1. Welcome To Cryptography.org Strong cryptographic software, libraries, and information about cryptography, data security, and privacy. http://cryptography.org/

Welcome to Cryptography.org The old North American Cryptography Archives are being restructured into an international (as much as law allows) open source cryptography resource. This is because the law has changed since the reason for the existence of this site came about, and because the operator of this site no longer lives in North America (except for relatively brief visits). Due to the nature of my job and the limitations of my network connection, this hobby process may take a significant amount of time. We also still have a listing of interesting cryptographic sites outside of North America and some information about where to get PGP and Gnu Privacy Guard. Free SSL certificates are available at cert.startcom.org If your browser doesn't yet have the StartCom CA root certificate installed, you may install it here This site is maintained by Michael Paul Johnson , who also maintains a neat Bible links site

2. Handbook Of Applied Cryptography Reference work available for free download (with restrictions) from the Web. http://www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca/hac/

Alfred J. Menezes Paul C. van Oorschot and Scott A. Vanstone CRC Press ISBN: 0-8493-8523-7 October 1996, 816 pages Fifth Printing (August 2001) The Handbook was reprinted (5th printing) in August 2001. The publisher made all the various minor changes and updates we submitted. You can identify the 5th printing of the book by looking for "5 6 7 8 9 0" at the bottom of the page that includes the ISBN number. You can order the handbook today from any one of these online bookstores: Amazon Books (amazon.com) (Price as of May 24, 2008: US $ Amazon.ca (for Canadian orders) (Price as of May 24, 2008: Cdn $ CRC Press (Price as of May 24, 2008: US $ Sample Chapters FREE!! CRC Press has generously given us permission to make all chapters available for free download. Please read this before downloading any of the chapters Chapter 1 - Overview of Cryptography ps pdf Chapter 2 - Mathematics Background ps pdf Chapter 3 - Number-Theoretic Reference Problems ps pdf Chapter 4 - Public-Key Parameters ps pdf Chapter 5 - Pseudorandom Bits and Sequences ps pdf Chapter 6 - Stream Ciphers ps pdf Chapter 7 - Block Ciphers ps pdf Chapter 8 - Public-Key Encryption ps pdf Chapter 9 - Hash Functions and Data Integrity ps pdf Chapter 10 - Identification and Entity Authentication ps pdf Chapter 11 - Digital Signatures ps pdf Chapter 12 - Key Establishment Protocols ps pdf Chapter 13 - Key Management Techniques ps pdf Chapter 14 - Efficient Implementation ps pdf Chapter 15 - Patents and Standards ps pdf Appendix - Bibliography of Papers from Selected Cryptographic Forums

3. Cryptography - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek κρυπτός, kryptos, hidden, secret ; and γράφ, gr ph, writing , or λογία, -logia, respectively) is the practice and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography

Cryptography From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search "Secret code" redirects here. For the Aya Kamiki album, see Secret Code German Lorenz cipher machine, used in World War II to encrypt very-high-level general staff messages Cryptography (or cryptology ; from Greek kryptos , "hidden, secret"; and gráph , "writing", or -logia , respectively) is the practice and study of hiding information . Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics computer science , and engineering . Applications of cryptography include ATM cards computer passwords , and electronic commerce Cryptology prior to the modern age was almost synonymous with encryption , the conversion of information from a readable state to nonsense . The sender retained the ability to decrypt the information and therefore avoid unwanted persons being able to read it. Since WWI and the advent of the computer, the methods used to carry out cryptology have become increasingly complex and its application more widespread. Alongside the advancement in cryptology-related technology, the practice has raised a number of legal issues, some of which remain unresolved. Contents Terminology History of cryptography and cryptanalysis Classic cryptography The computer era ... edit Terminology Until modern times cryptography referred almost exclusively to encryption , which is the process of converting ordinary information ( plaintext ) into unintelligible gibberish (i.e.

