21. Biogeography :: Laurasia And Gondwana --� Kids Encyclopedia | Online Encyclopedi biogeography, Laurasia and Gondwana By the beginning of the Jurassic period, about 200 million years ago, Pangea had begun to separate into northern (Laurasia) and southern http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/article-234479/biogeography

22. Biogeography We have referred to pattern and process throughout different sections of this course. These concepts are central to the study of biogeography which, in turn, incorporates many of http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BIO48/29.Biogeography.HTML

BIOGEOGRAPHY We have referred to pattern and process throughout different sections of this course. These concepts are central to the study of biogeography which, in turn, incorporates many of the topics in evolutionary biology. Biogeography often leads us to infer process from pattern Biogeography is the study of the distributions of organisms in space and time . It can be studied with a focus on ecological factors that shape the distribution of organisms, or with a focus on the historical factors that have shaped the current distributions. Certain regions of the world have "Mediterranean climates" where ocean current and wind patterns hit the west coast of N and S continents (Medit. region, California coast, Chile coast, SW Africa coast). Similar climate has lead to convergent , but unrelated (by definition) types of plants. To make sense of these types of ecological patterns we require a phylogenetic (historical) perspective: we need to focus on monophyletic groups The importance of a geographic scale was certainly appreciated by Darwin: the Galapagos finches were morphologically distinct and geographically distinct and there must be a connection. Moreover, the general view that speciation is a central phenomenon in evolution, and that most speciation is

23. Biogeography Lab biogeography Lab. The biogeography Lab of the Geography Department is directed by Professor Thomas T. Veblen and supports research in the http://www.colorado.edu/geography/biogeography/

Home People Projects Publications ... Contact Biogeography Lab The Biogeography Lab of the Geography Department is directed by Professor Thomas T. Veblen and supports research in the areas of forest dynamics, disturbance ecology and dendroecology. The principal facilities of the Lab include two computerized tree-ring measuring systems, field equipment and instrumentation to support research in plant ecology and dendrochronology, and basic support for GIS applications in vegetation science. Currently, the Lab supports research by two postdoctoral research associates and six graduate students, assisted by approximately five undergraduate students. News POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATE POSITION AVAILABE: Feedbacks and consequences of altered fire regimes in the face of climate and land-use change in Tasmania, New Zealand, and the western U.S. Overview More Information Home People Projects ... Contact Contact the webmaster Page last updated September 15, 2010

24. Biogeography Articles exploring physical geography, human geography, and biogeography, including surface features and cartography http://www.suite101.com/biogeography

25. Biogeography At Hawaii Forest & Trail biogeography of Hawaii. biogeography is the study of how geography affects the biological world. Geographic features play a dominant role in shaping Hawaii’s natural world and make http://www.hawaii-forest.com/natural-history/biogeography.asp

@import url("/_css/shared-b4.css"); @import url("/_css/heros-b1.css"); @import url("/_css/natural-history-b1.css"); @import url("/_css/tabber-b1.css"); Natural History Geology Biogeography Evolution Conservation Biogeography of Hawaii Biogeography is the study of how geography affects the biological world. Geographic features play a dominant role in shaping Hawaii�s natural world and make it a great place for biogeographic studies. The Hawaiian islands make up the most extensive archipelago on earth. They contain an incredible diversity of terrain, habitat, and climate zones. Because of its continuous formation over the hot spot, Hawaii represents the world�s longest timeline of island formation. Scientists �travel through time� as they study this island chain. Hawaii�s extreme isolation has been the foremost influencing factor in the unique evolution of these islands. At right is a world map with Hawaii at the center (as all maps should be.) World map Hawaii is the most isolated island group in the world. The nearest continent, North America, is over 2500 miles (4000 km) away. This extreme isolation made it difficult for plants and animals to colonize the islands. The odds of surviving the journey by air or sea is small; making it here and establishing a reproducing population is miraculous. On average, an invertebrate successfully colonized Hawaii once in every 70,000 years, a plant once in every 100,000 years, and a bird once in every million years. At right, an endangered Hawaiian Monk Seal basks on an island beach just like any other tourist.

