21. Underwater Field Guide To Ross Island & McMurdo Sound, Antarctica Photographs and information on this sea cucumber found in Antarctic waters. http://www.peterbrueggeman.com/nsf/fguide/echinodermata26.html

Field Guide ECHINODERMATA sea cucumber Staurocucumis turqueti Staurocucumis turqueti is found in Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula and South Orkney Islands from 10 to 385 meters depth S. turqueti is chestnut or brown colored S. turqueti has been collected at lengths up to thirty centimeters Staurocucumis turqueti is a suspension feeder and has been observed on the sediment surface holding the anterior half of its body vertically up in the water to suspension feed S. turqueti has been observed attached to sponges Taxonomic Note: Appears under other genera in the older literature including Abyssocucumis Cucumaria and Ekmocucumis C Vaney. Holothuries. Expedition Antarctique Francaise (1903-1905). Paris : Masson et Cie, 1906; Julian Gutt, personal communication, 1999; Tethys 5(4):601-610, 1974; Berichte zur Polarforschung 41:1-87, 1988; Polar Biology 11(3):145-155, 1991; Memoirs of Museum Victoria 59(2):297�325, 2002 Norbert Wu no longer grants permission for uncompensated use of his photos under any circumstances whatsoever; want more info?

22. Echinodermata: Definition From Answers.com A phylum of exclusively marine coelomate animals distinguished from all others by an internal skeleton composed of calcite plates, and a watervascular system to serve the http://www.answers.com/topic/echinodermata-1

23. The Online Marine Picture Book Page 7 Many people are familliar with the phylum echinodermata. These animals are known for their spiny skin and radial symmetry. echinodermata also feature mobile tube feet http://www.borism.net/marine/marine7.html

Echinodermata Many people are familliar with the phylum Echinodermata. These animals are known for their spiny skin and radial symmetry. Echinodermata also feature mobile tube feet opperated by a water vascular system with protruding calcareous structures and complex digestive and nerveous systems. This portion of the picture book will focus mainly on the stars of this phylum, however Urchins, Sea Cucumbers and Sand Dollars are also Echinoderms. The two animals to the left are probably the best known from this phylum. They are the Sea star, (upper half) with the blood star (lower half). Though the Brittle Star (bottom left) is also related to them. Make sure not to confuse these three animals as for they may sometimes look alike. As mentioned above the Sea Star maybe the animal you're most familliar with, but here are some things you may not have known: For instance did you know that the Sea Star can regenerate, or grow back up to four of its arms? Or did you know that they have light sensitive eye spots at the end of each one of their arms? Now are you ready to find out how they eat? Sea Stars pull open bivalve shells, evert their stomachs inside and digest their prey inside its own shell! You can find this star-shaped echinoderm in middle intertidal to subtidal zones. Look for it to have numerous rounded spines on top and four rows of tube feet below.

24. Underwater Field Guide To Ross Island & McMurdo Sound, Antarctica Photographs and information on this brittle star which feeds on seafloor sediments. http://www.peterbrueggeman.com/nsf/fguide/echinodermata18.html

Field Guide ECHINODERMATA brittle star Ophiurolepis sp., probably Ophiurolepis gelida Shown here on a lacy bryozoan, this Ophiurolepis sp. is probably Ophiurolepis gelida which is the most common member of the genus in McMurdo Sound . Dorsal photos are inadequate for distinguishing O. gelida from other Ophiurolepis species Ophiurolepis gelida is found throughout Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, South Sandwich Islands, and Bouvet Island in depths from 40 to 2,725 meters . The pentagonal or rounded-pentagonal disc of O. gelida is flattened and up to 2 centimeters in diameter . The arms of O. gelida are long and tapering and reach a length of six centimeters O. gelida is colored orange-brown or yellowish-brown Ophiurolepis gelida captures prey or feeds by moving surface sediments into small mounds which are partially or completely engulfed; this feeding behavior gathers small organisms as well as eggs and fecal material O. gelida feeds on diatoms, silicoflagellates, bryozoans, tunicates/ascidians, foraminifera, polychaetes, gastropods, polychaetes, sponges, bivalve molluscs, amphipods, and euphausiid krill Predators of O. gelida

25. Echinodermata Free Study Guides, Book Notes, Book Reviews More Pay it forward Tell others about Novelguide.com http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/ansc_02/ansc_02_00113.html

