21. Wind Cave National Park - Cave Geology (U.S. National Park Service) Laying the Foundation. Wind Cave is formed in the Madison Limestone formation. Locally, the Madison formation is called Pahasapa Limestone. (Pahasapa is the Lakota word for Black http://www.nps.gov/wica/naturescience/wind-cave-geology.htm

/* Styles generated for CommonSpot elements */ Search this park Search nps.gov Site Index Frequently Asked Questions Contact Us view map text size: printer friendly Wind Cave National Park Cave Geology NPS Photo by John Tyers Brachiopod Fossils in Wind Cave Laying the Foundation Wind Cave is formed in the Madison Limestone formation. Locally, the Madison formation is called Pahasapa Limestone. (Pahasapa is the Lakota word for "Black Hills.") This limestone was deposited in a warm shallow sea about 350 million years ago and is composed mostly of fragments of calcium carbonate seashells. Coinciding with the accumulation of limestone, bodies of gypsum (calcium sulfate) crystallized from the seawater when arid conditions caused evaporation. The gypsum formed irregular shaped masses within the limestone. The gypsum masses were unstable. The size of these masses increased and decreased as they absorbed and expelled water. This caused fracturing to occur with the gypsum and in the surrounding limestone. Like thick toothpaste, some gypsum squeezed into these cracks and crystallized. At a later time, water rich in carbonate ions converted all of the gypsum to calcite (calcium carbonate). This set the stage for the cave and boxwork to form. The Cave Develops Since acid-rich water dissolves limestone, a chemical change in the groundwater had to occur for the cave to form. The oceans receded allowing fresh water into the region. As gypsum was converted to calcite, sulfur was chemically freed to form either sulfuric or sulfurous acid. These acids dissolved the limestone to form the first cave passageways approximately 320 million years ago.

22. Great Basin National Park - Cave Geology (U.S. National Park Service) NPS PHOTO Lehman Caves serves as a window into the geology of the Great Basin http://www.nps.gov/grba/planyourvisit/lehman-caves-geology.htm

/* Styles generated for CommonSpot elements */ Search this park Search nps.gov Site Index Frequently Asked Questions Contact Us view map text size: printer friendly Great Basin National Park Cave Geology NPS PHOTO Lehman Caves serves as a window into the geology of the Great Basin NPS PHOTO maci macpherson Visitors enjoying the geologic oddities of Lehman Caves The Wonder, Power, and Mystery of Caves Caves have excited and attracted people since the beginning of time. For some, the draw was a belief in the supernatural. Caves figured into the religions of many ancient cultures. The Greeks went to caves for oracles. Many Olmec sculptures depict a priest coming out of an underground void. The Lakota believe that a cave in the Black Hills may be the place of creation. Today, cavers are still drawn to the mystery. The thrill of exploration, the curiosity of the unknown, and the desire to answer the question, "where does that hole go?" continues to push cavers to explore these underground worlds. Scientists look to caves for their geologic secrets, unique forms of life, and for reserves of information about natural history. For over a hundred years, people have been going deep into Lehman Caves drawn by their curiosity, and leave in wonder of its secret mysteries. Just what is a cave? A cave is a naturally occurring underground cavity. There are many different types of caves, including solution caves, tectonic caves, boulder caves, sea caves, and lava tubes. Tectonic caves tend to be relatively small and can form in almost any type of rock that has been highly fractured. Lava tubes are the fastest forming type of cave. They form as a flow of lava is running down an inclined surface. The surface of the lava flow cools from contact with the air, and hardens to rock, while the inside keeps flowing. When the inside drains out, the result is a black tube of rock. Some caves may have ice in them seasonally, or year round. Depending on the shape of a cave and its entrance, caves can trap cold air and contain permanent ice. Lava tubes can often be cold air traps. Solution caves, such as Lehman Caves, can have a great variety of formations and passage patterns.

