61. Archaeoastronomy Definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta Encarta World English Dictionary North American Edition (P)2009 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Developed for Microsoft by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861586595/archaeoastronomy.html

62. Astronomy: Archaeoastronomy - CliffsNotes archaeoastronomy is the study of ancient (pretechnological) humankind's awareness of celestial phenomena and its influence on their societies. A number of these http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Archaeoastronomy.topicArticleId-23583,art

CliffsNotes - The Fastest Way to Learn My Cart My Account Help Home ... Astronomy Archaeoastronomy A Brief History of Astronomy Astronomy Defined Archaeoastronomy Greek Astronomy Foundations of Modern Astronomy The Science of Astronomy The Scientific Method Measurement Methods Basic Physics Electromagnetic Radiation (Light) Observing the Sky Telescopes and Observatories The Solar System Introduction to the Solar System Origin and Evolution of the Solar System Comparative Planetology: Terrestrials Comparative Planetology: Gas Giants ... Other Planetary Systems Earth and its Moon Properties of Earth and the Moon Interior Structure: Core, Mantle, Crust The Age of Earth Tidal Forces Other Planets of the Solar System Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter ... Pluto The Sun, a Representative Star

63. Cloudbait Observatory Archaeoastronomy - Egypt archaeoastronomy Egypt I had the pleasure of speaking at the 2004 annual conference of the American Research Center in Egypt in Tucson, April 17, 2004. http://www.cloudbait.com/archaeo/egypt.html

Archaeoastronomy - Egypt I had the pleasure of speaking at the 2004 annual conference of the American Research Center in Egypt in Tucson, April 17, 2004. I discussed the relative lack of attention that archaeoastronomy receives in Egyptian studies. There was an entire session this year dedicated to archaeoastronomy- a very positive sign. You can read my paper here , or download a PDF version Pyramid of Menkaure. The ceiling of the tomb of Ramesses VI (1143-1136 BCE). The ceiling depicts Nut, the Egyptian goddess of the sky. The path of the sun through the day and night skies is depicted, seen as the red disk born from Nut's loins and traveling along the length of her body (to the left of the picture) to be swallowed in the evening . The empty solar barque returns beneath her body (to the right of the picture) at night to begin the cycle again the next morning. The ancient Egyptians had a well developed understanding of the movement to the stars, which they used to create several accurate calendar systems. Astronomy was a means to an end: the prediction of the annual flooding of the Nile, and numerous astrological indicators depended upon accurate knowledge of the skies. No real science of astronomy existed then as we would now recognize it.

64. Archaeo-astronomical Hypotheses On Some Ligurian Engravings Study of rupestral engravings in Italy. http://www.archaeoastronomy.it/archaeo-astronomical_hypotheses_on_some_ligurian_

65. The Cosmic Mirror # 243 A description of the Sky Disc of Nebra from The Cosmic Mirror 243 http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~dfischer/mirror/243.html

The Cosmic Mirror By Daniel Fischer Every page present in Europe U.S. Archive Index ... The latest issue! Also check out Space Today Spacef. Now SpaceRef A German companion - only available here! Current mission news MGS latest pictures! Cassini Stardust Amateur rocket explodes instead of reaching space Another attempt by space enthusiasts to reach space with a homebuilt rocket has failed on Sept. 19 when the Primera of the Civilian Space eXploration Team (CSXT) exploded shortly after liftoff: CNN Space.com Homepage , previews by CNN SC Update # 243 of Saturday, October 5, 2002 Sky Disk mysteries unravel / Meteorite shocker / Exoplanet preferences / VLTI gets all 4 UTs to interfere / CMBR polarization detected Much more has been learned about the mysterious bronze (age) disk unearthed in Germany (see Update # 236 The meaning of the two largest objects is uncertain: the Sun and the Moon or rather the Full Moon and a lunar crescent - or even phases of a lunar eclipse? Astronomers favor the latter view: It probably would have been too big an act of abstract thinking for our bronze age artist to visualize the Sun in a sky full of stars. Seven of those stars form a tight pattern, the only one on the whole disk. While this could equally well mean the Plejades and the Praesepe star cluster or the small constellation Delphinus, preference is given to the Plejades: In contrast to the other interpretations this asterism plays a significant role in ancient texts.

