41. Cryptography - GHN: IEEE Global History Network cryptography Background . The word cryptography comes from the Greek words kryptos meaning hidden and graphein meaning writing. cryptography is the study of hidden writing, or the http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Cryptography

IEEE.org IEEE Xplore Digital Library IEEE Standards Association Spectrum Online ... Random Page Cryptography SHARE From GHN Jump to: navigation search Page created by , 18 April 2009 Contributors: Jvv Nbrewer Last modified by , 1 November 2010 Contents Cryptography Background Origins Classical cryptography Medieval cryptography ... Further Reading Cryptography Background The word cryptography comes from the Greek words kryptos meaning hidden and graphein meaning writing. Cryptography is the study of hidden writing, or the science of encrypting and decrypting text and messages. Origins It is believed that the oldest known text to contain one of the essential components of cryptography, a modification of the text, occurred some 4000 years ago in the Egyptian town of Menet Khufu where the hieroglyphic inscriptions on the tomb of the nobleman KHNUMHOTEP II were written with a number of unusual symbols to confuse or obscure the meaning of the inscriptions. In 5BC the Spartans, a warrior society famed for their austere lifestyle, bravery, and skill in battle, developed a cryptographic device to send and receive secret messages. This device, a cylinder called a Scytale, was in the possession of both the sender and the recipient of the message. To prepare the message, a narrow strip of parchment or leather, much like a modern-day paper streamer, was wound around the Scytale and the message was written across it. Once unwound, for transport to the receiver, the tape displayed only a sequence of meaningless letters until it was re-wound onto a Scytale of exactly the same diameter. The code, produced by unwinding the tape, was a TRANSPOSITION cipher, that is, one where the letters remain the same but the order is changed. This is still the basis for many popular modern-day techniques.

42. Adam Back's Home Page Find information on some cryptanalytic hacks, breaking weak cryptosystems and links to more cryptography related websites. http://cypherspace.org/adam/

Adam Back PGP key Crypto Projects hashcash partial hash collision based Denial of Service Counter-Measure credlib credential library with chaum and brands credentials. Cypherspace distributed data haven project Cebolla pragmatic IP anonymity PGP Stealth software to add steganography support to pgp2.x OpenPGP implementations and libraries code to compute human memorable test vectors for ciphersaber-2. Eternity USENET a censorship proof virtual web space using USENET as a document store Publications and Tech Reports Cryptography Aug 02 - "Hashcash - A Denial of Service Counter Measure" (5 years on), Tech Report, Adam Back Aug 02 - "Hashcash - Amortizable Publicly Auditable Cost-Functions" , Tech Report, Adam Back Dec 01 - "Non-Interactive Forward Security" , Tech Report, Adam Back May 01 - "Freedom 2.1 Security Issues and Analysis" , Zero-Knowledge Systems White Paper, Adam Back, Ian Goldberg and Adam Shostack Apr 01 - "Traffic Analysis Attacks and Trade-Offs in Anonymity Providing systems"

43. Cryptography cryptography (or cryptology; derived from Greek κρύπτω krypt hidden and the verb γράφω gr fo to write or λέγειν legein to speak ) is the practice and http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/c/Cryptography.htm

Cryptography 2008/9 Schools Wikipedia Selection . Related subjects: Cryptography Mathematics The German Lorenz cipher machine, used in World War II for encryption of very high-level general staff messages Cryptography (or cryptology; derived from "hidden" and the verb γράφω "to write" or λέγειν legein "to speak") is the practice and study of hiding information. In modern times, cryptography is considered to be a branch of both mathematics and computer science , and is affiliated closely with information theory, computer security, and engineering . Cryptography is used in applications present in technologically advanced societies; examples include the security of ATM cards computer passwords, and electronic commerce, which all depend on cryptography. Terminology Until modern times, cryptography referred almost exclusively to encryption , the process of converting ordinary information ( plaintext) into unintelligible gibberish (ie, ciphertext ). Decryption is the reverse, moving from unintelligible ciphertext to

