1. The Generalization Of Deferred Imitation During the course of development, humans treat enculturated apes as intentional agents. In contrast, wild chimpanzees do not treat their offspring in such a manner. http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/InstituteofCognitionCulture/FileUploadPage/Filetoup

2. Question - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Enculturated apes Kanzi, Washoe, Sarah and a few others who underwent extensive language training programs (with the use of gestures and other visual forms of communications http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question

Question From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search For other uses, see Question (disambiguation) For questions about Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Questions This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate (April 2009) There are these four ways of answering questions. Which four? There are questions that should be answered categorically [straightforwardly yes, no, this, that]. There are questions that should be answered with an analytical (qualified) answer [defining or redefining the terms]. There are questions that should be answered with a counter-question. There are questions that should be put aside. These are the four ways of answering questions. Buddha Source A question may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information , or else the request itself made by such an expression. This information is provided with an answer Questions are normally put forward or asked using interrogative sentences . However they can also be formed by imperative sentences, which normally express commands: "Tell me what two plus two is"; conversely, some expressions, such as "Would you pass the salt?", have the grammatical form of questions but actually function as requests for action, not for answers, making them allofunctional. (A phrase such as this could, theoretically, also be viewed not merely as a request but as an observation of the other person's desire to comply with the request given.)

3. Language And The Orang-utan: The Old 'Person' Of The Forest, By H. Lyn White Mil Ethically speaking, enculturated apes are analogous to children. This analogy is particularly significant since the law protects http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/whitemiles01.htm

Language and the Orang-utan: The Old 'Person' of the Forest by H. Lyn White Miles The Great Ape Project New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1993, pp. 42-57 Acrobat version I still maintain, that his [the orang-utan] being possessed of the capacity of acquiring it [language], by having both the human intelligence and the organs of pronunciation, joined to the dispositions and affections of his mind, mild, gentle, and humane, is sufficient to denominate him a man. Lord J. B. Monboddo, Of the Origin and Progress of Language, If we base personhood on linguistic and mental ability, we should now ask, 'Are orang-utans or other creatures persons?' The issues this question raises are complex, but certainly arrogance and ignorance have played a role in our reluctance to recognise the intellectual capacity of our closest biological relatives - the nonhuman great apes. Ignorance is almost always the basis for defining difference as 'other'. Since the West had no representatives of our closest relatives, the apes, we were ignorant of our primate heritage and the species that link us more closely with nature.

4. UTC Sociology Anthropology And Geography | Lyn Miles of the Chantek Foundation, and President of ApeNet, a consortium of foundations and celebrities founded by British musician Peter Gabriel to support enculturated apes and http://www.utc.edu/Academic/SociologyAnthropologyAndGeography/staff/lyn-miles.ph

5. The WhatUseek Directory - Anthropology Archaeology *(2592) Museums *(25) Biological Anthropology (35) Organizations (26) Cultural Anthropology (166) Publications (16) Enculturated Apes (16) http://dir.whatuseek.com/Science/Social_Sciences/Anthropology/

Search The Directory The Web for Home Science Social Sciences Anthropology New! Submit a site Categories: Academic Departments Internet Resources Anthropologists Linguistics ... Enculturated Apes whatUseek Collection Sites submit a site Give your site great placement in this category in as little as two business days! whatUseek Directory Site Listings: Anthro.Net Research Engine - Search engine of web sites and bibliographic references for anthropology and related social sciences. Anthropological Center for Training - A research group at Indiana University, Bloomington that focuses on the human dimensions of global environment change. Anthropological Studies Center - A non-profit center at Sonoma State University dedicated to cultural resources management education, research and public service. Anthropologists at Work - Responses to student questions about anthropology careers. Anthropology - An Encarta Encyclopedia article that provides on overview of this field of study. Anthropology Tutorials - Lessons on various topics in cultural and physical anthropology. Includes glossaries, practice quizzes, and lists of related links. Anthrotech: Human and Cyber Technology Integration - Provides web resources for the anthropological community and general public. Services include web site design and a searchable directory of anthropology related Internet resources.

