21. Problem Barking: Causes And Solutions Causes and solutions are suggested. http://www.usask.ca/wcvm/herdmed/applied-ethology/behaviourproblems/barking.html

Problem Barking: Causes and Solutions "A reasonable amount o' fleas is good fer a dog keeps him from broodin' over bein' a dog" (Edward Noyes Westcott (1847-1898) American Author) Thousands of years ago, humans began the process of domesticating the dog and shaping what "being a dog" really means. Through careful selection and breeding, an astonishing variety of dog breeds have been created. Desirable traits have been selected for in various breeds that are of a benefit to humans. There are some traits, however, that quickly become undesirable when expressed too frequently. Barking is an example of a natural behaviour that is encouraged in terms of guarding behaviour, but becomes a problem when the behaviour is produced in excess. A recent health insurance investigation revealed that the sound of a continually barking dog was cited as the most disruptive and stress inducing noise for humans. Why Do Dogs Bark? Barking, in addition to whining, howling and growling, is a dog's natural means of communication. Barking is characterized by a series of short, sharp sounds, that tend to vary little in tone or pitch. A dog's bark can signify territorial protection, exertion of dominance, or expression of some need. Typically, barking is "a means of communication triggered by a state of excitement." Being a natural trait, barking is not considered a behavioural problem, until it is produced in excess. Causes of Problem Barking Problem barking has a variety of origins. Genetics does influence a dog's tendency to bark. Certain breeds belonging to the terrier family are prone to more frequent barking than breeds such as Greyhounds or Basenjis. Generally, however, excess barking can exist in any breed of dog. The key to solving the problem of inappropriate barking is to determine what external stimulus is triggering the behaviour.

22. Alpha (ethology) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia ethology from The Social Science Encyclopedia, Second Edition. ethology summary with 8 pages of research material. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_(ethology)

Alpha (ethology) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (May 2009) Alphas usually have to fight to maintain their position. The social group will often follow the alphas into every activity. In social animals , the alpha is the individual in the community with the highest rank. Where one male and one female fulfill this role, they are referred to as the alpha pair (the term varies when several females fulfill this role – it is extremely rare among mammals for several males to fulfill this role with one female). Other animals in the same social group may exhibit deference or other symbolic signs of respect particular to their species towards the alpha. The alpha animals are given preference to be the first to eat and the first to mate; among some species they are the only animals in the pack allowed to mate. Other animals in the community are usually killed or ousted if they violate this rule. The term "alpha male" is sometimes applied to humans to refer to a man who is powerful through his courage and a competitive, goal-driven, "take charge" attitude. With their bold approach and confidence "alpha males" are often described as charismatic. While "alpha males" are often overachievers and recognized for their leadership qualities, their aggressive tactics and competitiveness can also lead to resentment by others.

23. Notes On Human Ethology Notes on Human ethology. Human ethology is a subdiscipline of Biology that studies the biological bases of behavior. The field used to be called comparative psychology (animal http://www.unm.edu/~jka/courses/archive/ethol.html

Notes on Human Ethology Human Ethology is a subdiscipline of Biology that studies the biological bases of behavior. The field used to be called comparative psychology (animal psychology). Ethological theory draws upon Darwin's theory of evolution. Human ethologists also incorporated ideas from psychoanalytic theory (Freud) into their analyses. Today, evolutionary psychologists continue on the tradition of using evolutionary theory as a guide for understanding human behavior patterns. Ethological research focuses on human and animal behavior as it occurs in natural environments, particularly as it occurs in the environments to which a species has to adapt during the course of its evolutionary history. Ethological Research employs naturalistic observation and sometimes uses natural experiments. Ethologists prefer experiments in natural settings to those conducted in laboratories. Key Concepts associated with ethology include 1) fixed action patterns (innate, promote individual survival - nut-opening in squirrels, nest building in birds, human crying and smiling), 2) sign stimuli (releasers or triggers for fixed action patterns)

24. Submissive Urination In Dogs The causes are explained and an interactive solution suggested. http://www.usask.ca/wcvm/herdmed/applied-ethology/behaviourproblems/suburine.htm

