61. Tom Volk's Fungi, Including Mushrooms, Mushroom, Mycology, Molds, Morels, Fungus Welcome to my fungus web page! I hope you will enjoy learning something about lots of different kinds of mushrooms and other fungi. August 9, 2010 It 's been over four http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/

Welcome to my fungus web page! I hope you will enjoy learning something about lots of different kinds of mushrooms and other fungi. August 9, 2010 - It 's been over four years since my heart transplant! For those of you who don't know, after having heart problems for several years, on May 22, 2006, I was fortunate enough to receive a new heart at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester!!! I am doing quite well. Thanks for all of your support. I really appreciate it. You can read more at my health update page. Even though I may never know who they are, I am very grateful to the person and the family who donated their heart to me. You can click on the ribbon to the right to find out how to become an organ donor in your state. Please sign up and potentially share your life with others. Thanks! The fungus of the month for August 2010 is Laccaria bicolor , a mutualistic fungus and pioneer in genome sequencing. With co-author Todd Osmundson. The fungus of the month for May is Geomyces destructans , a fungus associated with bat White-Nose Syndrome (WNS). with co-authors David Blehert, Andrea Gargas, Marie Trest, and Martha Christensen.

62. Index Fungorum Home Page Searchable taxonomic databases of the fungi. http://www.indexfungorum.org/

63. Fungi - Encyclopedia Of Life fungi (Fungus) in Encyclopedia of Life A fungus is a member of the kingdom fungi . The fungi are heterotrophic organisms possessing a chitinous cell wall. http://www.eol.org/pages/5559

64. Epigeal - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Information from Wikipedia on the fruiting bodies of fungi, with photographs of the basidiocarps of Amanita muscaria and an ascocarp of Sarcoscypha austriaca. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypogeous

Epigeal From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Hypogeous Jump to: navigation search This article does not cite any references or sources Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed (December 2009) Epigeal epigean epigeic and epigeous are biological terms describing an organism 's activity above the soil surface. In botany , a seed is described as epigeal when the cotyledons of the germinating seed expand, throw off the seed shell and become photosynthetic above the ground. The opposite kind, where the cotyledons remain non-photosynthetic, inside the seed shell, and below ground, is hypogeal An organism is epigean epigeic or epigeous if it crawls (epigean), creeps like a vine (epigeal), or grows (epigeous) on the soil surface, or more generally in animals , neither burrows nor swims nor flies. Consequently, the opposite term depends on the circumstances. It can be fossorial burrowing troglobitic - or stygobitic , hypogean etc. - (for cave -living organisms), or

65. Fungi Left Root maggot flies infected with fungus often die in an upright position on weeds or grasses. Photo A.Frodsham Center Aphid killed by fungus. http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/pathogens/fungi.html

SEARCH: Bio Control CALS Cornell AC_FL_RunContent( 'codebase','http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9,0,28,0','width','800','height','250','src','../NAV','quality','high','pluginspage','http://www.adobe.com/shockwave/download/download.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash','movie','../NAV' ); //end AC code Back to Pathogens Table of Contents Fungi Primary hosts: aphids, whiteflies, leafhoppers, flies, beetles, caterpillars, thrips, and mites; some beetle larvae Key characters: reduced feeding, lethargy; dead insects swell, and may be covered with fungi Crops: many Commercially available: several, including antagonists of fungal disease and a product ( Metarhizium anisopliae ) which is used against household cockroaches Some insect species, including many pests, are particularly susceptible to infection by naturally occurring, insect-pathogenic fungi. These fungi are very specific to insects, often to particular species, and do not infect animals or plants. Fungal growth is favored by moist conditions but fungi also have resistant stages that maintain infection potential under dry conditions. Fungi have considerable epizootic potential and can spread quickly through an insect population and cause its collapse. Because fungi penetrate the insect body, they can infect sucking insects such as aphids and whiteflies that are not susceptible to bacteria and viruses. Several fungal species have potential as microbial insecticides and, in some countries, are commercially available in formulations that can be applied using conventional spray equipment.