4. Cryptography -- From Wolfram MathWorld The science of adversarial information protection. REFERENCES Davies, D. W. The Security of Data in Networks. Los Angeles, CA IEEE Computer Soc., 1981. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Cryptography.html

Algebra Applied Mathematics Calculus and Analysis Discrete Mathematics ... Interactive Demonstrations Cryptography The science of adversarial information protection. SEE ALSO: Coding Theory Cryptarithm Cryptographic Hash Function Cryptology ... Trapdoor One-Way Function REFERENCES: Davies, D. W. The Security of Data in Networks. Los Angeles, CA: IEEE Computer Soc., 1981. Diffie, W. and Hellman, M. "New Directions in Cryptography." IEEE Trans. Info. Th. Honsberger, R. "Four Clever Schemes in Cryptography." Ch. 10 in Mathematical Gems III. Washington, DC: Math. Assoc. Amer., pp. 151-173, 1985. Lewand, R. E. Cryptological Mathematics. Washington, DC: Math. Assoc. Amer., 2000. Menezes, A. J.; van Oorschot, P.; and Vanstone, S. A. Handbook of Applied Cryptography. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1996. Schneier, B Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1996. Simmons, G. J. "Cryptology, The Mathematics of Secure Communications." Math. Intel. van Tilborg, H. C. A.

5. Cryptography FAQ Index Ten part FAQ list that is essential reading for any newcomer to cryptography. http://www.faqs.org/faqs/cryptography-faq/

Cryptography FAQ Index faqs.org Cryptography FAQ Index By Archive-name By Author By Category By Newsgroup ... Tools Search Search FAQs Search RFCs IFC Home Cities Countries Hospitals Web Hosting Ratings Search the FAQ Archives A B C D ... cryptography-faq/part01 Subject: Cryptography FAQ (01/10: Overview) Maintainer: crypt-comments@math.ncsu.edu Last Posted: 19 Mar 2003 10:52:35 GMT Last-modified: cryptography-faq/part10 Subject: Cryptography FAQ (10/10: References) Maintainer: crypt-comments@math.ncsu.edu Last Posted: 19 Mar 2003 10:52:38 GMT Last-modified: cryptography-faq/part02 Subject: Cryptography FAQ (02/10: Net Etiquette) Maintainer: crypt-comments@math.ncsu.edu Last Posted: 19 Mar 2003 10:52:35 GMT Last-modified: cryptography-faq/part03 Subject: Cryptography FAQ (03/10: Basic Cryptology) Maintainer: crypt-comments@math.ncsu.edu Last Posted: 19 Mar 2003 10:52:36 GMT Last-modified: cryptography-faq/part04 Subject: Cryptography FAQ (04/10: Mathematical Cryptology) Maintainer: crypt-comments@math.ncsu.edu Last Posted: 19 Mar 2003 10:52:36 GMT Last-modified: cryptography-faq/part05 Subject: Cryptography FAQ (05/10: Product Ciphers) Maintainer: crypt-comments@math.ncsu.edu

6. Cryptography Research cryptography Research, Inc. home page Wed, 22 Sep 2010. cryptography Research and Tiempo Announce Agreement for Differential Power Analysis Countermeasures Patents http://www.cryptography.com/

7. Cryptography cryptography, the encoding of messages to render them unreadable by anyone other than their intended recipient(s), is centuries old. The Caesar Cipher is so named because it was http://www.freesoft.org/CIE/Topics/135.htm

Connected: An Internet Encyclopedia Cryptography Up: Connected: An Internet Encyclopedia Up: Topics Up: Concepts Prev: Congestion Next: Algorithms Cryptography Cryptography, the encoding of messages to render them unreadable by anyone other than their intended recipient(s), is centuries old. The "Caesar Cipher" is so named because it was used by Julius Caesar. With the advent of modern computer technology, many of these older ciphers became trivially crackable using brute-force attacks. Modern cryptography, essential to the security of computer networks, is done with complex algorithms implemented on high speed computer systems. Generally speaking, computer cryptographic tasks can be broken into two general categories: encryption and authentication. Encryption Encryption refers to the scrambling of information so that the original message can not be determined by unauthorized recipients. An encryption algorithm is applied to the message, referred to as the plaintext , and a key to produce ciphertext , which ideally appears to be random bits. A decryption algorithm converts the ciphertext back into plaintext, but only if given the correct key. Conventional, or symmetric, algorithms use the same key for both encryption and decryption. Public key algorithms use paired keys, one for encryption and another for decryption. Authentication Authentication is the verification of a message's sender. Authentication requires protecting a message so it can not be altered, usually by attaching to it a

8. A Cryptography Tutorial And Introduction. Encryption, Decryption And Key Managem Introduction to cryptography, including concepts, key management and application. http://www.cryptographyworld.com