66. BBC - Radio 4 - The Material World 1/5/2003 BBC Radio 4 interview on the methodology of archaeoastronomy with Prof. Clive Ruggles and Dr. Frank Prendergast. Requires Real Player. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/thematerialworld_20030501.shtml

@import '/includes/bbcpage/v3-3/toolbar.css'; Skip to main content Text only version of this page Access keys help Home Explore the BBC Accessibility help Text only BBC Homepage ... Radio 4 PROGRAMME FINDER: Programmes Podcasts Schedule Presenters PROGRAMME GENRES: News Drama Comedy Science ... Contact Us Like this page? Send it to a friend! THE MATERIAL WORLD MISSED A PROGRAMME? Go to the Listen Again page PROGRAMME INFO Thursday 16:30-17:00 Quentin Cooper reports on developments across the sciences. Each week scientists describe their work, conveying the excitement they feel for their research projects. material.world@bbc.co.uk LISTEN AGAIN 30 min Listen to 1 May PRESENTER QUENTIN COOPER "For me science isn't a subject, it's a perspective. There are fascinating scientific aspects to everything from ancient history to the latest gadgets, outer space to interior decorating; and each week on The Material World we try to reflect the excitement, ideas, uncertainties, collisions and collaborations as science continues its never-ending voyage into the unknown". Quentin Cooper BIOGRAPHY INTERVIEW PROGRAMME DETAILS Thursday 1 May 2003 Archaeoastronomy Archaeoastronomy is the study of the astronomical practices, celestial lore, mythologies, religions and world-views of all ancient cultures. By examining the relationship between the landscape, the monuments and astronomy, we can complement existing archaeological knowledge and hopefully gain insight into how prehistoric communities might have perceived their place in the cosmos. Stonehenge is one of the most famous sites that lends itself to archaeoastronomy and is also steeped in folklore.

67. Archaeoastronomy.com Presents The Pathfinder Observe video of light/shadow interplay on 1,000+ year old rock art marking equinox sunrise at a remote, newly discovered Colorado site. http://archaeoastronomy.com/pathfinder.html

68. ECUIP : The Digital Library : Science : Cultural Astronomy A multimedia introduction to archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy suitable for K-12 teachers and students. Part of the University of Chicago s Digital Library. http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/

Science Select eCUIP section... DIGITAL LIBRARY Subject Collections: Special Collections: CLASSROOM TEACHER'S LAB INFORMATION CENTER eCUIP HOME credits Throughout human history people of all cultures have looked to the sky to improve their daily lives. People have used the sky to help them gather food, hunt game, plant and harvest food, tell time, navigate while traveling, plan cities, make myths and folklore, develop religions, write literature, and produce art. This module explores the cultures that have observed the heavens, the phenomena they observed, and the ways they incorporated their observations of the sky into their daily lives Table of Contents Cultures Learn about the people who have used astronomical phenomena to improve their daily lives. Phenomena Observe the sky and identify different astronomical phenomena. Cultural Expressions Use the sky to plant and harvest food, tell time, find your way and more. Lessons Classroom exercises that help students understand astronomical phenomena. Multimedia Gallery Interactive lessons give you a more in depth look at astronomy.

69. William Calvin's HOW THE SHAMAN STOLE THE MOON (Bantam 1991) An archaeoastronomy book by William H. Calvin of the University of Washington. The book, which describes a dozen ways of predicting eclipses, can be purchased or downloaded for personal reading at no charge. http://www.williamcalvin.com/bk6/

Home Page The Bookshelf March 2001 Available in an Authors Guild reprint edition through amazon .com and other booksellers. Also in German translation. A book by William H. Calvin UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98195-1800 USA H ow the S haman S tole the M oon (Bantam 1991) is my archaeoastronomy book, a dozen ways of predicting eclipses those paleolithic strategies for winning fame and fortune by convincing people that you're (ahem) on speaking terms with whoever runs the heavens. In 1997 I added a surveying method for long north-south meridian lines, " Leapfrogging Gnomons. How the Shaman Stole the Moon William H. Calvin You may download this for personal reading but may not redistribute or archive without permission (exception: teachers should feel free to print out a chapter and photocopy it for students). Illustrations by Malcolm Wells, a Brewster-Massachusetts architect who writes and publishes books on earth-covered structures. Table of Contents Preface xi Christopher Columbus, Master Magician How Does Stonehenge Work? ... End Notes If there is no translation for your language, complain at a relevant publisher and point them toward my literary agent: Brockman, Inc., 5 East 59th Street, New York NY 10022 USA.

