuitive cognition is a certain grasp by sense and judgment of any particular being, while abstractive cognition based on intuitive cognition organizes many similar things under universal terms (names). - Ockham's razor is the principle of economy in theorizing; it calls for the least number of assumptions in the construction of an explanation. - God is known by faith in his revelation, not by reason examining his creation. - Creation and salvation are the manifestations of the divine will that call each person to a covenant partnership.

40. William Of Ockham William of Ockham. Born c. 1285 Birthplace Ockham, Surrey, England Died 9Apr-1348 Location of death Munich, Germany Cause of death unspecified. Gender Male http://www.nndb.com/people/399/000095114/

This is a beta version of NNDB Search: All Names Living people Dead people Band Names Book Titles Movie Titles Full Text for William of Ockham Born: c. 1285 Birthplace: Ockham, Surrey, England Died: 9-Apr Location of death: Munich, Germany Cause of death: unspecified Gender: Male Religion: Roman Catholic Race or Ethnicity: White Occupation: Philosopher Nationality: England Executive summary: Occam's Razor William of Ockham (or Occam), English schoolman, known as Doctor invincibilis and Venerabilis inceptor , was born in the village of Ockham, Surrey, towards the end of the 13th century. Unattested tradition says that the Franciscans persuaded him while yet a boy to enter their order, sent him to Merton College, Oxford, and to Paris, where he was first the pupil, afterwards the successful rival, of John Duns Scotus . He probably left France about 1314, and there are obscure traces of his presence in Germany, in Italy, and in England during the following seven years. It has generally been held that in 1322 he appeared as the provincial of England at the celebrated assembly of the Franciscan order at Perugia, and that there he headed the revolt of the Franciscans against Pope John XXII ; but, according to Little (

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