CRYPTOGRAPHY MADE EASIER THE CRYPTOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION AND GUIDE Cryptography is often seen as a 'black art': something OTHERS understand but YOU need. This of course need not the the case at all. Yes, there are some complex concepts to embrace, but basic understanding need not be a trial. This web site is designed to help you understand the basics of cryptography, presenting the main ideas in simple language. It also provides access to a series of resources to help you apply, and implement, cryptographic solutions. It will hopefully prove to be invaluable to all who use it - both beginners and seasoned professionals. Why Have It? What Is It? Key Management Why do organizations use cryptography? What are the core benefits they seek? Why not use some other approach? This section answers to these questions and sets the scene for further study. So you need cryptography, but are not entirely sure what it is, or generically how it works? This section explains cryptography in its most basic form. With the aid of a diagram it embraces encryption, decryption and key management, and explains other uses of the practise. Key management is one of the most critical aspects of a cryptographic system. This is covered in this section.

9. CryptographY - Discussion And Encyclopedia Article. Who Is CryptographY? What Is cryptography. Discussion about cryptography. Ecyclopedia or dictionary article about cryptography. http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/CryptographY/

10. Piracy.com: International Cryptography Freedom Links to cryptography related downloads and information from around the world. http://www.piracy.com

piracy.com Provided as a public service of Rotten and Daily Rotten INTERNATIONAL CRYPTOGRAPHY FREEDOM Last Updated 3 February 2001: Add USUC 20 jya@pipeline.com Please mirror this page, or scavenge it to make your own. Let us know about additional sites or your page and we'll make a link. See also: Cryptome for news Ritter's Learning About Cryptography Ritter's Crypto Glossary and Dictionary of Technical Cryptography UNITED STATES UNRESTRICTED CRYPTOGRAPHY Program URL Notes USUC 1 Cracking DES http://www.shmoo.com/~pablos/Cracking_DES/ The Shmoo Group is proud to present... for the first time... available legally for download in the United States... from the jurisdiction of the 9th US Circuit Court of Appeals... USUC 2 Secure Office http://www.filesafety.com Mirror: http://come.to/SecureOffice Charles Booher's site, formerly under attack by the USG USUC 3 Secure Remote Password (SRP) distribution http://srp.stanford.edu/srp/ A cryptographically secure remote-access suite, featuring Telnet and FTP with full strength 128-bit encryption. Open Source, unrestricted downloads. Available from mirror sites worldwide. USUC 4 PGP 2.62

11. An Overview Of Cryptography An Overview of cryptography Gary C. Kessler 14 September 2010 (Original version May 1998) A much shorter, edited version of this paper appears in the 1999 Edition of Handbook http://www.garykessler.net/library/crypto.html

An Overview of Cryptography Gary C. Kessler 14 September 2010 (Original version: May 1998) A much shorter, edited version of this paper appears in the 1999 Edition of Handbook on Local Area Networks , published by Auerbach in September 1998. Since that time, this article has taken on a life of its own... CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE PURPOSE OF CRYPTOGRAPHY 3. TYPES OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS 3.1. Secret Key Cryptography ... ABOUT THE AUTHOR FIGURES Three types of cryptography: secret-key, public key, and hash function. Sample application of the three cryptographic techniques for secure communication. Kerberos architecture. Sample entries in Unix/Linux password files. ... AES pseudocode. TABLES Minimum Key Lengths for Symmetric Ciphers. Contents of an X.509 V3 Certificate. Other Crypto Algorithms and Systems of Note. ECC and RSA Key Comparison. 1. INTRODUCTION Does increased security provide comfort to paranoid people? Or does security provide some very basic protections that we are naive to believe that we don't need? During this time when the Internet provides essential communication between tens of millions of people and is being increasingly used as a tool for commerce, security becomes a tremendously important issue to deal with. There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. One essential aspect for secure communications is that of cryptography, which is the focus of this chapter. But it is important to note that while cryptography is