70. Mesoamerican Archaeoastronomy A review of prehispanic astronomic knowledge numeration, calendars, dates, stelae, codices and architecture. Extensive bibliography http://www.jqjacobs.net/mesoamerica/meso_astro.html

Mesoamerican Archaeoastronomy A Review of Contemporary Understandings of Prehispanic Astronomic Knowledge. Numeration Calendars Dates Stelae ... Appenda The Mesoamerican civilizations constructed numerous administrative and ceremonial centers and erected numerous monuments. These reflect astronomic knowledge and expertise in numeration and calendrics. This paper is an inquiry into the present level of knowledge of astronomy in prehistoric Mesoamerica and the level of prehistoric astronomic knowledge. Information comes from architectural relationships, stone monuments, codices and ethnohistorical manuscripts. The primary sources are the inscribed stone monuments and, in particular, the Dresden Codex. Ethnohistorical sources furnished useful keys for deciphering primary sources. Early Discoveries Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan . Landa provided drawings with the corresponding month names, and presented the four glyphs that fall on the initial days of the months, the year bearers. He also provided a calendar with European months correlated with the Native calendar, the names of calendar cycles, and some other hieroglyphic symbols related to European alphabetic signs (Leon, 1994). This information led to understanding the sequence to read the glyphs and the decipherment of the Long Count notation. Brasseur de Bourbourg also identified the sun or kin glyph, the glyph associated with the day.

71. Irakli Simonia Provides biographical information, research interests in astrophysics, cultural astronomy and archaeoastronomy and selected publications. http://www.astronomicalresearch.com/

Prof. Irakli Simonia General Information Research The List of Selected Publications Contact address

72. Www.sundial.thai-isan-lao.com Determination of the orientation of ancient Khmer temples based on solar observations. Presents the data for several sites. http://www.sundial.thai-isan-lao.com/

Sundial, calendar Khmer temples 1: The Indian Circle An ancient method for determining true east. Prasat Phanom Rung General information Annual festivities Determination of true north Two methods determining true north. Articles in the Bangkok Post: New light on an ancient site (March 2000). Celestial romp! (March 2007). The Lunar Eclipse, March 2007 A modern Solar House The author's office with embedded calendric aspects. Articles in the Muang Boran Journal: The Sun, the Moon, and Rahu at Prasat Phanom Rung coming : All other pages on sundial and experimental astroarchaeology are down being updated coming Sunrises and sunsets at Prasat Phanom Rung in The jungle temple: A Khmer temple in no-man's land on the Thai-Cambodian border Ta Khwai 2004 explorations Article The Cultural Route from Angkor in Cambodia to Phimai in Thailand: The Dharmasala Route Prasat Sdok Kok Thom An ancient Khmer temple orientated towards true east General information Prasat Preah Vihear / Phra Vihan An ancient Khmer temple orientated towards true north Preah Vihear Banteay Srey: Banteay Srey art Prasat Phu Phek: Field research and measurements at a mountain-temple in Sakon Nakon.

73. Shaw Butte This site makes extensive use of Quicktime to describe and demonstrate the workings of an Hohokam observatory. http://www.amug.org/~sbplum/Shawindex.html

Notes on the Shaw Butte Hilltop Archaeological Site On a barren hilltop in the Phoenix Mountains of Arizona, ancient Hohokam built a monument to their gods, the seasons and their own intelligence. The stone walled oval with its mysterious petroglyphs and purposeful architecture is but a hint of the of the intelligence of these people. Hidden within the nearby rocks is a shelter built of stone. These stones, the sun and probably the moon, act as a calendar marking the seasons as beams of light move to and fro across the stone and dirt floor. The construction of the shelter allows light to shine into it from various holes left in the roof. The light patterns undergo changes throughout the year. Light spots appear and disappear, wax and wane, as the year progresses from summer through winter solstice and back again to summer. The cycles of appearance, and change, seem to occur in multiples of 28 days with some full cycles lasting 56 days. Click on the opening notebook picture to your right to start your discovery process. In the notebook, the left hand column is an index of the seasons. Clicking on a season will take you to an explanation of how the season was marked. Links within the text will show videos and pictures in the center.