6. Miles 1994 "Ape Language" Studies And The Study Of Human Language Origins. If the linguistic and cognitive abilities of enculturated apes can be only matched by late hominids, it shows the importance of culture to human evolution. http://www.jimdavies.org/summaries/miles1994.html

CogSci Summaries home UP email Hominid Culture in Primate Perspective Author of the summary: Jim Davies, 1998, jim@jimdavies.org Cite this paper for: Signing apes achieve vocabularies of three year olds. (258) General ape language like 2 year old humans, other cognition like 3-4 year olds. (269) In a typical day Chantek uses about 50 signs.(258) Attempts to get apes to speak met with failure. (260) All signing apes have the ability to create signs. (262) Some apes sign to themselves when nobody else is around. (266) All of the apes produce sign combinations that they have not heard before. This paper describes what apes can do with language and talks about what that might tell us about our evolutionary ancestors' abilities. p253: Studies of ape language use sheds light on early hominid language use. It suggests that they had: ÝA flexible, basic semantic communications system with moderate levels of reference low levels of perspective-taking, imitation and sequential organization and protosyntax Grammar may have come later in the evolutionary process.

7. The Sapient Paradox: Can Cognitive Neuroscience Solve It? — Brain Hutchins's claim (bound to be controversial among researchers who work on primate behaviour) is that the apparent symbolic competence of enculturated apes http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/resid/awn290?view=full&uritype=cgi

8. Untitled Document Some report that enculturated apes those raised in human environments do act more like human children in these situations. See how attentive the child under three http://pubpages.unh.edu/~jel/video/social_brain_ToM.html

HUman Quest Social Brain section on theory of mind and related issues. joint attention (Tomasello) Children seem to get this idea on their own but apes don't. Some report that "enculturated" apes those raised in human environments do act more like human children in these situations. See how attentive the child under three years is as Tomasello uses a new word, "monitoring" his expressions as feedback. Contrast this human word learning strategy with the way apes are taught human-based symbols in the Language video. Some reports of animals using human based codes suggest explicit training works poorer than just using the symbols in context with the animal. See Fellow , for example; or recall Alex the parrot's training. assumptions about other minds :"False-belief" task This is a kind of projective task, used by Piaget (e.g. his three mountain problem ) and expanded on by many investigators. Piaget used this to assess a child's shift from an egocentric system of beliefs (everyone thinks the same), to a more "other" centered system where others can have different perceptions, intentions, desires, beliefs, that may be discerned by watching and listening. The "false belief" task tests the capacity to "read" minds of others and attribute other mind-like properties consciousness, and beliefs, and desires. "What does Snoopy think is inside the box?"

9. Babel's Dawn: Protolanguage Builds On Mimicry Zlatev makes the interesting point that protolanguage itself, that is language at the level of a 24month old, can be leaned by “enculturated” apes who have been raised and http://www.babelsdawn.com/babels_dawn/2009/09/protolanguage_builds_on_mimicry.ht

Babel's Dawn Blog Rating Selected Books by Edmund Blair Bolles Galileo's Commandment: 2500 Years of Great Science Writing The Ice Finders: How a Poet, a Professor, and a Politician Discovered the Ice Age Einstein Defiant: Genius vs Genius in the Quantum Revolution Recent Posts Spam Attack Birds R Us Blombos Cave Again Language’s Building Blocks ... Babel’s Dawn Turns Four Recent Comments BUTSeriously on Brains and Vocalization mike shupp on The Evolution of the Vocal Tract Giulio Benedetti on Riding A Two-Horse Shay John Roth on Language’s Building Blocks Jerry on Would-Be Revolutionaries Strike Again Vladimir on Three Free Papers Worth Reading Marcel du Pre on Neanderthals Had Language gameswithwords on Would-Be Revolutionaries Strike Again Susan J Lanyon on Homo Was Born Vocalizing on Is Every Theory in the Humanities Incomplete? Keep On Surfing Abnormal Interests Biolinguistics Complex Adaptive Systems Glossographia ... Main Protolanguage Builds on Mimicry “Bodily mimesis” (i.e., using one’s body for mimicry or representation) provided the social and cognitive prerequisites for the emergence of protolanguage, linguist Jordan Zlatev from Lund University in Sweden, told an audience today in the keynote address that began a three-day conference on protolanguage in Torun, Poland. When