66. Hyphomycetes - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Information from Wikipedia on this class of fungi in the phylum Deuteromycota that lack fruiting bodies. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphomycetes

Hyphomycetes From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Hyphomycetes Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Hyphomycetes is an obsolete class of fungi in the equally obsolete phylum Deuteromycota that lack fruiting bodies. Most hyphomycetes have now been assigned to the Ascomycota , mainly as a result of DNA sequencing, but many remain unassigned. Identification of hyphomycetes is primarily based on microscopic morphology including: conidial morphology , especially septation , shape, size, colour and cell wall texture, the arrangement of conidia as they are borne on the conidiogenous cells (e.g. if they are solitary, arthrocatenate blastocatenate basocatenate , or gloiosporae ), the type conidiogenous cell (e.g. non-specialized or hypha -like, phialide annellide , or sympodial ), and other additional features such as the presence of sporodochia or synnemata Contents Ecological Importance See also External links References ... edit Ecological Importance • Common on submerged decaying leaves and other organic matter – Particularly in clean running water – Good aeration • Branched septate mycelium – Spreads through leaf tissue • Conidiophores – Project into the water – Bear conidia • Usually branched tetraradiate structures • Important role in the breakdown of organic matter in rivers – Leaf litter falls into river – Colonised and conditioned by fungi • Mycelium spreads over surface and penetrates leaf • Extra-cellular enzymes break down leaf tissue • Leaf tissue made more palatable to invertebrates • Leaves with fungi (conditioned) are a more nutritious source of food than unconditioned leaves • Hyphomycete fungi increase the food value of leaves in the aquatic environment

67. Fungi (Kingdom) Information about the Kingdom fungi including photos, maps, and text. http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Fungi/Fungi_Kingdom.asp

68. A Closer Look At Mushrooms Photographic introduction to fungi including photomicrographs of gills, pores and ascopores. http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artoct98/mushr.html

A CLOSER LOOK AT MUSHROOMS Mycena haematopsis by Jan Parmentier Mushrooms belong to the fifth kingdom in nature, the fungi. Fungi are the major recyclers in nature. Most fungi are microscopic, they exists as filaments in soil or decaying wood. Mushrooms are fungi that reproduce via macroscopic fruiting bodies, forming spores. Especially in a wet autumn, the colourful world of the mushrooms is a fascinating sight. boletus edulis Identifying mushrooms is not easy. In The Netherlands about 3500 species can be found. For at least half that number, a microscopic investigation of spores and special cells is necessary for a reliable identification. And for the other half with enough macroscopic characteristics, a lot of experience, good books and the help of experts is often needed. In this short article we will touch only upon a few general features of mushrooms, interesting for the general microscopist and easily to see. Even without a lens, mushrooms are a feast for the eyes. The macrophotographs show beautiful, brightly coloured examples.

69. Fungi A brief description regarding fungi and yeasts, their structure, classification and properties. http://www.herbs2000.com/h_menu/fungus.htm

HOME HERBS - THE BASICS HERBS GLOSSARY ... ARTICLES Fungi The branch of biology dealing with fungi or diseases caused by fungus is known as mycology. In fact, mycology is among the earliest branch of knowledge pertaining to microbiology. At the same time, it may be mentioned that fungi usually comprise the most common microorganism that is studied in microbiology. Everyone is familiar with fungi for they have seen it grow in hair-like structures on decaying fruits and stale bread. And since the ancient periods, fungi have been used by man to produce fermented bread as well as alcoholic infusions. That fungus is responsible for the decay of fruits as well as animal substance, has been identified by people since time immemorial. In fact, fungi have been so closely related to the moldering organic substances that they have almost turned out to be identical with moldiness, disintegration as well as decomposition. Fungi are present in an assortment of remarkable sizes - ranging from comparatively big and compressed organizations like puff-balls, mushrooms, toadstools and bracket fungi that found to be assailing decomposing trees by means of their various systems of strands in the soil, often related to the roots of plants, as far as the miniscule single-celled yeasts. Nevertheless, all fungi are basically eukaryotic (single-celled organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus) beings. As mentioned, the fungi cells have a nucleus and nucleoli bound by a membrane. While their cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria in the cytoplasm, the fungal cells also posses a complicated array of internal membrane structure.