74. Aboriginal (Native American) Star Knowledge: Menu Native American Astronomy, with a focus on Lakota star knowledge. http://www.kstrom.net/isk/stars/starmenu.html

A BORIGINAL S TAR K NOWLEDGE N ative A merican A stronomy Jump to Page Buttons San Francisco Exploratorium 10 Coolest Sites for July, 1996. Astronomy got special mention. The whole Exploratorium is cool for neat interactive science exhibits anytime MIT Astronomy Education resources Native Astronomy, Site of the Day Shop at our online poster store! We have selected a great group of posters with images from the Hubble Space telescope, Deep Sky images, the Earth from Space, the Solar System, and Men in Space. Take a look and decorate your room, or find a great gift here. A BORIGINAL S TAR K NOWLEDGE M ENU If you get lost or return in other sessions at the bottom of each page is a button to return to this menu. A stronomy Magazine Almanac : Current month night sky constellations at early evening. Good moon phases diagram if you click on Sky Events at the bottom of the almanac page. L akota Stellar Theology : "As above, so below" spiritual philosophy that unifies Lakota star knowledge a book that puts together star knowledge gathered from elders over many years. You can get from Sinte Gleshka Rosebud Reservation Lakota University L akota sacred star map , and Earth mirror sacred map in Black Hills of star-timed ceremonial round A rvol Looking Horse Announces Worldwide June 21 Prayer Ceremony, date based on Star Knowledge

75. Southern Stars Aboriginal Astronomy Evidence of highly complex astronomy within Australian Aboriginal society. http://library.thinkquest.org/C005462

Best viewed with 800 x 600 resolution Text Only Version

76. Carving The Cosmos Astronomical analysis of petroglyphs on sandstone panels, Arizona. http://www.viewzone.com/carving_cosmos.html

77. Lakota Astronomy Well referenced article by Steven Mizrach upon astronomy as practiced by the Lakota. http://www.fiu.edu/~mizrachs/lakota.htm

LAKOTA ETHNOASTRONOMY by Steven Mizrach Introduction Although there has been much written about Plains Indian ethnoastronomy, a large amount of that literature has focused on the Caddoan ethnic/linguistic group - in particular, tribes such as the Pawnee, Arikara, and Arapaho. In this paper, I will focus on the "Sioux" Indian tribes (a misnomer), looking in particular at the astronomical practices and beliefs of the Oglala, Hunkpapu, and other Lakota bands. It can be shown that despite what some anthropologists have proclaimed about living 'timelessly', the Lakota did pay attention to the heavens, and they did have means of preserving what they observed. Sun Dance Contrary to common belief, the Plains Indian Sun Dance was neither a form of solar worship nor a ritual ordeal or sacrifice. For the Lakota, the Sun was indeed a representative of the Great Mystery (wakan tanka), and was known as a wakan akanta (superior divinity) whose name was Wi. However, the Sun Dance is not for the purposes of offering blood or anything else to the sun; and even though many people have focused on the use of hooks being driven into the flesh of the dancers or their way of dancing until exhaustion, this was not an 'ordeal' in the commonly understood sense. Instead, the "probationer" or dancer volunteered to partake in the ritual in order to help put himself and his band in harmony with the cosmos. (Lincoln, 1994.) The Lakota hold their Sun Dance very year in late July or August. It is thought that the timing of the Sun Dance had more to do with the height of the buffalo herd population at that time of the year (that was when all the nomadic hunting bands could gather in one place) than with any specific astronomical or calendrical event. A vertical connection (axis mundi) to the sun and the cosmos is necessary for the ceremony to continue, and this is symbolized by erecting a large cottonwood tree at the center of the dance ground. The tree is adorned with flags and artefacts of six colors, representing the six cardinal directions (east, west, north, south, above, below.) The dancing ground is surrounded by an arbor covered with boughs with an opening to the east, where the dancers and the Sun enter each day. (Crummett, 1993.)