10. Behavioral Genetics And Evolutionary Psychology: Unified Perspective On Personal Ed. by Bruce evidence from enculturated apes); early stress; behavioral genetics; determinants of pubertal timing; functional aspects http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-27663264.html

11. How Global Is Global Semiosis? Going Beyond Sebeok's Paradox of the minor tradition ) that human language is one of a kind, in no way comparable to any non verbal communication system used even by higher animals, such an enculturated apes http://filserver.arthist.lu.se/kultsem/pdf/Globalsemiosis.pdf

12. William M. Fields - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia William M. Fields (born 1949), also known by the lexigram, is an American qualitative investigator studying language, culture, and tools in nonhuman primates. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Fields

William M. Fields From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search William M. Fields William M. Fields with Nyota Born Occupation Director of The Great Ape Trust Website http://www.greatapetrust.org/ William M. Fields (born 1949), also known by the lexigram , is an American qualitative investigator studying language, culture, and tools in non-human primates. He is best known for his collaboration with Sue Savage-Rumbaugh beginning in 1997 at the Language Research Center of Georgia State University . There he co-reared Nyota , a baby bonobo, with Panbanisha Kanzi and Savage-Rumbaugh Fields and Savage-Rumbaugh are the only scientists in the world carrying out language research with bonobos edit Biography Fields was born in Atlanta Georgia in 1949, the oldest of four children. His father is a musician and his mother a housewife. He attended Georgia State University where he was the student of anthropologist Kathryn A. Kozaitis earning a B.A. in anthropology in 1999. He also studied with Charles Rutheiser, Robert Fryman, and Mark B. King. Under these influences he developed the notions of a hybrid culture in which he proposed the theoretical concept of a Pan/Homo cultural dynamic as a critique of the ethological notion of proto-culture to explain bonobo Kanzi’s linguistic abilities.

13. Why Are Some Animals So Clever? These socalled enculturated apes acquired a surprising set of skills, effortlessly imitating complex behaviorunderstanding pointing, for example, and even some human http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Uk/uk.philosophy.humanism/2006-04/msg002

Why are some animals so clever? From : "Lance" < Date : 19 Apr 2006 02:10:39 -0700 March 26, 2006 Why Are Some Animals So Smart? The unusual behavior of orangutans in a Sumatran swamp suggests a surprising answer By Carel van Schaik Even though we humans write the textbooks and may justifiably be suspected of bias, few doubt that we are the smartest creatures on the planet. Many animals have special cognitive abilities that allow them to excel in their particular habitats, but they do not often solve novel problems. Some of course do, and we call them intelligent, but none are as quick-witted as we are. What favored the evolution of such distinctive brainpower in humans or, more precisely, in our hominid ancestors? One approach to answering this question is to examine the factors that might have shaped other creatures that show high intelligence and to see whether the same forces might have operated in our forebears. Several birds and nonhuman mammals, for instance, are much better problem solvers than others: elephants, dolphins, parrots, crows. But research into our close

14. Zoology Projects Enculturated Apes Endocrinology Echiura Evolutionary Basis for Animal Behavior Genetic Basis for Animal Behavior Invertibrate Biodiversity http://www.madscitech.org/projects/zoology.html

Zoology Overview The scientific study of animals and their environment. Projects Elementary Amphibians Beekeeping Birds Circulatory System Digestive System Endocrine System Fish Insects Integumentary System Invertibrate Zoology Lymphatic System Mammals Muscular System Nervous System Reproductive System Respiratory System Skeletal System Urinary System Intermediate Aardwolves Acanthocephala Animal Behavior Animal Physiology Annelida Arachnida Arthropda Bats Beekeeping Biogeography of Animals Bivalvia Comparable Structure of Organ Systems Crustacea Embryology Entomology Field Zoology Gastropoda Gnathostomulida Gross Anatomy Helminths Hemichordata Histology Invertebrate Characteristics Invertebrate Classification Invertebrate Evolution Invertebrate Life Cycles Mollusca Myriapoda Neurology Poultry Protozoa Vertebrate Characteristics Vertebrate Classification Vertebrate Evolution Advanced Acarology Acoelomates Animal Development Animal Ecology Animal Social Behavior Aplacophora Aquatic Insects Bat Detectors Birth Defects Brachiopoda Bryozoa Cephalopoda Chilopoda Chordata Diplopoda Echinodermata Ecological Basis for Animal Behavior Enculturated Apes Endocrinology Echiura Evolutionary Basis for Animal Behavior Genetic Basis for Animal Behavior Invertibrate Biodiversity Junglefowl.