70. Tom Volk's Fungi A quirky view on all things mycological, including a large image collection. An excellent resource. http://tomvolkfungi.net/

Tom Volk's Fungi fungus, mycology, mushrooms, indoor air quality, molds, moulds, morels, puffballs, medical mycology, fungi, plant pathology, fungus of the month Welcome to Tom Volk's Fungi at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse Click here to enter http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi mydomain.com - Register your domain name

71. Fungi | Gardening Tips | Garden Guides fungi . Learn about fungi on GardenGuides.com. Info and videos including Fungus on Texas Sage, Does Milky Spore Regenerate?, Fungus on a Ficus and much more. http://www.gardenguides.com/fungi/

72. Chytridiomycota - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Information from Wikipedia on the classification of this division of the kingdom fungi whose members mostly live in water and are able to metabolise chitin and keratin. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiomycota

Chytridiomycota From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Chytridiomycota Fossil range: Devonian - Recent Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Chytridiomycota M.J. Powell 2007 Type species Chytridium spp. A. Braun, 1851 Classes Chytridiomycetes Monoblepharidomycetes Chytridiomycota (pronounced /kɪˈtrɪdi.ɵmaɪˈkoʊtə/ ki- TRID -ee-o-mye- ... -tə ) or chytrids (sg. pronounced /ˈkɪtrɪd/ KIT -rid ) is a division of the Fungi kingdom . The name is derived from the Greek chytridion , meaning "little pot", describing the structure containing unreleased spores . In older classifications , chytrids (except the recently established order Spizellomycetales ) were placed in the Class Phycomycetes under the subdivision Myxomycophyta of the Kingdom Fungi. Also, in an older and more restricted sense (not used here), the term "chytrids" referred just to those fungi in the order Chytridiales . The chytrids have also been included among the Protista , but are now regularly classed as fungi. The chytrids are the most primitive of the fungi and are mostly saprobic (degrading chitin and keratin ). The

73. Fungi - Definition And Meaning From Wordnik fungi Dictionary definitions and example sentences of fungi on Wordnik.com http://www.wordnik.com/words/Fungi

Sign up! Sign in Zeitgeist Word of the day ... Random word Username Password ( Forgot? or Using Facebook Connect logs you in to Wordnik whenever you are logged in to Facebook. Not a member yet? Sign up for an account Fungi Add to favorites Add to a list Link to this word [x] ... [x] The definitions below are for fungi . The examples and other data are for the variant you requested, Fungi Tweet Definitions Thesaurus Examples Pronunciations Comments Fungi in [x] American Heritage Dictionary (1 definition) –noun A plural of fungus Century Dictionary (2 definitions) –noun One of the lowest of the great groups of cellular cryptogams. The Fungi are chiefly distinguished by the absence of chlorophyl, and therefore by the lack of power to assimilate inorganic substances, being thus dependent for their food upon living or dead organic matter obtained from other plants or from animals. Consequently, also, they do not inhale carbonic acid and give off oxygen as chlorophyllous plants do in assimilation, but do inhale oxygen and give off carbonic acid as other plants do in respiration. The vegetative system consists of filiform cells, called hyphæ and the hyphæ of a fungus taken collectively are called the mycelium.