Submissive Urination in Dogs Many people are familiar with what is defined as the "submissive urinator"; the dog that urinates all over the floor, you the owner, and your guests, as soon as it becomes excited, aroused, or intimidated. It can be a frustrating and embarrassing problem, but fortunately is usually quite easily corrected. Puppies, especially shy, timid and oversensitive ones are the likely candidates for submissive urination, but it is not uncommon to see this problem persist into adulthood. There tends to be more females with this problem as well. Dog owners who are dominant and strict tend also to encourage a submissive relationship with their dog. Common situations where dogs get excited or fearful, and urinate are: -overaffectionate greetings -when you arrive home -guests entering your home -arguments between people -scolding -loud noises In order to understand this behavior, you must understand the language of dominance and submissiveness. Young puppies learn this from their mother. Gestures like averting eyes, rolling on their back, and urinating, are all used to express submissiveness. In situations where a dog feels intimidated, the proper learned response for them is to elicit some submissive signal to show the person or other dog that they recognize their dominance. Urination in this case is not deliberate or spiteful. To deal with this problem, the first thing that you must do is have your veterinarian examine your dog for possible physical abnormalities pertaining to this problem. Sickness and disease can cause difficulty for your pet to control their facilities. If physical problems prove to be the cause, discuss options specific to your dog's situation with your veterinarian as to your possible options (e.g. surgery, drugs, coping mechanisms).

25. Cognitive Ethology Cognitive ethology A Bibliography of Animal Cognition Compiled by David Griffin (see Griffin 1992) and Colin Allen (see Allen Bekoff 1997) up to 13 August 1997; http://cogweb.ucla.edu/ep/BiblioCognitiveEthology.html

Cognitive Ethology A Bibliography of Animal Cognition Compiled by David Griffin (see Griffin 1992 ) and Colin Allen (see ) up to 13 August 1997; see original (external). *Added by Francis Steen; revised 20 March 2000. Cephlopoda ) signal their intentions to conspecifics during agonistic encounters? Anim. Behav Akins, K. A. 1993. A bat without qualities. In Consciousness , ed. M. Davies and G. Humphreys. Blackwell. Allen, C. 1992. Mental Content and Evolutionary Explanation. Biology and Philosophy Allen, C. 1992a. Mental content. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science Allen, C. 1992b. Mental content and evolutionary explanation. Biology and Philosophy Nous Allen, C. 1995b. Intentionality: Natural and artificial. In Comparative Approaches to Cognitive Science , ed. H. Roitblat and J.-A.Meyer. MIT Press. Allen, C. 1996. Comparative psychology not folk phylogeny. Behavioral and Brain Sciences Allen, C. 1997. Animal cognition and animal minds. In Philosophy and the Sciences of the Mind , ed. P. Machamer and M. Carrier. Pittsburgh University Press. Species of Mind, The philosophy and biology of cognitive ethology

26. Pica Behaviour In The Adult Dog Known as pica, this can cause serious health problems. The causes and solutions are explained. http://www.usask.ca/wcvm/herdmed/applied-ethology/behaviourproblems/picabeh.html

Pica Behaviour in the Adult Dog A common problem in dogs is the ingestion of unnatural objects such as candy wrappers, toilet paper, or socks. Not only is this behavior a nuisance around the house, but the swallowing of non-food particles poses a serious threat to the health of the dog. The problem requires attention and treatment. The Causes of Pica Behavior Medical There are many medical conditions such as dietary deficiencies and esophageal dysphagia which should first be ruled out through a veterinarian's examination. In the absence of any physiologic or pathologic causes, there are a number of behavioral reasons for pica. To Gain Attention A dog can quickly learn that picking up a foreign object or a non-food item will gain the owner's attention. The attention provided by the owner can be rewarding and reinforced even though the reward is unintentional. Even if a scolding follows, this may act as a reward for a dog deprived of attention. Boredom Boredom or lack of exercise for long periods of time without companionship can play a major role in a dog's interest in chewing on non-food items. A dog with little to do in his day will "explore" behavioural activities, such as chewing on foreign objects. From Puppyhood Pica is often a carryover from puppyhood. Puppies which were orally oriented, encouraged to pick up objects and play with them, can retain the attribute into adulthood.