44. Crypto-Gram Free monthly email newsletter covering developments in cryptography and other computer security issues. http://bt.counterpane.com/crypto-gram.html

Managed Security Solutions Managed Security Monitoring Managed Vulnerability Scanning Device Management ... Technology Partners Crypto-Gram Crypto-Gram is a free monthly e-mail newsletter on computer security and cryptography from Bruce Schneier (author of Secrets and Lies and Applied Cryptography , inventor of Blowfish and Twofish , Chief Security Technology Officer of BT , general crypto pundit and occasional crypto curmudgeon Subscriptions To subscribe, unsubscribe, or change your address, visit the list control panel For back issues, or for further information, please see Crypto-Gram home page on Bruce Schneier's website. Resources Events Call Us: E-mail Us Have a Managed Security Solutions Specialist Contact You site map contact us

45. Cryptography (Windows) Cryptographic technologies can be used to add codes to convert data so that only a specific recipient will be able to read it, using a key. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa380255(VS.85).aspx

Home Library Learn Downloads ... Cryptography Reference Community Content Add code samples and tips to enhance this topic. More... Cryptography Purpose Cryptography is the use of codes to convert data so that only a specific recipient will be able to read it, using a key. Microsoft cryptographic technologies include CryptoAPI, Cryptographic Service Providers (CSP), CryptoAPI Tools, CAPICOM, WinTrust, issuing and managing certificates, and developing customizable public key infrastructures. Certificate and smart card enrollment, certificate management, and custom module development are also described. Developer Audience CryptoAPI is intended for use by developers of Windows-based applications that will enable users to create and exchange documents and other data in a secure environment, especially over nonsecure media such as the Internet. Developers should be familiar with the C and C++ programming languages and the Windows programming environment. Although not required, an understanding of cryptography or security-related subjects is advised. CAPICOM is a 32-bit only component that is intended for use by developers who are creating applications using Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript) programming language or the C++ programming language. CAPICOM is available for use in the operating systems specified in Run-Time Requirements. For future development, we recommend that you use the .NET Framework to implement security features. For more information, see

46. Welcome To Bokler Systems Corp. Creates cryptographic software components for Windows developers; includes the fundamentals of cryptography and inclusion in program code. http://www.bokler.com/

Home Developer Tools Contact Home ... Capabilities Overview AC_FL_RunContent( 'codebase','http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=7,0,19,0','width','780','height','430','src','images/boklerhome','quality','high','pluginspage','http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer','movie','images/boklerhome' ); //end AC code Home Products Capabilities Overview Developer Tools ... Contact

47. Cryptography - Encyclopedia Article - Citizendium Article approved by an editor from at least one of the listed workgroups. The Computers, Mathematics and Military Workgroups are responsible for this article. http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Cryptography

Cryptography From Citizendium, the Citizens' Compendium Jump to: navigation search addthis_pub = 'citizendium'; addthis_logo = ''; addthis_logo_color = ''; addthis_logo_background = ''; addthis_brand = 'Citizendium'; addthis_options = ''; addthis_offset_top = ''; addthis_offset_left = ''; Main Article Talk Draft Related Articles Bibliography ... External Links Article approved by an editor from at least one of the listed workgroups. The Computers Mathematics and Military Workgroups are responsible for this article. While we have done conscientious work, we cannot guarantee that this article is wholly free of mistakes. Help improve this article further on the draft page Contents Cryptography is difficult Principles and terms Codes versus ciphers Keying ... References The term cryptography comes from Greek kryptós "hidden," and γράφειν gráfein "to write". In the simplest case, the sender hides (encrypts) a message by converting it to an unreadable jumble of apparently random symbols. The process involves a key , a secret value that controls some of the operations. The intended receiver knows the key, so he can recover the original text (decrypt the message). Someone who intercepts the message sees only apparently random symbols; without the key he cannot read it. Various techniques for concealing messages have been in use by the military, by spies, and by diplomats for several millenia and in commerce at least since the Renaissance; see

48. Python Cryptography Toolkit A collection of cryptographic algorithms and protocols, implemented for use from Python. Open Source, Python license http://www.amk.ca/python/code/crypto.html