26. Malacolog 4.1.1: Western Atlantic Mollusk Species Database At The Academy Of Nat Database for research on the systematics, biogeography and diversity of mollusks from the Western Atlantic. http://www.malacolog.org/

Malacolog Version 4.1.1 A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca Malacolog is a database for research on the systematics, biogeography and diversity of mollusks. Malacolog attempts to document all names that have ever been applied to marine mollusks in the Western Atlantic from Greenland to Antarctica. The database was described in Rosenberg, G. 1993. A database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy, biogeography and diversity, with examples from Western Atlantic marine gastropods. American Malacological Bulletin 10:257-266. Malacolog now includes all mollusks, not just gastropods. Gastropod species have the most complete coverage followed by bivalves, while polyplacophorans, aplacophorans, monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress, and cephalopods include only a small subset of names. Malacolog also includes dictionaries for gender of names , a bibliography and browse lists for families and geographic ranges , as well as search help and an information model Search Malacolog Citing Malacolog If you use data from Malacolog in a scientific paper, please use this citation:

27. Biogeography - New World Encyclopedia biogeography is the science which deals with geographic patterns of species distribution and the processes that result in such patterns. One broad pattern, for example, is that http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Biogeography

Biogeography From New World Encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Previous (Biogeochemical cycle) Next (Biological pest control) Biogeography is the science which deals with geographic patterns of species distribution and the processes that result in such patterns. One broad pattern, for example, is that the large, native mammals in Australia are all marsupials , whereas almost all large mammals on other continents are placentals (Luria et al. 1981). This is despite the fact that many of the Australian marsupials share similar ecological roles and similarities in form to various placentals. Darwin used biogeography as one of his principal proofs of the evolutionary theory of descent with modification , that organisms have descended from common ancestors, with each species arising in a single geographic location from another species that preceded it in time. Biogeography essentially examines the geographic distribution of species and the various geological, evolutionary , climatic, and ecological conditions that influenced this distribution. The patterns of species distribution can usually be explained through a combination of historical factors such as speciation, extinction , continental drift, glaciation (and associated variations in sea level, river routes, and so on), and river capture, in combination with the area and isolation of landmasses (geographic constraints) and available energy supplies.

28. Biogeography Definition Of Biogeography In The Free Online Encyclopedia. biogeography bī ō jē′ g rə fē (ecology) The science concerned with the geographical distribution of animal and plant life. biogeography http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Biogeography

29. Island Biogeography: Definition From Answers.com The distribution of plants and animals on islands. Islands harbor the greatest number of endemic species. The relative isolation of many islands has allowed populations to http://www.answers.com/topic/island-biogeography

var isReferenceAnswers = true; BodyLoad('s'); On this page Library Animal Life Health History, Politics, Society ... Technology Island biogeography Sci-Tech Encyclopedia: Island biogeography Home Library Science Sci-Tech Encyclopedia The distribution of plants and animals on islands. Islands harbor the greatest number of endemic species. The relative isolation of many islands has allowed populations to evolve in the absence of competitors and predators, leading to the evolution of unique species that can differ dramatically from their mainland ancestors. Plant species produce seeds, spores, and fruits that are carried by wind or water currents, or by the feet, feathers, and digestive tracts of birds and other animals. The dispersal of animal species is more improbable , but animals can also be carried long distances by wind and water currents, or rafted on vegetation and oceanic debris. Long-distance dispersal acts as a selective filter that determines the initial composition of an island community. Many species of continental origin may never reach islands unless humans accidentally or deliberately introduce them. Consequently, although islands harbor the greatest number of unique species, the density of species on islands (number of species per area) is typically lower than the density of species in mainland areas of comparable habitat. See also Population dispersal Once a species reaches an island and establishes a viable population, it may undergo evolutionary change because of genetic drift, climatic differences between the mainland and the island, or the absence of predators and competitors from the mainland. Consequently, body size, coloration, and

30. The Song Of The Dodo (David Quammen) - Book Review Review by Danny Yee of the book about island biogeography published in 1996. http://dannyreviews.com/h/Song_Dodo.html

Danny Yee's Book Reviews Subjects Titles Authors ... Latest The Song of the Dodo: Island Biogeography in an Age of Extinctions David Quammen Hutchinson 1996 A book review by Danny Yee Dodos and extinctions are dinner-party topics, but island biogeography sounds like the domain of academic monographs. In Song of the Dodo Quammen begins with the role biogeography played in the origins of evolutionary theory, following Alfred Russell Wallace on his expeditions around the Malay Archipelago . He then explores the "signature features" of island species and communities (such as dispersal ability, size change, and adaptive radiation), using as examples iguanas in the Galapagos, lemurs in Madagascar, Komodo dragons, and lizards on islands in the Gulf of California, among others. Turning to extinction events, he writes about some of the more famous: the dodo, the Tasmanian tiger, the passenger pigeon, the invasion of Guam by the brown tree snake, and the genocide of the Tasmanian Aborigines. Quammen next introduces the species-area relationship, with one of the few equations in the book giving the number of species as proportional to the square of the area. This is the lead in to a sympathetic and insightful sketch of the history of quantitative ecology, focused on Wilson and MacArthur and the publication of The Theory of Island Biogeography . One obvious application of biogeography is to conservation management issues, which is where Quammen turns next. He looks at both sides of the "single large or several small" debate (over the most effective sizing for nature reserves) and at attempts to decide it experimentally in the Amazonian rainforest. He also writes about the saving of the Mauritius kestrel, the conservation of muriqui monkeys in Brazil, and the effects of dam-building on the Concho water snake.