27. Ethology (Contemporary Continental, Ethologies) @ Belonged.org ethology (from Greek ἦθος, ethos, character ; and λογία, -logia) is the scientific study of animal behavior, and a sub-topic of zoology. http://www.belonged.org/Ethology/

Ethology Information Ethology from Greek: ἦθος, ethos , "character"; and -λογία -logia ) is the scientific study of animal behavior, and a sub-topic of zoology Although many naturalists have studied aspects of animal behavior throughout history, the modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of Dutch biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen and Austrian biologists Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch , joint winners of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with a strong relation to certain other disciplines — e.g., neuroanatomy ecology evolution . Ethologists are typically interested in a behavioral process rather than in a particular animal group and often study one type of behavior (e.g. aggression) in a number of unrelated animals. The desire to understand animals has made ethology a rapidly growing topic, and since the turn of the 21st century, many prior understandings related to diverse fields such as animal communication , personal symbolic name use, animal emotions , animal culture, learning , and even sexual conduct long thought to be well understood, have been modified, as have new fields such as

28. Thunderphobia In Canines How to recognise and deal with this common characteristic. http://www.usask.ca/wcvm/herdmed/applied-ethology/behaviourproblems/thunder.html

Thunderphobia in Canines by Paul Neider Myth: "Dogs will eventually outgrow a fear of thunder or other loud noises without treatment." What is Thunderphobia? Thunderphobia can be defined quite simply and precisely as a fear of thunder. What is more difficult is understanding why dogs become "crazy", even during the mildest of thunderstorms. Also, since thunderstorms are under nature's control, can anything be done to stop these dogs from becoming destructive, afraid and uncontrollable? As a dog owner, the first step is realizing that loud noises such as thunder can terrify even the meanest of breeds. As well, it should be noted that age, sex and breed do not seem to be factors contributing to the fear of thunder. In fact, the sounds your dog may be terrified of may be too high or low for human ears to hear. In order to help your pet, a few simple techniques can be used. Recognizing the Sign The first step in helping a frightened dog is to recognize the signs suggesting fear. Minor fear responses include pacing, panting, remaining close to its owner and generally looking unsettled. These responses can happen hours before the storm has even occurred, since a dog's ears are one of their best sensory tools. During the peak of the storm, when thunder is at it's loudest, fear responses can become intense. Dogs have been known to hide, jump over fences or through windows, attempt to dig into the house and in extreme cases, collapse. It should be apparent that, to the dog, the only goal is to escape danger immediately. A terrified dog is unresponsive to food, or attention such as play or praise. If your dog exhibits any number of these signs or if you know your dog is thunderphobic, there are a few methods of treatment that can be used.

29. Ethology Definition Of Ethology In The Free Online Encyclopedia. ethology, study of animal behavior based on the systematic observation, recording, and analysis of how animals function, with special attention to physiological, ecological, and http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Ethology

30. Tail Chasing In Dogs Explains why this is not always a playful activity, and how to stop it causing injury. http://www.usask.ca/wcvm/herdmed/applied-ethology/behaviourproblems/tailchase.ht

Tail Chasing in Dogs Tail chasing, at first glance, may appear to be a normal component of play behaviour in dogs. Problems arise when such behaviour becomes excessive and the dog injures itself during the activity and when the dog cannot be distracted for other activities. Many would define tail chasing, or whirling, as a stereotypic behavior. Stereotypic behavior can be defined as a ritualistic, repetitive, constant sequence of movements appearing to serve no obvious function. Such behavior is often found in cases where animals are confined and where their behavior is restricted, but can be present in ordinary environments, as well. Why Does Tail Chasing Occur? The primary causes of excessive tail chasing often involve aspects of learned behavior or medical problems or both. Behavioral causes: Attention-seeking, Boredom, Anxiety Tail chasing and other stereotypic behaviors may be a result of operant conditioning, a process by which a behavior is affected by its consequences and an association is made between a stimulus and a response. Because dogs are social animals, attention from the owner is often a positive reinforcer causing an increase in the frequency of the performed behavior whether the owner intends this or not. Even adversive attention may act as a positive reinforcer of the behavior, especially when the animal receives little owner attention in the first place. In this case, any attention the dog receives is highly rewarding. This type of behavior is known as "attention-seeking behavior".