15. From Proto-mimesis To Language Evidence From Primatology And More empirically, it has been convincingly shown that (even nonenculturated) apes are in fact capable of some forms of imitation, e.g. (Custance, Whiten, Bard, 1995; Whiten, 2000 http://sedsu.org/Pdf/ArticlesForPage/Zlatev_JPP-final.pdf

16. UTC Professor Meets McCartney The goal of the foundation is to create a culture and conservation center where Chantek and other enculturated apes would reside, and use tools, computers, art http://www.utc.edu/Administration/UniversityRelations/newsreleases/homenews/beat

Dr. Lyn Miles, seated, with Paul McCartney, right. Professor Meets Beatle Miles is also president of the Chantek Foundation, named in honor of the orangutan Miles raised as "my cross-foster son on the UTC campus, beginning in 1978." The goal of the foundation is to create a culture and conservation center where Chantek and other enculturated apes would reside, and use tools, computers, art and sign language. "The Community Foundation of Chattanooga can receive tax-exempt donations to the Chantek Foundation, while its nonprofit status is pending," Miles said. Chantek currently resides at Zoo Atlanta, where Miles serves as a senior research fellow. "When I met McCartney, I presented him with a cocoa bean rattle assembled by Chantek who uses it in his music and art studies with me. I also presented Ms. Mills with a found art assemblage, a brass and wood macramé wall hanging, constructed by Chantek," Miles said. ‘During the first encore, McCartney pointed to our group and said ‘this one’s for you,’ and he and his band members walked around the stage like monkeys!" Miles said.

17. Question | Ask.com Encyclopedia Enculturated apes Kanzi, Washoe, Sarah and a few others who underwent extensive language training programs (with the use of gestures and other visual forms of communications http://www.ask.com/wiki/Question?qsrc=3044

18. Orangutans ( Pongo Pygmaeus ) And Bonobos ( Pan Paniscus ) Point This is important because there have been some indications that the gestural communication of enculturated apes may be particularly sophisticated (Call and Tomasello 1996 ). http://www.eva.mpg.de/psycho/pdf/Publications_2009_PDF/Zimmermann_et_al_2009.pdf

19. THE HUMAN ADAPTATION FOR CULTURE Enculturated Apes It maybe objected that there are a number of convincing observations of chimpanzeeimitation in the literature, and indeed there area few. http://www.cogsci.msu.edu/DSS/2002-2003/Tomasello/The_human_adaptation_for_cultu

20. Comparing The Imitative Skills Of Children And Nonhuman Apes Apes, on the other hand, appear to focus solely on the results of demonstrations (although there is some suggestive evidence that enculturated apes may copy actions and goals more http://primatologie.revues.org/263

Navigation Plan du site Revue de primatologie Langue du site English Français Accueil Volumes Dossier Imitation Accès abonnés Login Mot de passe Se connecter Annuler Chercher Sommaire Document précédent Varia Dossier Imitation Comparing the imitative skills of children and nonhuman apes Comparaison des capacités d’imitation des enfants humains et des grands singes Malinda Carpenter et Josep Call Résumé Index Plan Notes de l'auteur ... Auteurs Résumés English Français We propose a framework which breaks down the mechanisms of social learning into their four constituent elements: actions, results, goals, and context. We review what is known about the use of each of these elements in children’s and apes’ social learning, with special attention to possible differences among apes with different rearing histories. We conclude that, by 12 months of age, human infants use each of the four elements when interpreting and selectively copying others’ behavior. Apes, on the other hand, appear to focus solely on the results of demonstrations (although there is some suggestive evidence that enculturated apes may copy actions and goals more than other apes). Finally, we show how these (and other related) findings can be explained by uniquely human skills and motivations for shared intentionality. Comparaison des capacités d’imitation des enfants humains et des grands singes (Traduit par la Rédaction).

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