26. Underwater Field Guide To Ross Island & McMurdo Sound, Antarctica Photographs and information on this brittle star found in Antarctic waters. http://www.peterbrueggeman.com/nsf/fguide/echinodermata21.html

Field Guide ECHINODERMATA brittle star Astrotoma agassizii Astrotoma agassizii occurs throughout Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, South Georgia Island, Falkland Islands, Shag Rocks, Burdwood Bank, and southern Chile and Argentina in depths from 55 to 1,335 meters . The unbranched arms of A. agassizii are stout, tapering, and flexible, reaching a length of seventy centimeters A. agassizii is creamy white in color The central disk of A. agassizii can reach a diameter of six centimeters . From its growth rings, maximum age of A. agassizii is estimated to be 91 years A. agassizii bears live young, and is hermaphrodite Here's Astrotoma agassizii at Granite Harbor. A. agassizii is usually found on sponges (as shown here on Anoxycalyx (Scolymastra) joubini , corals, and other organisms on which it can climb to be more advantageously placed to feed on prey drifting by . The stomach of A. agassizii contains diatoms, phytoplankton, foraminiferans, chaetognaths, bryozoans, polychaetes, holothurians, ascidians, and primarily crustaceans (including mysids, copepods particularly

27. Underwater Field Guide To Ross Island & McMurdo Sound, Antarctica Photographs and information on this species found in Antarctic waters. http://www.peterbrueggeman.com/nsf/fguide/echinodermata14.html

Field Guide ECHINODERMATA brittle star Ophiacantha antarctica Ophiacantha antarctica is found throughout Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland Islands, South Georgia Island, and the Antarctic Ocean south of the polar circle in depths from 20 to 3,398 meters . The color of O. antarctica is variable including disc colors of bluish-grey, grey, reddish, and purple and arm colors of orange, straw, and pinkish The pentagonal central disc of O. antarctica is up to 1.3 centimeters in diameter with indentations on the sides between arms . The slender, fragile arms of O. antarctica are up to nine centimeters in length Ophiacantha antarctica is an active forager and its diet includes diatoms, foraminifera, copepods, and other microzooplankton O. antarctica is generally found up on the substrate (rocks, sponges, sessile cnidarians, etc.) . Its flexible arms, long erect and thin arm spines, and climbing ability suggests that it feeds by manipulating its arms and arm spines to capture its food on or near the bottom Ophiacantha antarctica is the most abundant and widely distributed echinoderm in the Ross Sea, playing an important role in the benthic biological balance

28. Palaeos Metazoa: Echinodermata: Echinodermata An overview of the echinoderms, with notes on the evoution of the group, and Paleozoic lineages http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Echinoderms/echinodermata.htm

Pal�os Echinodermata METAZOA Echinodermata Page Back Unit Back Unit Home Unit References Unit Cladogram Glossary Taxon Index Page Next ... Time Echinodermata Cambrian to Recent The echinoderms (or "spiny skins") are a diverse group of completely marine animals. They are known from the Cambrian to the Recent and are found in shallow marine waters as well as the deep abyssal plains. They have a soft body encased in a hard rigid shell or exoskeleton (called a test ) made of individual plates (or ossicles ). made up of numerous thin plates. Many echinoderms have spines covering their test (e.g. the sea urchin). This group includes such familiar sea-shore creatures as starfish and sea urchins, as well as a number of less known types, and a whole range of paleozoic forms that are no longer around. there are some 6000 recent species, distributed among five classes. But these are only a small fraction of the number and diversity of types that lived in past ages, especially during the Paleozoic era when the group was at its height. The most distinctive thing about echinoderm appearance is their pentameral - that is, a five fold - radial symmetry. In other words, their body is structured on a five-fold plan, with rays or arms in fives or multiples of five, as shown for example with the familiar starfish with its five arms.