31. Biogeography biogeography. Some people think that the distribution of plants and animals is an argument in favor of evolution, but they are wrong. Before we address the merits of the http://www.scienceagainstevolution.org/v13i12f.htm

Feature Article - September 2009 by Do-While Jones Biogeography Some people think that the distribution of plants and animals is an argument in favor of evolution, but they are wrong. Before we address the merits of the biogeography argument, you should realize that the argument itself is irrelevant. The biogeography argument isn�t an argument in favor of evolution�it�s an argument against the Bible. Even if the argument is true, proving the Bible is false doesn�t prove that evolution is true. Proving the Bible is false doesn�t prove Buddhism is true. Proving something is false doesn�t prove something else is true. While we are on the subject, let us emphasize that proving evolution is false doesn�t prove the Bible is true. That�s why we never make that claim. Some people who send us hate mail incorrectly assume that we do. They ask, �If evolution isn�t true, then what is your alternative?� No Alternative We have no alternative, and we don�t need one. Let�s illustrate why not with a fictional example. Suppose you were falsely accused of killing someone in Chicago on September 18, 1990. The evidence against you is the testimony of four eye witnesses who swear they saw someone who looks exactly like you shoot the victim in cold blood at short range. In fact, you were actually in India helping Mother Teresa feed the poor that day. At the trial your attorney enters into evidence your passport, showing that you entered India on September 1, 1990, and left India on September 27, 1990. Not only that, the September 19 issue of a prominent Indian newspaper had a picture on the front page showing Mother Teresa handing out food on September 18, and you are clearly visible in the picture standing right next to her. Furthermore, the U.S. Ambassador to India testifies in court that he was with you on September 18 at the time the picture was taken.

32. CSIRO PUBLISHING - Australian Systematic Botany A journal for publication of research on taxonomy, biogeography, and evolution of all plant groups. http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/150.htm

appPath = ""; ColdFusion.Ajax.importTag('CFLAYOUT-TAB'); Books Journals Multimedia About Us ... Shopping Cart You are here: Journals Australian Systematic Botany Search All Content This Journal All Journals Other Content Advanced Search Journal Home About the Journal Editorial Board ... Print Publication Dates Early Alert Subscribe to our email Early Alert or feeds for the latest journal papers. Brunonia Brunonia , the predecessor journal to Australian Systematic Botany , is available online. Australian Systematic Botany publishes papers and critical reviews that aim to advance systematic botany and related aspects of biogeography and evolution of all plant groups. More Editor-in-Chief: Mike Bayly Published 31 August 2010 Development of reproductive structures in the sole Indian species of Hydatellaceae, Trithuria konkanensis , and its morphological differences from Australian taxa Dmitry D. Sokoloff, Margarita V. Remizowa, Shrirang R. Yadav and Paula J. Rudall Abstract Published 31 August 2010 Perssoniella and the genera of Schistochilaceae: a new classification based on molecular phylogenies Xiaolan He and David Glenny Abstract Published 31 August 2010 Phenotypic disparity and adaptive radiation in the genus Cladia (Lecanorales, Ascomycota)

33. Biogeography - Definition Of Biogeography By The Free Online Dictionary, Thesaur bi o ge og ra phy (bj-g r-f) n. The study of the geographic distribution of organisms. bi o ge og ra pher n. bi o ge o graph ic (-j-gr f k), bi o ge o graph i cal http://www.thefreedictionary.com/biogeography

34. Evolutionary Genetics Research deals with the use of phylogenies to address questions in evolutionary biology and historical biogeography. Includes people, publications, and projects. Located at the Free University of Brussels . http://www.amphibia.be/

35. Biogeography - Definition And More From The Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary Definition of word from the MerriamWebster Online Dictionary with audio pronunciations, thesaurus, Word of the Day, and word games. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biogeography

36. Natal Museum, African Invertebrates Focuses on the taxonomy, systematics, biogeography, biology, ecology, conservation and paleontology of invertebrates. http://www.africaninvertebrates.org.za