12. Cryptography A review of cryptography protocols, algorithms, and design. http://www.schneier.com/cryptography.html

Bruce Schneier Blog Crypto-Gram Newsletter Books Essays and Op Eds ... Contact Information Cryptography Algorithms Blowfish Twofish Solitaire Helix ... Skein Papers Papers by year: 1994 and earlier Algorithm Analyses: Akelarre CMEA DEAL FROG ... Side Channel Cryptanalysis Protocol Analyses: PGP and GnuPG PPTP (MS-CHAPv2) Chosen Protocol Attack SSL 3.0 Reaction Attacks IPsec ... E-Mail Encryption Protocols Pseudorandom Number Generators: Attacking PRNGs Protocol Designs: Certified E-Mail Clueless Agents Secure Audit Logs Remote Access to Audit Logs ... Event Stream Notarization New Algorithms: Blowfish BlowfishOne Year Later Twofish: Description Key Schedule Differential Characteristics Key Uniqueness ... Phelix Skein and Threefish: Description Provable Security Support Cipher Design: Building PRFs from PRPs Secure Low-Entropy Keys Fast Encryption in Software Unbalanced Feistel Networks ... Minimal Secure Key Lengths Miscellaneous Papers: Defeating Encrypted and Deniable File Systems The Psychology of Security Economics of Information Security Protecting Secret Keys with Personal Entropy ... A Self Study Course in Block Cipher Cryptanalysis Smart Cards: Modeling Security Threats for Smart Cards Authenticating Secure Tokens Using Slow Memory Access Miscellaneous Password Safe Microsoft PPTP CMEA Digital Cellular S/MIME Cracking Screen Saver Schneier.com is a personal website. Opinions expressed are not necessarily those of

13. Cryptography: Definition From Answers.com n. The process or skill of communicating in or deciphering secret writings or ciphers. Secret writing. cryptographic cryp ' to graph ' ic ( tə-grăf ' ĭk ) adj http://www.answers.com/topic/cryptography

14. Cryptography Overview cryptography helps protect data from being viewed or modified and helps provide a secure means of communication over otherwise insecure channels. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/92f9ye3s(VS.71).aspx

15. Cryptography Cryptorights Foundation 'Security For Human Rights and Human Rights for Cryptographers'. Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4 Federal Information Processing http://csc.colstate.edu/summers/e-library/crypto.html

Information Assurance e-Library Cryptography: General Links Cryptorights Foundation - 'Security For Human Rights and Human Rights for Cryptographers'. Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4 Federal Information Processing Standards publication 186 detailing the algorithm for The Digital Signature Standard(DSS) NIST - information about NIST's new selection for the AES(Advanced Encryption Standard) including algorithm specifications, reference code, test values, and intelluctual property statements. Cryptography Research Cryptography A-Z Cryptography References Cryptograohy FAQ ... Cryptologic History and the National Security Agency - One of the tasks of the NSA's Cryptological History Program is to document the role of cryptology in American history. This page contains links to several of the publications and operational documents about significant cryptological events and activities throughout the NSA's history. Cryptography resources Cryptography and Information Security Message Transmission Security (or 'Cryptography in Plain Text') CRYPTO-CONFUSION (Mutual Non-Comprehension Threatens Exploitation of the GII) ... Snake Oil Warning Signs: Encryption Software to Avoid; Interhack.Net, the research site of Interhack (2003) - This page is a FAQ-style compilation of the habits of "Snake Oil Vendors", the sellers of overrated or useless cryptography packages. Rather than labeling a specific package or algorithm as "Good" or "Bad", the focus is on discussing the sales pitches and claims used to make "Bad" software look "Good".

16. Cryptographic Services by the .NET Framework, including the ClickOnce manifests, Suite B, and cryptography Next Generation (CNG) support introduced in the .NET Framework version 3.5. This overview http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/92f9ye3s.aspx

17. Xkcd: Cryptography Permanent link to this comic http//xkcd.com/153/ Image URL (for hotlinking/embedding) http//imgs.xkcd.com/comics/cryptography.png http://xkcd.com/153/

Archive Forums News/Blag Store ... About A webcomic of romance, sarcasm, math, and language. XKCD updates every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. You can preorder the new communities map poster here Cryptography Random Random Permanent link to this comic: http://xkcd.com/153/ Image URL (for hotlinking/embedding): http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/cryptography.png RSS Feed Atom Feed Comics I enjoy: Dinosaur Comics A Softer World Perry Bible Fellowship Copper ... Buttercup Festival Warning: this comic occasionally contains strong language (which may be unsuitable for children), unusual humor (which may be unsuitable for adults), and advanced mathematics (which may be unsuitable for liberal-arts majors). We did not invent the algorithm. The algorithm consistently finds Jesus. The algorithm killed Jeeves. The algorithm is banned in China. The algorithm is from Jersey. The algorithm constantly finds Jesus. This is not the algorithm. This is close. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 License This means you're free to copy and share these comics (but not to sell them). More details