29. The Ophiuroidea A brief introduction to modern and ancient brittle stars by UCMP Berkeley. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/echinodermata/ophiuroidea.html

Introduction to the Ophiuroidea Ophiuroids are a large group (over 1600 species) of echinoderms that includes the brittle stars (Ophiurida) and basket stars (Euryalida). The more familiar Ophiurida, or brittle stars, usually have five arms and superficially resemble true starfish (Asteroidea). However, brittle stars have long, flexible arms (hence the other common name for ophiuroids, "snake stars" and a central, armored, disk-shaped body that is clearly demarcated from the arms. Instead of crawling on hundreds of tube feet like starfish, brittle stars move fairly rapidly by wriggling their arms. These agile arms are supported by an internal skeleton of calcium carbonate plates that superficially look like vertebrae, and that are in fact called vertebral ossicles . These are moved by a system of muscles and linked together by ball-and-socket joints. The body and arms are also protected by calcium carbonate plates, and the arms generally bear delicate spines. Basket stars (Euryalida) have a similar structure to brittle stars, although they are usually larger. However, their arms are very highly forked and branched, and even more flexible than those of brittle stars. Ophiuroids can be found in most parts of the world, from the Arctic and Antarctic to the tropics. Ophiuroids are common in many shallow-water marine habitats, and include a few species which can adapt to brackish water, which is quite unusual for echinoderms. Ophiuroids are dominant in many parts of the deep sea, where in certain regions the bottom may swarm with brittle starts. Basket stars also tend to live in deeper water. Most ophiuroids are scavengers and detritus feeders, although they also prey on small live animals such as small crustaceans and worms. Some, in particular the basket stars, filter-feed on plankton with their arms.

30. Echinodermata - Encyclopedia Of Life echinodermata (Echinoderms) in Encyclopedia of Life 19952008, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors http://www.eol.org/pages/1926

31. Echinoderm Portal - Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet Provides information on echinoderm research in Sweden and at the Swedish Museum of Natural History. http://www.nrm.se/frontpage/researchandcollections/zoology/invertebratezoology/r

32. Echinodermata - Wikispecies Taxonavigation. Main Page Regnum Animalia Phylum echinodermata Subphyla Eleutherozoa † Homalozoa - Pelmatozoa. Overview of extant classes (5) Asteroidea - Crinoidea - Echinoidea - http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Echinodermata

Echinodermata From Wikispecies Jump to: navigation search Pisaster ochraceus edit Taxonavigation Main Page Regnum: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Subphyla: Eleutherozoa Pelmatozoa Homalozoa Overview of extant classes (5): Asteroidea Crinoidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea ... edit References Clark, A. M. 1968: Starfishes and their relations, 2nd edition. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), 120pp. Gordon, D.P. (ed.) 2009: New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume 1. Kingdom Animalia. Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia . Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, New Zealand. Kašćelan, S. Mandić, S. Radović, I. Krpo-Ćetković, J. 2009: An annotated checklist of Echinodermata of Montenegro (the south Adriatic Sea). Zootaxa Nichols, D. 1969: Echinoderms, 4th (revised) edition. Hutchinson University Library, 192pp, ISBN 0-09-065994-5 Pawson, D.L. 2007: Phylum Echinodermata. Pp. 749-764 In Zhang, Z.-Q. Shear, W.A. (eds) Linnaeus tercentenary: progress in invertebrate taxonomy Zootaxa PDF Smith, A.B. 2005: The pre-radial history of echinoderms. Geological journal doi 10.1002/gj.1018

33. Echinodermata — Infoplease.com Encyclopedia echinodermata. echinodermata (u kī nōd r'm u t u) Gr.,=spiny skin, phylum of exclusively marine bottomdwelling invertebrates having external skeletons of http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0816693.html

34. Echinoderms Echinoderms. Phylum echinodermata. Echinoderms have a few important aspects in common. They have bony ossicles in their body. They have a watervascular system which pumps water http://www.cyhaus.com/marine/Echinoderm.htm

Echinoderms Phylum Echinodermata Echinoderms have a few important aspects in common. They have bony ossicles in their body. They have a water-vascular system which pumps water through the madroporite . They also have small jaws that are supported by the water-vascular system. And they have tube feet which they use to attach to objects, for protection, as well as to obtain food. They have radial symmetry and most can regenerate lost limbs. The following classes are types of echinoderms: Class Asteroidea Starfish or Sea Stars (Six-rayed Starfish Leptasterias hexactis )sea stars have fairly developed senses of smell, touch, and taste. They also can respond to the presence of light. They normally eat small prey whole, but they have to extrude their stomachs to digest larger prey outside their bodies. Sometimes, sea stars will use their tube feet to help pry open bivalves, and then they will slip their stomachs in between the two shells. Class Ophiuroidea Brittle Stars (Daisy Brittle Star Ophiopholis aculeata Another picture of a Brittle Star (*) found in all oceans (but mainly in the tropics). The group includes about 2000 species, varying in color. They eat decaying matter and microscopic organisms that are found on soft muddy bottoms.