74. Glomerales - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Information from Wikipedia about this group of underground fungi which exchange nutrients with higher plants through a mycorrhizal arrangement. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerales

Glomerales From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Glomeromycota Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Glomeromycota Class: Glomeromycetes Order: Glomerales Families Glomeraceae Wikispecies has information related to: Glomerales Glomerales is an order of symbiotic fungi within the phylum Glomeromycota Contents Biology Phylogeny Orthography References ... edit Biology These Fungi are all biotrophic mutualists . Most employ the arbuscular mycorrhizal method of nutrient exchange with plants. They produce large (.1-.5mm) spores ( azygospores and chlamydospores ) with thousands of nuclei. edit Phylogeny All members of their phylum were once thought to be related to the Endogonaceae , but have been found through molecular sequencing data, to be a closer relation to the Dikarya Their fossil record extends back to the Ordovician period (460 million years ago). edit Orthography The family name Glomeraceae upon which this order level name is based, was incorrectly spelled 'Glomaceae', hence the order name was incorrectly spelled 'Glomales'. Both are correctable errors, to Glomeraceae and Glomerales, as governed by the

75. Soil Fungi | NRCS SQ Soil Biology The Soil Biology Primer Chapter 4 SOIL fungi. By Elaine R. Ingham. THE LIVING SOIL fungi. fungi are microscopic cells that usually grow as long threads or http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/concepts/soil_biology/fungi.html

Soils Home Soil Quality SQ Concepts Soil Organic Matter ... Site Map Search Soil Quality All Soils All NRCS Sites for Soil Quality Concepts Soil Quality Home Soil Quality Concepts Soil Organic Matter ... Centers and Institutes Soil Biology The Soil Biology Primer Chapter 4: SOIL FUNGI By Elaine R. Ingham THE LIVING SOIL: FUNGI Fungi are microscopic cells that usually grow as long threads or strands called hyphae, which push their way between soil particles, roots, and rocks. Hyphae are usually only several thousandths of an inch (a few micrometers) in diameter. A single hyphae can span in length from a few cells to many yards. A few fungi, such as yeast, are single cells. Hyphae sometimes group into masses called mycelium or thick, cord-like “rhizomorphs” that look like roots. Fungal fruiting structures (mushrooms) are made of hyphal strands, spores, and some special structures like gills on which spores form. (See figure) A single individual fungus can include many fruiting bodies scattered across an area as large as a baseball diamond. Fungi perform important services related to water dynamics, nutrient cycling, and disease suppression. Along with bacteria, fungi are important as decomposers in the soil food web. They convert hard-to-digest organic material into forms that other organisms can use. Fungal hyphae physically bind soil particles together, creating stable aggregates that help increase water infiltration and soil water holding capacity.

76. Glomeromycota - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Information from Wikipedia on this phylum from the kingdom fungi, members of which form arbuscules on the roots of plants. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomeromycota

Glomeromycota From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Glomeromycota Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Glomeromycota Class: Glomeromycetes Caval.-Sm., 1998 Orders Glomerales Diversisporales Paraglomerales Archaeosporales Glomeromycota (informally glomeromycetes ) is one of seven currently recognized phyla within the kingdom Fungi , with approximately 200 described species. Members of the Glomeromycota form arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) with the roots or thalli (e.g. in bryophytes ) of land plants Geosiphon pyriformis forms an endocytobiotic association with Nostoc cyanobacteria . AM formation has not yet been shown for all species. The majority of evidence shows that the Glomeromycota are obligate biotrophs , dependent on symbiosis with land plants ( Nostoc in the case of Geosiphon ) for carbon and energy, but there is recent circumstantial evidence that some species may be able to lead an independent existence . The arbuscular mycorrhizal Contents Reproduction Phylogeny Molecular biology See also ... edit Reproduction The Glomeromycota have generally coenocytic (occasionally sparsely septate mycelia and reproduce asexually through blastic development of the hyphal tip to produce spores (Glomerospores) with diameters of 80-500μm . In some, complex spores form within a terminal saccule.