ISSN 1618-5556 NATAL MUSEUM Login Current Issue Past Issues Search Issues ... Natal Museum African Invertebrates A journal of biodiversity Volume 51, Part 1, 2010 African invertebrates was formerly Annals of the Natal Museum Topics dealt with are taxonomy, systematics, biogeography, biology, ecology and conservation Volume 51, Part 1, 2010 Celebrating the International Year of Biodiversity MOSTOVSKI, M. Revision of the larger cannibal snails (Natalina s. l.) of southern Africa - Natalina s. s., Afrorhytida and Capitina (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Rhytididae) Madagascar's living giants: discovery of five new species of endemic giant pill-millipedes from Madagascar (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida: Arthrosphaeridae: Zoosphaerium) New data on the jumping spiders of the subfamily Spartaeinae (Araneae: Salticidae) from Africa A review of Daspletis Loew, 1858 with the addition of a remarkable South African species (Diptera: Asilidae: Stenopogoninae) LONDT, J. G. H. Nymphal behaviour and lerp construction in the mopane psyllid Retroacizzia mopani (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) The genus Tachydromia Meigen (Diptera: Hybotidae) from the Afrotropics Museum collections - resources for biological monitoring WILLIAMS, K. A. XVIIth Congress of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa Natal Museum 2004 login current issue ... designed by ePages.net

37. Biogeography Summary And Analysis Summary | BookRags.com biogeography summary with 15 pages of lesson plans, quotes, chapter summaries, analysis, encyclopedia entries, essays, research information, and more. http://www.bookrags.com/Biogeography

38. CCMA: Biogeography Branch About Us The Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's mission is to assess and forecast coastal and marine ecosystem conditions through research and monitoring. http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/about/biogeography/aboutus.html

@import url(/css/fixed.css); @import url(/css/center.css); @import url(/css/custom.css); @import url(/css/print.css); Skip navigation Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment (CCMA) Science Serving Coastal Communities Home NCCOS Home Other NCCOS Centers About Us ... For Students Enter search criteria NCCOS NOAA Biogeography Home Capabilities About Us Projects by Theme ... Contacts You are here: Home Biogeography Biogeography Branch: About Us Biogeography Branch Fact Sheet The mission of the Biogeography Branch is to develop information and analytical capabilities through research, monitoring, and assessment on the distribution and ecology of living marine resources and their associated habitats for improved ecosystem management. Major theme area of study within the Biogeography Branch include: Marine spatial planning for resource assessment Marine biogeographic and ecological assessments Coral reef ecosystem monitoring Benthic habitat mapping of coastal and marine ecosystems Reef fish ecology studies Species' habitat suitability modeling using geographic information systems Designing and evaluating the efficacy of Marine Protected Areas Product dissemination, outreach and education

39. Evolution: Library: Biogeography: Polar Bears And Penguins Polar bears live in the Arctic, but not the Antarctic. For penguins, the picture is reversed. The pattern of organisms around the globe the absence of some species from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/04/1/l_041_01.html

document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js' %3E%3C/script%3E")); Biogeography: Polar Bears and Penguins Polar bears live in the Arctic, but not the Antarctic. For penguins, the picture is reversed. The pattern of organisms around the globe the absence of some species from environments that would suit them, and closer relationships between species that are geographically near each other than between species that inhabit similar environments is persuasive evidence of the evolutionary origin of biodiversity Credits: Courtesy of Animation Factory and STARLab Very Low Frequency Research Group Click for larger image Resource Type: Image Format: Graphic Topics Covered: Evidence for Evolution Backgrounder Biogeography: Polar Bears and Penguins: Darwin Wallace and the other 19th century naturalists who traveled widely were fascinated by the distribution of animals and plants in their habitats around the world. Why do the Galapagos Islands of South America and the Cape Verde Islands off Africa have strikingly different fauna and flora, despite having similar environments? Why does the Arctic have polar bears and Antarctica penguins? These patterns impressed Darwin deeply. To him, they argued that species arose in single centers by descent with modification from existing species, and that their geographic range was limited by their ability to migrate to other suitable environments.

40. Academy Library | Academy Research Subject strengths include systematics and taxonomy, evolutionary biology, biodiversity, biogeography, local and regional natural sciences and natural history. http://www.calacademy.org/research/library/

Academy Home Teachers Research Go Academy Research Departments Anthropology Aquatic Biology Botany Entomology ... Resources Library Home Staff Library Collections Electronic Resources ... Research Home Academy Library Academy Library Neanderthals and modern humans : an ecological and evolutionary perspective Clive Finlayson, 2004 A field guide to the birds of South-East Asia Craig Robson, 2008 The first humans : origin and early evolution of the genus Homo Frederick E. Grine, ed. , John G. Fleagle, ed., Richard E. Leakey, ed., 2008 Europäisches Essbesteck aus acht Jahrhunderten: Eight centuries of European knives, forks, and spoons : an art collection Klaus Marquardt, 2007 The history of ornithology Valérie Chansigaud, 2009 A photographic guide to birds of Ecuador and Galapagos Clive Byers, 2010 Human variation : from the laboratory to the field C.G. Nicholas Mascie-Taylor, ed., Akira Yasukouchi, ed., Stanley Ulijaszek, ed., 2010 close Neanderthals and modern humans : an ecological and evolutionary perspective Search the Catalog http://libcat.calacademy.org/F?RN=538366918

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