35. The Starfish Sea-urchins And Allies (Phylum Echinodermata) An introduction to the biology, classification and ecology of Seacucmbers, Sea-stars, Sea-urchins and Starfish of the phylum echinodermata http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/echinodermata.html

The Phylum Echinodermata Etymology:- From the Greek Echinos for half and Derma for skin. Characteristics of Echinodermata:- 1)Possess 5-rayed symmetry, mostly radial, sometimes bilateral. 2)Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs. 3)Body cavity a true coelom. 4)Most possesses a through gut with an anus. 5)Body shape highly variable, but with no head. 6)Nervous system includes a circum-oesophageal ring. 7)Has a poorly defined open circulatory system. 8)Possesses a water vascular system, which hydraulically operates the tube feet or feeding tentacles. 9)Without excretory organs. 10)Normally possesses a subepidermal system of calcareous plates 11)Reproduction normally sexual and gonochoristic. 12)Feeds on fine particles in the water, detritus or other animals. 13)All live marine environments. Because of their calcareous skeleton many echinoderms fossilize well and we have a good record of their evolutionary history derived from more than 20,000 fossil species. They first evolved about 600 million years ago in the Precambrian along with many of the other major phyla. The first echinoderms (called carpoids) did not have any radial symmetry which shows that this characteristic was acquired later in the group's evolutionary history. Echinoderms are often difficult animals to kill and many have well developed powers of regeneration. Early attempts to control the Crown-of-Thorns starfish by chopping it up into several pieces merely resulted in helping it disperse as each piece grew into a new animal. Echinoderms are protected from most predators by their spines, nevertheless some are eaten by other echinoderms and some by human beings. The gonads of Sea Urchins are eaten in several places around the world, both raw and cooked and are considered to be very tasty. Also in Asia the body wall of certain Sea Cucumbers is eaten, this contains over 50% digestible protein so it is valuable nutrition wise as well as tasty, it is called Trepang.

36. Morphology Of Echinodermata echinodermata Morphology. Echinoderms have been compared to living, moving castles. Castles are made of interlocking blocks, with a single main entrance and numerous slit http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/echinodermata/echinomm.html

Echinodermata : Morphology Echinoderms have been compared to living, moving castles. Castles are made of interlocking blocks, with a single main entrance and numerous slit windows for air and for defense. Echinoderm skeletons are made up of interlocking calcium carbonate plates and spines. This skeleton is enclosed by the epidermis and is thus an endoskeleton. In some, such as sea urchins, the plates fit together tightly. In others, such as starfish, the plates are more loosely bound, and in sea cucumbers the plates are usually microscopic. But whatever their shape, the plates of echinoderms have a very typical microstructure: electron microscopy reveals them to be, not solid blocks, but fine networks of calcium carbonate forming a structure known as stereom . Each skeletal element of an echinoderm is actually a single crystal of calcium carbonate, very finely branched and structured. Click on this image of a sea urchin plate to view the entire image! Image taken by the UCMP Environmental Scanning Electrom Microscope Between the skeletal plates, a number of special structures protrude, with which the echinoderm breathes, moves, and defends itself. Typically, these are tube feet, pedicellaria, and gills. All echinoderms have a

37. Echinoderma echinodermata. Charateristics. echinodermata means spiny skined. have spiny skin- skeleton ossicles and pines. Radial Symmetry as adults. bipinnaria larva (free swimming) has http://siera104.com/bio/echin.html

Echinodermata Charateristics Echinodermata- means spiny skined have spiny skin- skeleton ossicles and pines Radial Symmetry as adults bipinnaria larva (free swimming) has bilateral symmetry dueterostome development Marine animals Five parts around central axis water vasular system- (Hydraulic vasular system) opening called madreportite or sieve plate set of water-filled canals branching from a ring canal that encircles the gut The canals lead to podia , or tube feet, which are sucker-like appendages that the echinoderm can use: to move, grip the substrate, Gas exchange or manipulate objects. These tube feet are extended and retracted by hydraulic pressure in the water-vascular system. Pedicellaria- clean serface - napper-like skeletal elements that are used by the echinoderm to keep small organisms from settling on its body, and free of debris includes dermal gills (skin gills) very small Mesodermal exoskeleton Made of calcium carbonate Calcified plates and spines Ridged support Circulatory system Complete digestive tube Radial nervous system- modified nerve net- no central nervous system, but have ganglia