77. Fungi - LoveToKnow 1911 fungi (pl. of Lat. fungus, a mushroom), the botanical name covering in the broad sense all the lower cellular Cryptogams devoid of chlorophyll, which arise from spores, and the http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Fungi

Fungi From LoveToKnow 1911 FUNGI (pl. of Lat. fungus, a mushroom ), the botanical name covering in the broad sense all the lower cellular Cryptogams devoid of chlorophyll , which arise from spores, and the thallus of which is either unicellular or composed of branched or unbranched tubes or cell -filaments (hyphae) with apical growth, or of more or less complex wefted sheets or tissue -like masses of such (mycelium). The latter may in certain cases attain large dimensions, and even undergo cell-divisions in their interior, resulting in the development of true tissues. The spores, which may be unior multi-cellular, are either abstricted free from the ends of hyphae (acrogenous), or formed from segments in their course ( chlamydospores ) or from protoplasm in their interior (endogenous). The want of chlorophyll restricts their mode of life - which is rarely aquatic - since they are therefore unable to decompose the carbon dioxide of the atmosphere , and renders them dependent on other plants or (rarely) animals for their carbonaceous food-materials. These they obtain usually in the form of carbohydrates from the dead remains of other organisms, or in this or other forms from the living cells of their hosts; in the former case they are termed saprophytes, in the latter parasites. While some moulds ( Penicillium, Aspergillus

78. Gigaspora Sp. Image of the roots of a peanut plant colonised by this endomycorrhizal fungi. http://www.apsnet.org/online/Archive/2001/pnut194.asp

79. Fungi fungi . The Kingdom fungi. fungi are heterotrophic they obtain their organic material from external sources, their environment. They have no chlorophyll; they are not green http://faculty.unlv.edu/landau/fungi.htm

Fungi The Kingdom Fungi. Fungi are heterotrophic - they obtain their organic material from external sources, their environment. They have no chlorophyll; they are not green in color. In comparison, most plants are autotrophic, they are able to manufacture their food from solar radiation and water. As heterotrophs , they may exist as a. parasites - obtaining nutrients from a living host and ultimately harming that host. An example of another parasite is mistletoe, parasitizing mesquite trees or catclaws b. mutualistic symbionts would be lichens: an algal-fungal partnership . The fungi that lie in association with algae, obtain sugars and other compounds from the photosynthetic forms and, in return, provide water and minerals to the algae. c. saprobes - obtaining nutrients from nonliving organic material or the remains and by-products of organisms. The mycelium surrounding a dead fly on a windowpane or the fungi that cause rot in wood are examples of this saprophytic mode of nutrition. Body plan 1. The absorptive lifestyle of fungi is intimately associated with 2 important characteristics: production of

80. Index To Ascomycota List of about 90 sac fungi and their anamorphs, with photographs of each. http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/sacindex1.htm

INDEX TO ASCOMYCOTA (Sac Fungi and Anamorphs) = pretty good = best of bunch A-C D-M N-S T-Z Aleuria aurantia Alternaria alternata stand of conidiophores with chains of conidia Alternaria alternata # 2 conidia Alternaria alternata from Niall Hamilton, Aukland NZ Arthrobotrys brochopaga giant constricting rings! Arthrobotrys conoides microscopic forest - rarely photographed Arthrobotrys flagrans intercalary chlamydospores Arthrobotrys oligospora nematode captured by adhesive nets Arthrobotrys oligospora hyphal anastomosis Arthrobotrys oligospora hyphal network Arthrobotrys anchonia SEM of nematode caught by constricting rings Ascobolus sp fruitbody (apothecium) with asci and ascospores Ascobolus sp showing young and old asci Ascobolus one more time! Ascobolus cluster of asci Ascocoryne sarcoides Ascocoryne sarcoides Aspergillus clavatus Aspergllus flavus colony on agar Aspergillus fumigatus conidiophore, vesicle, conidiogenous cells (phialides)

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