23. Cave Geology Cave Geology. Seas have covered parts of what is now North America for many hundreds of millions of years. To trace the ebb and flow of these seas across the central United http://jeffdurbin.org/geology.htm

Cave Geology Seas have covered parts of what is now North America for many hundreds of millions of years. To trace the ebb and flow of these seas across the central United States, or Missouri, would require some fancy computer graphics. Keep in mind that to speak of North America or Missouri around, say, 500 million years ago (early Paleozoic Era; see Figure 1 ), is to speak of places that did not exist in the shape or at the latitude and longitude they do today. To say "Missouri" in the Paleozoic Era describes a particular spot on the North American plate between 600 and 230 million years ago (mya). Nevertheless, that particular spot will undergo many changes over those 600 million years and become what we now see in Missouri. Within the Paleozoic Eraduring, more specifically, the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian periods (from about 600 to 400 mya)seas spread to the North American interior. Missouri lay east of the "Transcontinental Arch" ( ), which was to be the foundation of the continent, and which was generally dry land on the western shore of these interior seas. At times, a proto-Appalachian range formed the eastern shore. The current position of Missouri in the Mississippi River drainage is considered to be a southward extension of the Canadian Shield, but covered by sediments from these shallow inland seas. The seas came in about 520 mya, and more or less stayed around for a couple of hundred million years. It's hard to be precise: again keep in mind that sea levels, when considered over such a long stretch of geologic time, oscillated constantly. The St. Francois Mountains are remnants of a much older time of volcanism, around 2 billion years ago (bya) in the Precambrian Era. The seas left about 4000 ft. of sedimentary rock over what are now the Ozark Mountains. The Ozarks (or Ozark Dome) have been periodically uplifting over the last 300 million years.

24. NSS Bookstore Cave Science, Cave Geology, NSS Bookstore Cave Geology. The definitive new book on the subject by an internationally recognized authority on the subject. http://nssbookstore.org/index.php?mode=store&submode=showitem&itemnumber

25. Woodward Cave And Campground Cave Geology THE ORIGIN AND GEOLOGY OF CAVES . Woodward Cave is a solutional cave, formed by the removal of bedrock by circulating groundwater and by underground streams. http://www.woodwardcave.com/232308.ihtml

var sm_menuids = []; sm_menuids.push('simplemenu'); @import url("css/hacks.css"); @import url("css/event.css"); @import url("css/master.css"); @import url("css/vertical-nav.css"); Woodward Cave and Campground Route 45 Woodward Pennsylvania Upcoming Events Oct 10, 2010 - Apr 15, 2011 Closed for the Winter - Open Again in April More... Home Page Cave Tours ... Contact Us THE ORIGIN AND GEOLOGY OF CAVES Woodward Cave is a solutional cave, formed by the removal of bedrock by circulating groundwater and by underground streams. The water transports the bulk of the material out of the cave in solution (i.e., - dissolved). Most solution caves are in limestone. Karst Topography Areas with abundant limestone caverns have karst topography. The term karst describes a landscape of characteristic landforms and subsurface features produced primarily as a result of solution of the underlying bedrock. The solution process is accompanied by other processes, particularly slumping of soil and bedrock materials, transport of insoluble debris through subterranean routes, and some mechanical wasting of slopes. The most characteristic landform is the sinkhole or doline.

26. Onondaga Cave State Park - How Caves Are Formed - Missouri State Parks And Histo Department of Natural Resources, Information concerning state parks and state historic sites in Missouri. http://www.mostateparks.com/onondaga/cavesformed.htm

27. Blanchard Springs Caverns - Ozark-St. Francis National Forests OzarkSt. Francis National Forests website. Cave Geology . Millions more years passed, and the widening river eroded to a new level, deeper and deeper into the http://www.fs.fed.us/oonf/ozark/recreation/geology.html

Search Ozark-St. Francis National Forests Home Page Blanchard Springs Caverns Accessibility Directions ... Rates Blanchard Springs Caverns Cave Geology Millions more years passed, and the widening river eroded to a new level, deeper and deeper into the limestone. The surface of the land began to show signs of sinkholes, where rain water drained directly into the limestone below. The cavities formed beneath the surface in the saturated limestone joined into one continuous channel as the underground river moved sideways between the layers of rock. The water continued to seep and move through the rock, dissolving and enlarging the soon-to-be caverns. Still thousands, maybe even millions, of years later, the eroding river dropped to a new, lower level. The water drained from the underground river, leaving the cave high and dry. While another system of caves was forming at a new water level below, dripping water entering the dry rooms and passages started depositing calcium carbonate and other minerals in the form of stalactites, stalagmites, and numerous other dripstone features. The speleothems grow as long as groundwater enters the cave.