Home Python Code Python Cryptography Toolkit Search amk.ca This page last modified: 26 Sep 2008 Cryptography toolkit GPG module jwzthreading Medusa ... Photo Gallery I no longer maintain this package; the new maintainer is Dwayne C. Litzenberger. Go to www.pycrypto.org to learn about current development. Bugs and patches can be submitted using the pycrypto project on Launchpad This is a collection of cryptographic algorithms and protocols, implemented for use from Python. The last release by me was 2.0.1, which can still be downloaded below. Note on Exporting Crypto Code With the relaxing of US export controls for encryption software, it's now possible to distribute cryptographic source code and export it from the US, so now anyone in the world can download the Python Cryptography Toolkit. (Note that export controls still apply to binary software, though; if you're an American citizen, please consult the informative links at the CDT's Encryption Issues Page , and write a brief letter to your legislators expressing your annoyance.) Download the code pycrypto-2.0.1.tar.gz

49. What Is Cryptography? - A Word Definition From The Webopedia Computer Dictionary This page describes the term cryptography and lists other pages on the Web where you can find additional information. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/cryptography.html

Webopedia.com Sign Up Sign In Search Term of the Day Recent Terms Did You Know? Quick Reference ... Home > cryptography cryptography The art of protecting information by transforming it ( encrypting it) into an unreadable format, called cipher text . Only those who possess a secret key can decipher (or decrypt ) the message into plain text . Encrypted messages can sometimes be broken by cryptanalysis, also called codebreaking , although modern cryptography techniques are virtually unbreakable. As the Internet and other forms of electronic communication become more prevalent, electronic security is becoming increasingly important. Cryptography is used to protect e-mail messages, credit card information, and corporate data. One of the most popular cryptography systems used on the Internet is Pretty Good Privacy because it's effective and free. Cryptography systems can be broadly classified into symmetric-key systems that use a single key that both the sender and recipient have, and public-key systems that use two keys, a public key known to everyone and a private key that only the recipient of messages uses. E-mail this definition to a friend Terms Archive � More Terms Links The Clinton Administration's statement on commercial encryption policy International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR) site The International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR) Cryptography for encryption, digital signatures and authentication

50. Cryptography - Definition cryptography (from Greek krypt s, hidden , and gr phein, to write ) is, traditionally, the study of means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Cryptography

Cryptography - Definition Cryptography (from Greek kryptós , "hidden", and gráphein , "to write") is, traditionally, the study of means of converting information encryption . In the past, cryptography helped ensure secrecy in important communications , such as those of spies military leaders, and diplomats . In recent decades, the field of cryptography has expanded its remit in two ways. Firstly, it provides mechanisms for more than just keeping secrets : schemes like digital signatures and digital cash , for example. Secondly, cryptography has come to be in widespread use by many civilians who do not have extraordinary needs for secrecy, although typically it is transparently built into the infrastructure for computing and telecommunications , and users are not aware of it. The study of how to circumvent the use of cryptography is called cryptanalysis , or codebreaking . Cryptography and cryptanalysis are sometimes grouped together under the umbrella term cryptology , encompassing the entire subject. In practice, "cryptography" is also often used to refer to the field as a whole; crypto is an informal abbreviation.

51. CRSI Conducts annual conference INDOCRYPT and National workshop on cryptography. Also promotes research activities in cryptology and security in India. http://www.crsind.com/

Set up in 2001, The Cryptology Research Society of India is a scientific aasembly made up of academics, researchers, specialists, students and institutions who are interested in promoting the science and technology of Cryptology and Data Security and related theory and applications in India. Indocrypt 2010, Dec 12-16 at AIMSCS, Hyderabad Send comments and/or suggestions about this site to crsi.crsind@gmail.com last update on 24/09/2010 Best view - 1024x768

52. Learning About Cryptography A basic introduction to cryptography ciphers, keys, keyspace, strength, cryptanalysis, etc. A Ciphers By Ritter page. http://www.ciphersbyritter.com/LEARNING.HTM