31. Ethology - Definition Of Ethology By The Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus And E e thol o gy (th l-j, -th l-) n. 1. The scientific study of animal behavior, especially as it occurs in a natural environment. 2. The study of human ethos and its formation. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ethology

32. Sociobiology Explains major concepts of Sociobiology, including ethology, Evolution, Attraction, Sexual Dimorphism, Imprinting, Kin Selection, Reciprocal Altruism, and Dominance Hierarchies. Contrasts the roles of Sociobiology and Culture. http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/sociobiology.html

SOCIOBIOLOGY C. George Boeree Ever since Darwin came out with his theory of evolution, people - including Darwin himself have been speculating on how our social behaviors (and feelings, attitudes, and so on) might also be affected by evolution. After all, if the way our bodies look and work as biological creatures can be better understood through evolution, why not the things we do with those bodies? The entemologist E. O Wilson was the first to formalize the idea that social behavior could be explained evolutionarily, and he called his theory sociobiology. At first, it gained attention only in biological circles even there it had strong critics. When sociologists and psychologists caught wind of it, the controversy really got started. At that time, sociology was predominantly structural-functionalist, with a smattering of Marxists and feminists. Psychology was still dominated by behaviorist learning theory, with humanism starting to make some headway. Not one of these theories has much room for the idea that we, as human beings, could be so strongly determined by evolutionary biology! Over time, Wilson's sociobiology found more and more supporters among biologists, psychologists, and even anthropologists. Only sociology has remained relatively unaffected.

33. Ethology Academy ethology Academy provides correspondence courses and seminars on animal behaviour and companionship. Its mission is to improve the quality of companionship between humans and their http://www.ethology.co.za/

Ethology The scientific study of animal behaviour Academy Place of study in a special field - or an institution of distinguished scholars at a higher level of education (From the garden where Plato the great philosopher taught, which was named after Akademos - one of the Greek heroes.) Ethology Academy offers Companion Animal Behaviour Courses (since 1998) in line of our mission: To improve the quality of companionship between humans and their animals by means of education. Ethology Academy CC is motivated by the conviction that knowledge has the power to change attitudes and improve the quality of life. Ethology Academy is also committed to provide students with efficient, professional and friendly service. All the courses that Ethology Academy presents are essentially done by correspondence with the optional or, for some courses, the compulsory attendance of a seminar and/or a workshop. The seminars are hosted in Pretoria, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and the South Coast of Kwa Zulu Natal. All the courses are one-year courses and on a tertiary level. Ethology Academy accepts applicants in possession of a Grade 12 certificate or who are older than 18 years. The courses are designed to be done part-time thus making it possible for students involved in full time jobs to enrol.

34. Ontologies For Ethology Peter E. Midford s research in coding animal behavior descriptions, particularly ethograms using ontology. http://www.mesquiteproject.org/ontology/

Ontologies for Ethology Peter E. Midford Introduction Welcome to the ontologies for ethology page, documenting a project to develop knowledge representation, including ontologies, as tools for describing and analyzing animal behavior. The project is currently developing a set of ontologies for courtship behavior in a clade of Habronattus jumping spiders from raw video of behavior sequences. Ultimately, a small library of such knowledge bases will serve as sample data to develop methods for comparative studies and (secondarily) other varieties of linking between knowledge bases across behavior studies. The plan is to eventually provide these comparative tools into the Mesquite tool. The purpose of this project is not to propose a particular upper-level or coding for ontologies, but to demonstrate ontology construction as a general technique for coding ethograms and other descriptions of behavior into machine understandable forms. As such, it is intended to encompass, rather than serve as an alternative to, previous attempts at formalizing the description of behavior.

35. Ethology: Facts, Discussion Forum, And Encyclopedia Article ethology (from Greek ἦθος, ethos, character ; and , logia) is the scientific study of animal behavior, and a sub-topic of zoology http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Ethology

Home Discussion Topics Dictionary ... Login Ethology Ethology Topic Home Discussion Definition Overview Ethology from Greek: ἦθος, ethos , "character"; and -logia ) is the scientific study of animal behavior, and a sub-topic of zoology Zoology Zoology , occasionally also spelt zoölogy, is the branch of biology that focuses on the structure, function, behavior, and evolution of animals.-History:... Although many naturalists have studied aspects of animal behavior throughout history, the modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of Dutch biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen Nikolaas Tinbergen Nikolaas "Niko" Tinbergen was a Dutch ethologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns in animals.In the 1960s he... and Austrian biologists Konrad Lorenz Konrad Lorenz Konrad Zacharias Lorenz was an Austrian zoologist, animal psychologist, and ornithologist. He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch... and Karl von Frisch Karl von Frisch Karl Ritter von Frisch was an Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973, along with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz....