28. Geology | Mammoth Cave | Oh, Ranger! Beneath the surface of southcentral Kentucky lies a world that is virtually unparalleled. It is a labyrinth characterized by mile upon mile of dark, seemingly endless passageways. http://www.ohranger.com/mammoth-cave/geology

29. A Review By Bill Mixon, Published In The NSS News, September 2007 A Review by Bill Mixon, published in the NSS News, September 2007 Cave Geology . Arthur N. Palmer. Cave Books, Dayton, Ohio; 2007. ISBN 9780-939748-66-2. 8.5 by 11 inches, vi http://caves.org/service/Cave Geology Review.pdf

30. Chegg.com: Cave Geology By | 0939748665 | 9780939748662 Rent and Save a ton on Cave Geology by Palmer, Arthur N..ISBN 0939748665 EAN 9780939748662 http://www.chegg.com/details/cave-geology/0939748665/

mboxCreate('TT_Global_Mbox','pageName='+window.s.pageName, 'retCust=no', 'profile.retCust=no'); Sign In Rental Cart ( CHEGG.COM Rent Textbooks ... Help FIND YOUR BOOKS FIND BOOKS SEARCH TIPS x Search Tip: The best way to find your books is by searching using ISBNs. Alternatively, you can also search using book title or author's name. But better results are returned when you put in book title and one of the authors' name together. Here are some examples of good searches: Managing Human Resources George George W. Bohlander Home Science Earth Sciences Geology Cave Geology by Palmer, Arthur N. ISBN: EDITION: BINDING: PUBLISHER: Cave Books (01/01/2006) PAGES: This product is not available for purchase. RENTAL PRICE TERM Quarter Semester 60-Day Rental DUE DATE I NEED ADDITIONAL DAYS .. One moment please .. RENT IT SUMMARY Customer Service Media Center Mobile Bookstores ... Gift Certificates

31. Cave Geology | Cave Of The Winds Offers Geology Field Trips With a history of over 500 million years, our cave geology is a rich educational journey. Learn more about our geology field trips and adventures! http://www.caveofthewinds.com/GeologicalHistory.aspx

Search Contact Us Site Map Free Downloads Cave of the Winds HOME TOURS YOUR VISIT Home ... Historic Photos Cave Geology and the History of Cave of the Winds Long ago, warm shallow seas covered the Pikes Peak region of Colorado. In those ancient seas, abundant shell life thrived. As the sea creatures died, their shells fell to the sea floor and were broken up. Layer upon layer of seashells accumulated over millions of years. The weight of the overlying layers squeezed, compacted, and cemented together the underlying layers into a solid rock called limestone. The process is similar to squeezing snow into ice. The limestone in which Cave of the Winds was formed dates back almost 500 million years, deposited during the Ordovician period of Earth’s Paleozoic geological era in history. About 70 million years ago, the seas that covered most of Colorado receded and the remaining limestone was uplifted, forming part of the present Rocky Mountain region. The Cave of the Winds’ system of rooms and passages began to form approximately 7—4 million years ago, when the limestone was below the water table. Rainwater mixed with carbon dioxide and formed a weak carbonic acid. The acid solution dissolved away portions of the limestone, leaving behind small passageways that filled with water. As more limestone dissolved over thousands of years, the passageways grew larger and the rooms were formed. After the water table dropped below the level of the cave system, the passageways and rooms filled with air, and beautiful speleothems, or cave decorations, began to form.

