81. The Amazing Fungi D uring my career as a biology professor at Palomar College I have probably had more questions about fungi than any other plant group. Often it is someone calling on the http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0504.htm

Wayne's Word Index Noteworthy Plants Trivia ... Lichen Images Can Anyone Indentify This Fungus Image? Unknown Fungus Images The Amazing Kingdom Of Fungi Major Subtopics To Be Discussed: Introduction Earth Stars Stinkhorn Fungi That Attract Blow Flies Soil Fungi: World's Largest Living Organisms? ... Wayne's Word Index Of Fungus Links 1. Introduction D uring my career as a biology professor at Palomar College I have probably had more questions about fungi than any other plant group. Often it is someone calling on the telephone about a strange blob that has suddenly appeared in their backyardand they are wondering if it is edible, poisonous, or does it pose any threat to their family or house. Because of the difficulty in identifying strange fungi by a lay person, I usually do not recommend trying them in your favorite culinary recipe. [WPA, 12 Jan. 1996] Yellow parasol mushrooms ( Lepiota lutea O f all the five major kingdoms of living organisms on earth, the fungi certainly contain some of the most bizarre and fascinating species. Mycology is the study of fungi, and much of the current research in this field is at the molecular level. For example, molecular mycologists are trying to piece together the very complex interrelationships between fungal taxa using comparative DNA sequencing. You have probably heard about some of these modern techniques (PCR and RFLP) if you followed the infamous O.J. Simpson Trial. There are about 100,000 known species of mushrooms, rusts, molds, mildews, stinkhorns, puffballs, truffles and other organisms assigned to the Kingdom Fungi, and hundreds of new species are described each year. They come in an astonishing variety of shapes, colors and sizes, from brilliant red cups and orange jellylike masses to strange fungi resembling golfballs, bird nests with eggs, starfish, parasols and even male genitalia (see next paragraph).

82. Database Of Chestnut Mycorrhizae - A Molecular Database Of Mycorrhizal Fungi Ass Provides a searchable facility for identifying ectomycorrhizal fungi, and details of the research being done at the University of Wisconsin into the chestnut blight caused by Cryphonectria parasitica. http://chestnutfungi.com/

83. Fungus - New World Encyclopedia fungi (singular fungus) make up one of the kingdoms into which living things are divided by biologists. A fungus is a eukaryotic organism that digests its food externally and http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Fungi

Fungus From New World Encyclopedia (Redirected from Fungi Jump to: navigation search Previous (Funeral) Next (Funk) Fungi Orange saprotrophic fungus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi L. Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota Fungus growing on a tree in Borneo Fungi (singular fungus ) make up one of the kingdoms into which living things are divided by biologists . A fungus is a eukaryotic organism that digests its food externally and absorbs the nutrient molecules into its cells Fungi differ from bacteria in having a cell nucleus; from plants in not making their own food through photosynthesis ; and from animals in not being mobile and in absorbing nutrition externally rather than internally. Fungi include mushrooms yeasts molds , mildews, and others. Although often unnoticed or misunderstood by humans, fungi play a vital role in the earth's ecosystems and are used extensively by humans. Fungi are the primary decomposers of dead plant and animal matter in many ecosystems , and are commonly seen on old bread as mold Yeasts are responsible for fermentation of beer and bread, and mushroom farming is a large industry in many countries.

84. Coccidioides Immitis, Cause Of Coccidioidomycosis, Aka Valley Fever, San Joaquin Illustrated article by Tom Volk on this fungal pathogen, the cause of coccidioidomycosis. http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/jan2002.html

Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for January 2002 This month's fungus is Coccidioides immitis , cause of the fungal disease coccidioidomycosis, aka Valley Fever, San Joaquin Valley Fever, desert bumps, desert rheumatism or Posadas' disease For the rest of my pages on fungi, please click http://TomVolkFungi.net Coccidioides immitis (kok-sid-ee-OID-eez IMM-ih-tiss) is the cause of a nasty fungal disease called coccidioidomycosis (kok-sid-ee-oid-oh-my-KOH-sis). Like the other true-pathogenic, systemic human fungal diseases histoplasmosis blastomycosis , and paracoccidioidomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis starts out as a lung disease caused by inhalation of the conidia, shown to the left. Most often the disease causes mild flu-like symptoms, but usually is resolved in the lungs. This fungus is a dimorphic pathogen, which means it can change from the room-temperature hyphal form at to the body-temperature spherule form (shown to the right) containing endospores. These endospores can be transported by the bloodstream to other parts of the body, particularly to the brain and central nervous system, where they can germinate and grow to cause even more severe disease. The dimorphism helps the fungus to evade the immune system by the changing of the surface antigens of the fungus. The disease often begins as a benign, inapparent or mildly severe upper respiratory infection that usually resolves rapidly. Recovery from mild forms of the disease usually results in lifelong immunity to reinfection. However, if there are enough spores inhaled, or if the person's immune system is compromised in some way, the disease can spread to other parts of the body, Rarely the disease is an acute or chronic severe disseminating fatal mycosis. If infection is established, the disease may progress as a chronic pulmonary condition or as a systemic disease involving the meninges (lining of the brain), bones, joints, and subcutaneous and cutaneous tissues. Such involvement is characterized by the formation of burrowing abscesses. Although the symptoms of the disease are quite variable, but often the patient has an allergic reaction to the circulating fungus, producing reddening of the skin known as "desert bumps," shown to the left.