Learning About Cryptography A Basic Introduction to Crypto A Ciphers By Ritter Page Terry Ritter 2006 January 20 For some reason, good cryptography is just much harder than it looks. This field seems to have a continuous flow of experts from other fields who offer cryptographic variations of ideas which are common in their other field. Now, there is nothing wrong with new ideas. But there are in fact many extremely intelligent and extremely well-educated people with wide-ranging scientific interests who are active in this field. It is very common to find that so-called "new" ideas have been previously addressed under another name or as a general concept. Try to get some background before you get in too deep. You may wish to help support this work by patronizing Ritter's Crypto Bookshop Contents The Fundamental Idea of Cryptography A Concrete Example A Simple Cipher Enciphering ... For Designers The Fundamental Idea of Cryptography It is possible to transform or encipher a message or plaintext into "an intermediate form" or ciphertext in which the original information is present but hidden.

53. RSA Laboratories - Crypto FAQ Frequently asked questions (FAQ) on cryptography by RSA Security Inc. http://www.rsa.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2152

54. Technology & Services cryptography Research, Inc. home page cryptography Research gets my highest recommendation. — Dr. Martin E. Hellman, Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering at http://www.cryptography.com/technology.html

Company About Cryptography Research Company Timeline Executive Profiles ... Contact Search "Cryptography Research gets my highest recommendation." Cryptography Research is committed to helping industries fight fraud, piracy, counterfeiting, and other forms of abuse. Our research, technology, and services help solve many of the world’s most difficult data security problems. CRI’s largest business segment specializes in semiconductor security technologies. Our custom tamper-resistant ASIC designs have been successful in a wide range of high-threat environments and have an unparalleled security track record. Our team of cryptographers and engineers focuses on ensuring security throughout the product lifecycle, including design, manufacturing, testing, personalization, in-field use, and retirement. DPA Countermeasures A license to our patented countermeasures to attacks such as Differential Power Analysis (DPA) enables security chips and other cryptographic devices to protect their keys. Pay-TV Security Maximize profits by eliminating signal theft and expensive card swapouts with our dedicated CryptoFirewall™ on-chip security core.

55. Cryptography: Facts, Discussion Forum, And Encyclopedia Article Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning the Archaic , Classical , and Hellenistic periods of ancient Greece and the ancient world. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Cryptography

Home Discussion Topics Dictionary ... Login Cryptography Cryptography Topic Home Discussion Overview Cryptography (or cryptology ; from Greek Ancient Greek Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning the Archaic , Classical , and Hellenistic periods of ancient Greece and the ancient world. It is predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek... kryptos , "hidden, secret"; and , gráphō , "I write", or , -logia -logy -logy is a suffix in the English language, used with words originally adapted from Ancient Greek language ending in -λογία . The earliest English examples were anglicizations of the French -logie, which was in turn inherited from the Latin -logia.It has two main senses in English:*a combining form... , respectively) is the practice and study of hiding information Information Information, in its most restricted technical sense, is an ordered sequence of symbols. As a concept, however, information has many meanings... . Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics Mathematics Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns, formulate new conjectures, and establish truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions....

56. Applied Cryptography By Bruce Schneier Bruce Schneier. A comprehensive tutorial and reference. Includes selected pages and source code downloads. http://www.schneier.com/book-applied.html

Bruce Schneier Blog Crypto-Gram Newsletter Books Essays and Op Eds ... Contact Information Applied Cryptography Second Edition Bruce Schneier ISBN 0-471-11709-9 Paperback - 784 pages - $60.00 ISBN 0-471-12845-7 Hardcover - 784 pages - $85.00 Table of Contents Preface Foreword Afterword ... Source Code This new edition of the cryptography classic provides you with a comprehensive survey of modern cryptography. The book details how programmers and electronic communications professionals can use cryptography the technique of enciphering and deciphering messages to maintain the privacy of computer data. It describes dozens of cryptography algorithms, gives practical advice on how to implement them in cryptographic software, and shows how they can be used to solve security problems. Covering the latest developments in practical cryptographic techniques, this new edition shows programmers who design computer applications, networks, and storage systems how they can build security into their software and systems. What's New in the Second Edition? The second edition of Applied Cryptography is a major rewrite of the first edition: 50% more words, 7 more chapters, and over 1600 new references. Not only did I make corrections to the first edition and add developments since it was published, but I also included topics left out of the first edition.