32. Wind Cave National Park - Cave Geology (U.S. National Park Service) Laying the Foundation. Wind Cave is formed in the Madison Limestone formation. Locally, the Madison formation is called Pahasapa Limestone. (Pahasapa is the Lakota word for http://home.nps.gov/wica/naturescience/wind-cave-geology.htm

/* Styles generated for CommonSpot elements */ Search this park Search nps.gov Site Index Frequently Asked Questions Contact Us view map text size: printer friendly Wind Cave National Park Cave Geology NPS Photo by John Tyers Brachiopod Fossils in Wind Cave Laying the Foundation Wind Cave is formed in the Madison Limestone formation. Locally, the Madison formation is called Pahasapa Limestone. (Pahasapa is the Lakota word for "Black Hills.") This limestone was deposited in a warm shallow sea about 350 million years ago and is composed mostly of fragments of calcium carbonate seashells. Coinciding with the accumulation of limestone, bodies of gypsum (calcium sulfate) crystallized from the seawater when arid conditions caused evaporation. The gypsum formed irregular shaped masses within the limestone. The gypsum masses were unstable. The size of these masses increased and decreased as they absorbed and expelled water. This caused fracturing to occur with the gypsum and in the surrounding limestone. Like thick toothpaste, some gypsum squeezed into these cracks and crystallized. At a later time, water rich in carbonate ions converted all of the gypsum to calcite (calcium carbonate). This set the stage for the cave and boxwork to form. The Cave Develops Since acid-rich water dissolves limestone, a chemical change in the groundwater had to occur for the cave to form. The oceans receded allowing fresh water into the region. As gypsum was converted to calcite, sulfur was chemically freed to form either sulfuric or sulfurous acid. These acids dissolved the limestone to form the first cave passageways approximately 320 million years ago.

33. Basic Cave Geology Cave Geology Introduction A cave is a natural opening in the ground extending beyond the zone of light and large enough to permit the entry of man. http://phillygrotto.org/cave-geology-mainmenu-51/35-basic-cave-geology

Home Use Policy Contact Us NSS WNS Info ... Cave Geology Basic Cave Geology Home Meeting Calendar Meeting Location Grotto News ... Search Username Password Remember Me Forgot your password? Forgot your username? Basic Cave Geology Cave Geology Introduction A cave is a natural opening in the ground extending beyond the zone of light and large enough to permit the entry of man. Occuring in a wide variety of rock types and caused by widely differing geological processes, caves range in size from single small rooms to interconnecting passages many miles long. The scientific study of caves is called speleology (from the Greek words spelaion for cave and logos for study). It is a composite science based on geology, hydrology, biology, and archeaeology, and thus holds special interest for earth scientists of the U.S. Geological Survey. Caves have been natural attractions since prehistoric times. Prolific evidence of early man's interest has been discovered in caves scattered throughout the world. Fragments of skeletons of some of the earliest manlike creatures (Australopithecines) have been discovered in South Africa, and the first evidence of primitive Neanderthal Man was found in a cave in the Neander Valley of Germany. Cro-Magnon Man created his remarkable murals on the walls of caves in southern France and northern Spain where he took refuge more than 10,000 years ago during the chill of the last ice age. Interest in caves has not dwindled. Although firm figures for cave visitors are not available, in 1974 about 1.5 million people toured Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, and more than 670,000 visited Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico, two of the most famous caves in the United States.

34. Cave Geology Photo Index Cave Geology Photo Index Traditionally, the science of geology involves the study of the rocks of the earth's surface. The age of the rocks can be found by examining the http://www.bostongrotto.org/Grotto/bg-photo-geo.html