18. Why Cryptography Is Harder Than It Looks Essay on pitfalls of implementing and using secure systems. http://www.schneier.com/essay-037.html

Bruce Schneier Blog Crypto-Gram Newsletter Books Essays and Op Eds ... Contact Information Why Cryptography Is Harder Than It Looks By Bruce Schneier You can download this essay in Postscript or PDF (Acrobat) format, or as a PalmPilot DOC From e-mail to cellular communications, from secure Web access to digital cash, cryptography is an essential part of today's information systems. Cryptography helps provide accountability, fairness, accuracy, and confidentiality. It can prevent fraud in electronic commerce and assure the validity of financial transactions. It can prove your identity or protect your anonymity. It can keep vandals from altering your Web page and prevent industrial competitors from reading your confidential documents. And in the future, as commerce and communications continue to move to computer networks, cryptography will become more and more vital. But the cryptography now on the market doesn't provide the level of security it advertises. Most systems are not designed and implemented in concert with cryptographers, but by engineers who thought of cryptography as just another component. It's not. You can't make systems secure by tacking on cryptography as an afterthought. You have to know what you are doing every step of the way, from conception through installation. Billions of dollars are spent on computer security, and most of it is wasted on insecure products. After all, weak cryptography looks the same on the shelf as strong cryptography. Two e-mail encryption products may have almost the same user interface, yet one is secure while the other permits eavesdropping. A comparison chart may suggest that two programs have similar features, although one has gaping security holes that the other doesn't. An experienced cryptographer can tell the difference. So can a thief.

19. I5/OS: Cryptography Concepts This topic provides a basic understanding of cryptographic function and an overview of the cryptographic services for the systems running the i5/OS operating system. http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/iseries/v5r4/topic/rzajc/rzajcconcepts.

Cryptography concepts This topic provides a basic understanding of cryptographic function and an overview of the cryptographic services for the systems running the i5/OS operating system. Cryptography Cryptographic services help ensure data privacy, maintain data integrity, authenticate communicating parties, and prevent repudiation (when a party refutes having sent a message). Basic encryption allows you to store information or to communicate with other parties while preventing non-involved parties from understanding the stored information or understanding the communication. Encryption transforms understandable text (plaintext) into an unintelligible piece of data (ciphertext). Decryption restores the understandable text from the unintelligible data. Both functions involve a mathematical formula (the algorithm) and secret data (the key). Cryptographic algorithms There are two types of cryptographic algorithms: With a secret or symmetric key algorithm, the key is a shared secret between two communicating parties. Encryption and decryption both use the same key. The Data Encryption Standard (DES) and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) are examples of symmetric key algorithms. There are two types of symmetric key algorithms: Block ciphers In a block cipher, the actual encryption code works on a fixed-size block of data. Normally, the user's interface to the encrypt/decrypt operation will handle data longer than the block size by repeatedly calling the low-level encryption function. If the length of data is not on a block size boundary, it must be padded.

20. Crypto Machines Home Page Features machines and systems used in secure communications. Includes brief history on cryptography. http://www.jproc.ca/crypto/

CRYPTO MACHINES Welcome to the Crypto Machines page. Since I have a keen interest in the machines which encrypted and decrypted secret or confidential communications, I decided to feature a number of them which are specific to my particular area of interest. Any contributions to this page would be encouraged, acknowledged and appreciated. Every effort has been made to ensure that the material presented here is of the highest accuracy, however, some of the content is based people's recollection by memory alone. If anyone reading this page discovers any errors please bring them to my attention and they will be corrected promptly. It is the collective effort of everyone that will help to make this web page a success. COMMON TERMS CRYPTO COLLECTORS MAIL LIST CRYPTO HISTORY CRYPTO HUMOUR ... WEBMASTER'S BIO Lastest additions: BID2200, Thamer, DC-105, KL-17 and Irregular Code Disk. My appreciation is extended to organizations and individuals who have contributed content to this web page in one form or another: Canada's Foreign Service Communciators Virtual Museum Combat Communications and Surveillance Museum. San Diego, California.

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