57. Cryptography Summary | BookRags.com cryptography. cryptography summary with 10 pages of encyclopedia entries, research information, and more. http://www.bookrags.com/research/cryptography-wcs/

58. Stanislaw Jarecki Assistant Professor at UC Irvine. Publications, contact information, and research in threshold cryptography. http://www.ics.uci.edu/~stasio/

Stanislaw Jarecki Associate Professor, School of Information and Computer Sciences University of California at Irvine Office: Bren Hall, room 4026 Office Tel: 949-824-8878 Office Fax: +1(949)824-4056 Electronic address: concatenate my user name "stasio", the "@" sign, and a string "ics.uci.edu" Mailing address: School of Information and Computer Science, 444 Computer Science Bldg, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3425 Research Interests: Cryptography, Security, Fault-Tolerant Distributed Computing Professional Activities: Program committees: SCN 2006 Crypto 2005 ACNS 2005 CT-RSA 2005 ... Eurocrypt 2003 Current Teaching: ICS.6B, Intro to Discrete Math (Logic and Computation) ICS.167, Intro to Cryptography (Undergraduate) Some Past Courses: ICS 280, Cryptographic Protocols (graduate): Spring'06 ICS 268, Cryptography and Communication Security (graduate): Fall'05, Fall'04 Winter'04 (ICS 280) ICS 263, Computational Complexity (graduate): Sping'05

59. COS 433, Fall 2007: Home Page Course Summary. cryptography or secret writing has been around for about 4000 years, but was revolutionized in the last few decades. The first aspect of this revolution http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall07/cos433/

Princeton University Computer Science Department Computer Science 433 Cryptography Boaz Barak Fall 2007 Directory Lecture notes Reading Admin Course Summary Cryptography or "secret writing" has been around for about 4000 years, but was revolutionized in the last few decades. The first aspect of this revolution involved placing cryptography on more solid mathematical grounds, thus transforming it from an art to a science and showing a way to break out of the "invent-break-tweak" cycle that characterized crypto throughout history. The second aspect was extending cryptography to applications far beyond simple codes, including some paradoxical impossible-looking creatures such as public key cryptography , zero knowledge proofs, and playing poker over the phone. This course will be an introduction to modern "post-revolutionary" cryptography with an emphasis on the fundamental ideas (as opposed to an emphasis on practical implementations). Among the topics covered will be private key and public key encryption schemes (including DES/AES and RSA)

60. Bob Jenkins' Web Site Work in cryptography, hash functions, simple random number generators. http://burtleburtle.net/bob/

Bob Jenkins' Web Site Sorry, no, that 128-bit hash was no good either. Table of Contents (internal links): Hashing Here's a hash table , code for perfect hashing , a good hash function for hash table lookup , a FAQ , some theory , and code to search for new hash functions. I tried designing block ciphers and finding characteristics . I had an article published in Dr. Dobb's in September 1997. Randomness Have the cryptographic pseudorandom number generator ISAAC , a small noncryptographic pseudorandom number generator , a prize for breaking ISAAC, and ISAAC's background and theory . Also take some tests for randomness, and a table of orders of magnitude . Here are also some protocols and a unit vector generator Collections See some skits from Boy Scouts, SQL tricks from Oracle, near-future speculations , some paper airplanes , some recipies , and some cartoons that I wrote in college. Math Look into pentagonal tiles , formulae for n-body orbit simulations , code for the HOMFLY knot polynomial voting methods, choosing random passwords jenny for pairwise testing, some error correction codes , a distributed HTML index , and a web page for choosing colors Physics Consider perpetual motion machines , a dirigiped design , a scale model of the solar system , a page on exploring orbits with Java Klemperer Rosettes , a simulation of Cruithne (a near-earth object), of

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