Cave Geology Photo Index Traditionally, the science of geology involves the study of the rocks of the earth's surface. The age of the rocks can be found by examining the fossils embedded within them. The composition can be studied by physical and chemical analysis, such as their hardness, brittleness, and whether they dissolve in acid or not. Caves can contribute to the study of surface rocks by providing access to the underground environment, often uncluttered by the physical limitations on the surface, such as plants, soil, and weathering. More interesting to cavers, however, is the study of the cave itself: the void in the rock through which we travel. Forget how old the rock is - when did the cave itself form? How long did it take? Why is it shaped the way it is? Where is the best place to dig to find more passageways? There are three major types of caves that are popular with explorers: solution caves, lava tubes, and boulder piles. Solution caves are formed in areas where the surface rock is especially vulnerable to attack by surface water made acid by the soil zone. Such areas are called "karst", and often have other distinguishing features besides caves, such as sinkholes, springs, and exposed rock near the surface. Minerals that often form karst surfaces are limestone, gypsum, and salt. Scientists estimate that perhaps up to 1/5 of the Earth's land surface is made up of such karst areas. The second category, lava tubes, are formed when a specific type of volcano, called a "shield volcano", has been recently active. These tubes are generally shallow - only a few 10s of feet below the surface, and run down the slope of the volcano. They occur frequently in the areas of active volcanism, such as the Northwestern USA and the big island of Hawaii.

35. Cave Geology Hiya Gang, I didn't know where else to put it, so conservation seemed to fit. Can anybody explain to me the relationship between the 3 great cave areas of Florida http://www.cavediver.net/forum/showthread.php/4607-Cave-Geology

36. Speleo Projects - Caving Publications International Arthur N. Palmer, 2007 Cave Geology. Publisher Cave Books, 2007 Format Hardbound, 454 pages, over 500 photos 250 diagrams and maps. Order Nr./Best. Nr./ArtN 48662 http://www.speleoprojects.com/html/detail/english/CaveGeology_Palmer.html

37. Cave BooksCaveBooks Caving Caves Caverns Carlsbad Mammoth Lilburn Cave Research Arthur N. Palmer Cave Geology Interested in writing a Cave Book? Write for more information to http://cavebooks.com/

CaveBooks Home Page Recent Publications Roger W. Brucker Grand, Gloomy, and Peculiar: Stephen Bishop at Mammoth Cave C. William Steele Huautla: Thirty Years in One Of The World's Deepest Caves Arthur N. Palmer Cave Geology Search Our Site Interested in writing a Cave Book? Write for more information to: Paul Steward , Managing Editor 277 Clamer Road Trenton, NJ 08628 Cave Research Foundation HomePage REVIEWS Catalog Click on the image above to download our revised 23 page catalog, a 2.7 MB pdf file. We continue to update our price list to remove titles no longer available and update a few prices of items recently reprinted. We will continue to add more great information on CaveBooks, so please come back for another visit when you can. For additional information about CaveBooks, including special discount schedules for booksellers , click here Download Price Sheet REVIEWS for specific book information Cave Books After Twenty Years Links page Rev. 2-22-2010 . . . If you have a suggestion for this site or you discover a bad link, please e-mail WebMaster at Cavebooks.com

38. Great Basin National Park - Cave Geology (U.S. National Park Service) NPS PHOTO Lehman Caves serves as a window into the geology of the Great Basin http://home.nps.gov/grba/planyourvisit/lehman-caves-geology.htm

/* Styles generated for CommonSpot elements */ Search this park Search nps.gov Site Index Frequently Asked Questions Contact Us view map text size: printer friendly Great Basin National Park Cave Geology NPS PHOTO Lehman Caves serves as a window into the geology of the Great Basin NPS PHOTO maci macpherson Visitors enjoying the geologic oddities of Lehman Caves The Wonder, Power, and Mystery of Caves Caves have excited and attracted people since the beginning of time. For some, the draw was a belief in the supernatural. Caves figured into the religions of many ancient cultures. The Greeks went to caves for oracles. Many Olmec sculptures depict a priest coming out of an underground void. The Lakota believe that a cave in the Black Hills may be the place of creation. Today, cavers are still drawn to the mystery. The thrill of exploration, the curiosity of the unknown, and the desire to answer the question, "where does that hole go?" continues to push cavers to explore these underground worlds. Scientists look to caves for their geologic secrets, unique forms of life, and for reserves of information about natural history. For over a hundred years, people have been going deep into Lehman Caves drawn by their curiosity, and leave in wonder of its secret mysteries. Just what is a cave? A cave is a naturally occurring underground cavity. There are many different types of caves, including solution caves, tectonic caves, boulder caves, sea caves, and lava tubes. Tectonic caves tend to be relatively small and can form in almost any type of rock that has been highly fractured. Lava tubes are the fastest forming type of cave. They form as a flow of lava is running down an inclined surface. The surface of the lava flow cools from contact with the air, and hardens to rock, while the inside keeps flowing. When the inside drains out, the result is a black tube of rock. Some caves may have ice in them seasonally, or year round. Depending on the shape of a cave and its entrance, caves can trap cold air and contain permanent ice. Lava tubes can often be cold air traps. Solution caves, such as Lehman Caves, can have a great variety of formations and passage patterns.