38. Echinodermata - Definition From Biology-Online.org Definition and other additional information on echinodermata from BiologyOnline.org dictionary. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Echinodermata

Login Welcome to biology-online.org! Please login to access all site features. Create account Log me on automatically each visit Join for Free! Answers to all your Biology Questions Search dictionary Search site wide Edit page Page history Printable version ... Echinodermata Echinodermata Echinodermata (Science: marine biology) phylum of exclusively marine animals . The phylum is divided into 5 classes: the Asteroidea (starfish), the echinoidea sea urchins), the ophiuroidea (brittle stars and basket stars ), the Holothuroidea (the sea cucumbers) and the Crinoidea ( sea lilies and feather stars Please contribute to this project, if you have more information about this term feel free to edit this page Results from our forum The Colin Leslie Dean species paradox ... reptiles, amphibians). There is also Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans); Mollusca (snails, squid, clam); Annelida (segmented worms); Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins) and many, many more. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species Total number of species (estimated): 7 - 100 millions ... See entire post by gamila Wed Jul 15, 2009 12:45 pm

39. Echinodermata — FactMonster.com Encyclopedia echinodermata. echinodermata (u kī nōd r'm u t u) Gr.,=spiny skin, phylum of exclusively marine bottomdwelling invertebrates having external skeletons of calcareous http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0816693.html

Home U.S. People Word Wise ... Homework Center Fact Monster Favorites American Indian Heritage Month Math Flashcards Geography Guide Seven New Wonders of the World ... The Fifty States Reference Desk Atlas Almanacs Dictionary Encyclopedia ... Encyclopedia Echinodermata Echinodermata u u t u key [Gr.,=spiny skin], phylum of exclusively marine bottom-dwelling invertebrates having external skeletons of calcareous plates just beneath the skin. The plates may be solidly fused together, as in sea urchins , loosely articulated to facilitate movement, as in sea stars (starfish), or reduced to minute spicules in the skin, as in sea cucumbers . The skin usually has warty projections or spines, or both. Echinoderms display pentamerous radial symmetry, that is, the body can be divided into five more or less similar portions around a central axis. Unlike other radially symmetrical animals, they develop from a bilaterally symmetrical larva and retain some degree of bilateral symmetry as adults. There is no head; the surface containing the mouth (the underside, in sea stars and most others) is called the oral surface, and the opposite side, which usually bears the anus, the aboral surface. There are five living classes of echinoderms. Sections in this article: Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Class Asteroidea Class Ophiuroidea Class Echinoidea ... Class Concentricycloidea The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia

40. Echinodermata echinodermata (“spiny skin”) ca. 7,000 living species, exclusively marine. Name and describe features unique to echinodermata, and the level of integration and general animal http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/bpenney/teaching/BI338/Phyla/Echinodermata.html

BI338 Invertebrate Zoology, Fall 2010 Brian K. Penney, Ph.D. Goulet 2320, Ph 641-7149, email: bpenney (at) anselm.edu Main Page Definitions Phyla Review Section ... Projects Echinodermata Name and describe features unique to Echinodermata, and the level of integration and general animal characters seen in the phylum UNIQUE tripartite coeloms divide during development to form two major (water vascular system, perivisceral coelom) and three minor systems (hyponeural, perihemal, genital systems). Water vascular system endoskeleton of ossicles filled with lattice-like channels ( stereom ) that are filled with dermal tissue and fibers ( stroma catch connective tissue Adults with basic pentaradial symmetry, secondarily derived from bilaterally symmetrical larvae oral/aboral axis GENERAL gut complete, although structures sometimes secondarily lost deuterostome development (radial cleavage, enterocoely, mouth not from blastopore) As in all deuterostomes, the coelomic system develops as a tri-partite series. Diagram and label a cross section through a typical Echinodermata B2 Fig 22.5B

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