78. Stones Of Wonder - Scottish Standing Stones, Stone Circles And Cairns A guide the megalithic monuments of Scotland and their astronomical alignments. Also contains illustrations, a bibliography and suggestions for the best times of year to visit. http://www.stonesofwonder.com/

Prehistoric Observatories in Scotland A Web Guidebook Robert Pollock Stones of Wonder is a Web guidebook to prehistoric monuments in Scotland (dating to the Neolithic or the Bronze Age) which have orientations to the sun, moon or stars. It gives the background to the archaeology of the sites, to archaeoastronomy and to the previous work which has been done. The main part of the guidebook is a listing of the monuments which can be visited, and the best time of year to see them and observe for yourself the sunrises, sunsets, moon rises and moon sets. The work is based on original surveys, of which full details are given. To use this guide, choose a link below. All pages on this site are now accessible from here. The monuments are grouped by their geographical area. Specially for pedants - Observe: notice or perceive something and register it as being signifiicant (New Oxford Dictionary of English) Observatory: A building or place given over to or equipped for observation of natural phenomena (Webster's third new International Dictionary) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION The Legacy - The significance of the stones to their builders Watching the sun, moon and stars

79. ASP: Indiana Jones And The Astronomers Of Yore Introduction to basic archaeoastronomical concepts with examples from across the world. http://www.astrosociety.org/education/publications/tnl/31/31.html

www.astrosociety.org/uitc No. 31 - Summer 1995 and the Astronomers of Yore Edwin C. Krupp at the Saqqara pyramids near Cairo, Egypt. Krupp has poked around nearly 600 archaeological sites throughout the world. He is director of Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles and author of several books, including In Search of Ancient Astronomies and Echoes of Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations. Photo by Robin Rector Krupp. by Louis Winkler, Pennsylvania State University Indiana Jones is a registered trademark of Lucasfilm Ltd. Archaeoastronomy, like the study of dinosaurs, reconstructs things and circumstances of the deep past. There's the intrigue of the megaliths of Stonehenge, the ancient pyramids of Egypt, the earthen figures of Britain and Peru, and the bloody rituals of the Maya. The earliest societies of the British Isles, Egypt, China, Peru, and North America all paid close attention to the skies (see figure 1 ). The ancient Maya, Romans, Christians, Jews, and Muslims all devised calendars. To make sense of these great structures and sophisticated concepts, archaeologists and astronomers have pooled their talents. They work together to understand ethnic groups over six millennia of world history. As a science, archaeoastronomy is unusual in the amount of subjectivity that it involves. Although based on astronomy and spherical geometry, interpretations of sites can vary wildly. For teachers, this is a blessing. High-school students can get involved in real problems. They can perform activities either in the classroom or field, and if funds are available, they can visit actual archaeological sites. Some of the material requires little or no mathematical manipulation; the most difficult involves simple trigonometry.

80. The SOPHIA PROJECT The Centre for the Study of Cultural Astronomy and Astrology at Bath Spa University, UK http://www.sophia-project.org.uk/

The SOPHIA PROJECT News Links The goal of the Sophia Project is to advance the scholarly study of astrology and cultural astronomy in British institutions of higher education. We seek to make it possible to study any aspect, past or present, of the heavens’ human significance – whether social, intellectual, cultural, religious or psychological – and to do so in accordance with the best academic standards. Funds for this purpose are administered by the Sophia Trust, which is advised by a steering committee comprised of trustees and elected representatives from the astrological community. Donations to the Sophia Project Donations are invited to further the work of the Sophia Project. If you would like to make a donation and would like to find out more, please contact: The Secretary, The Sophia Project, BM Sophia, London WC1N 3XX, United Kingdom Email: admin@sophia-project.org.uk Latest News Sophia Centre Annual Conference on 'Astrologies' click here for details 24-25 July 2010, at the Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institute, Bath, UK. New Initiative – Sophia Centre Press click here for details Faculty of Astrological Studies Charles Harvey Research Fund Past Conferences (2008)

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