39. Cave Geology - The Nutty Putty Cave Official Website The official website of the Nutty Putty Cave. The cave is privately owned by SITLA and privately managed by the Timpanogos Grotto’s Nutty Putty Cave management Team. The http://www.nuttyputtycave.com/geology.html

AC_FL_RunContent( 'codebase','http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9.0.0.0','width','120','height','120','id','sf','viewastext','viewastext','src','Showtime/Showtime','quality','high','name','sf','allowscriptaccess','always','allowfullscreen','true','pluginspage','http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer','movie','Showtime/Showtime','wmode','window' ); //end AC code NUTTY PUTTY CAVE GEOLOGY Modified from: D. Stanley Moulton, Leland Gilsen, Chris Laycock (1966). "Nutty PuttyCave: Utah County, Utah." Technical Note #63. Salt LakeGrotto, National Speleological Society Nutty Putty Cave Utah County, Utah Rassle Knoll is one of several low desert hills east of Cedar Valley. Small weeds and sagebrush make up most of the sparse vegetation. Generally speaking the area is hot and dry, but is sometimes covered with snow during the winter. The fauna seems limited to rabbits, mice, snakes, lizards, and other small rodents and reptiles of the desert. The entrance of the cave often contains a few blowsnakes which can mimic rattlesnakes quite successfully. In ten trips to the cave, five snakes were encountered; one of which climbed onto Stan Moulton's back while he was entering a crawlway near the entrance. All the snakes found so far have been nonpoisonous, but care should be taken upon entering the cave. The entire area is very fossiliferous; broken and badly weathered crinoid stems and horned coral are abundant. Prof. Paper 107 p.41 has a long list of identified varieties which indicate the limestone belongs to the upper Mississippian Era.

40. Geology Of Caves Modified from W. E. Davies and I. M. Morgan US Geological Survey What is a Cave? A cave is a natural opening in the ground extending beyond the zone of light and large enough to http://scienceviews.com/geology/caves.html

Home Photo Library Fossils Geology ... Lava Tubes Thurston Lava Tube. Geology of Caves Modified from: W. E. Davies and I. M. Morgan US Geological Survey What is a Cave? A cave is a natural opening in the ground extending beyond the zone of light and large enough to permit the entry of man. Occurring in a wide variety of rock types and caused by widely differing geological processes, caves range in size from single small rooms to interconnecting passages many miles long. The scientific study of caves is called speleology (from the Greek words spelaion for cave and logos for study). It is a composite science based on geology, hydrology, biology, and archaeology, and thus holds special interest for earth scientists of the U.S. Geological Survey. Caves have been natural attractions since prehistoric times. Prolific evidence of early man's interest has been discovered in caves scattered throughout the world. Fragments of skeletons of some of the earliest manlike creatures (Australopithecines) have been discovered in cave deposits in South Africa, and the first evidence of primitive Neanderthal Man was found in a cave in the Neander Valley of Germany. Cro-Magnon Man created his remarkable murals on the walls of caves in southern France and northern Spain where he took refuge more than 1O,000 years ago during the chill of the ice age. Interest in caves has not dwindled. Although firm figures for cave visitors are not available, in 1974 about 1.5 million people toured Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, and more than 67O,000 visited Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico, two of the most famous caves in the United States.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 2     21-40 of 45    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | Next 20