36. Konrad Lorenz Institute For Ethology Austrian organization that investigates major unsolved problems in behavioral and evolutionary ecology. http://www.oeaw.ac.at/klivv/

Willkommen! Dieses Projekt verwendet Frames. Navigation Startseite

37. Ethology - Definition Origins of the name. The term “ethology” derives from the Greek language, as ethos (ήθος) is the Greek word for morality. Other words that derive from the Greek word ethos are http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Ethology

Ethology - Definition Ethology is the scientific study of animal behaviour (particularly of social animals such as primates and canids ), and is a branch of zoology . A scientist who practises ethology is called an ethologist Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Origins of the name 2 Differences and similarities with comparative psychology 3 Darwinism and the beginnings of ethology 4 The Fixed Action Pattern and animal communication ... 11 See also Origins of the name Greek language, as ethos ( ) is the Greek word for morality. Other words that derive from the Greek word ethos are: ethics and ethical. The term was first popularised in English by the American Myrmecologist William Morton Wheeler in . An earlier, slightly different sense of the term was proposed by John Stuart Mill in his System of Logic . He recommended the development of a new science, "ethology," whose purpose would be the explanation of individual and national differences in character, on the basis of associationistic psychology . This use of the word was never adopted, however. Differences and similarities with comparative psychology Ethology can be contrasted with comparative psychology , which also studies animal behaviour, but construes its study as a branch of psychology . Thus where comparative psychology sees the study of animal behaviour in the context of what is known about human psychology, ethology sees the study of animal behaviour in the context of what is known about animal

38. Ethology - New World Encyclopedia The eggrolling behavior of the greylag goose is a widely cited example of a fixed-action pattern, one of the key concepts used by ethologists to explain animal behavior. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ethology

Ethology From New World Encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Previous (Ethnography) Next (Ethyl acetate) The egg-rolling behavior of the greylag goose is a widely cited example of a fixed-action pattern, one of the key concepts used by ethologists to explain animal behavior. Ethology is a branch of zoology concerned with the study of animal behavior. Ethologists take a comparative approach, studying behaviors ranging from kinship, cooperation, and parental investment, to conflict, sexual selection, and aggression across a variety of species . Today ethology as a disciplinary label has largely been replaced by behavioral ecology and evolutionary psychology. These rapidly growing fields tend to place greater emphasis on social relationships rather than on the individual animal; however, they retain ethology’s tradition of fieldwork and its grounding in evolutionary theory. The study of animal behavior touches upon the fact that people receive joy from nature and also typically see themselves in a special role as stewards of creation. Behavior is one aspect of the vast diversity of nature that enhances human enjoyment. People are fascinated with the many behaviors of animals, whether the communication "dance" of honeybees , or the hunting behavior of the big cats , or the altruistic behavior of a dolphin . In addition, humans generally see themselves with the responsibility to love and care for nature.

39. Ethology - Journal Information ethology journal information, contents lists and abstracts on the Blackwell Publishing website. http://www.wiley.com/bw/submit.asp?ref=0179-1613

40. Ethology, Ecology And Critical Anthropomorphism Melissa Kaplan's Herp Care Collection Last updated December 18, 2009. ethology, Ecology and Critical Anthropomorphism 2000 Melissa Kaplan http://www.anapsid.org/ethology.html

Melissa Kaplan's Herp Care Collection Last updated December 18, 2009 Ethology, Ecology and Critical Anthropomorphism It is a human peculiarity, occasionally endearing but more often maddening, that no amount of proof suffices to convince those who simply do not want to know or accept the truth. - George Gaylord Simpson Knowing how to care for an animal in captivity is more than just learning about the basics such as temperature requirements, the right substrate to use, what type of food they eat, and how to offer water. To really care for any animal in captivity, we need to know about how that species lives in the wild, how they make use of their environment, and the signs that indicate when we are doing it wrong. Ethology Ethology is the study of animal behavior. It is a science, with its own body of work relating to how behavior is measured, quantified and documented. Animal behaviorist/herpetologist Clifford Warwick begins the Conclusions section of his paper

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