85. PEZIZALES In The Pacific Northwest Provides a key to this group of fungi. http://www.svims.ca/council/Peziza.htm

Key to the genera of the operculate cup-fungi ( PEZIZALES of the Pacific Northwest and Rocky Mountain Region by Harold Larsen, Nov. 7, 1980 Reformatted with footnotes and index by Ian Gibson Mar. 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Note on Additions Key to Genera Footnotes ... Index INTRODUCTION Identification of genera and species within the Pezizales is largely based on microscopic characters. Although it is possible to identify many genera and species within the group using only a handlens, there are many other instances where the use of a microscope and/or specific histological stains or reagents is absolutely necessary for positive identification. This key gives first priority to those characters that are visible either to the naked eye or through the handlens, second priority to histological staining characteristics that are determinable without the use of a microscope, and third (lowest) priority to those characteristics or staining reactions which are visible only with the use of a microscope. The last set of characteristics are enclosed within brackets wherever they are cited in the key. no probability of confusion with the paraphyses reaction. The nuclear stain acetocarmine is also useful because it stains the nuclei of three genera a deep red, but does not stain the nuclei of other genera. Finally cotton or aniline blue in lactic acid or lactophenol can frequently be used to stain the ascospore sculpturing of many members of the group, although not all genera have spores that will take up this stain.

86. Cordyceps Longisegmentis Photograph of this species which parasitizes other fungi. http://www.nybg.org/bsci/res/hall/canaden.html

Cordyceps longisegmentis Ginns This is one of a 15 species of Cordyceps that parasitize the hypogeous Ascomycete Elaphomyces (K. Kobayasi, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 23: 329-364. 1982). In C. longisegmentis , the capitate stromata arise directly from the ascoma of Elaphomyces . Microscopically, the ascogenous region has a differentiated palisade-like ectal layer, and the ascospore segments reach 65 µm in length (compare C. ophioglossoides

87. Morchella - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Article from Wikipedia with photographs of two species of Morel and information on their habitat and when best to find these edible fungi. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morel

Morchella From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Morel Jump to: navigation search "Morel" redirects here. For other uses, see Morel (disambiguation) Morel Morchella conica , a black morel, in Poland Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Subdivision: Pezizomycotina Class: Pezizomycetes Order: Pezizales Family: Morchellaceae Genus: Morchella Dill. ex Pers. Type species Morchella esculenta L. ) Pers. (1801) Species Uncertain (see text) Morchella Mycological characteristics smooth hymenium cap is ... choice Morchella , the true morels , is a genus of edible mushrooms closely related to anatomically simpler cup fungi . These distinctive mushrooms appear honeycomb -like in that the upper portion is composed of a network of ridges with pits between them. These ascocarps are prized by gourmet cooks, particularly for French cuisine . Commercial value aside, morels are hunted by thousands of people every year simply for their taste and the joy of the hunt. The American state of Minnesota has adopted the morel as its state mushroom. Morels have been called by many local names; some of the more colorful include

88. Disc Fungi Photographs of these species. http://www.kaimaibush.co.nz/Fungi/Discs.html#Ascocoryne

Ascocoryne sarcoides A jelly-like fungus, growing on a fallen Nothofagus log. Chlorociboria aeruginosa This fungus attacks wood, staining it a blue-green colour. The stained wood is sought after by woodworkers and crafts people. home fungi index

89. Bisporella Citrina Photograph of this species on a rotten log. http://www.kaimaibush.co.nz/Fungi/Bisporella_citrina.html

Bisporella citrina Often found in large groups on very rotten wood. home fungi index

90. Venturia Inaequalis, Cause Of Apple Scab, Tom Volk's Fungus Of The Month For Sep Article by Tom Volk on this fungus, the cause of scab in apples. http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/sep2002.html

Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for September 2002 This month's fungus is Venturia inaequalis , cause of apple scab For the rest of my pages on fungi, please click TomVolkFungi.net It's autumn in the United States, and that means back-to-school for millions of students. If you want to get on your teacher's good side right away, bring her or him an apple! But if you want to make a good impression, maybe you don't want to bring apples that look like those on the left. These apples are infected by the fungus Venturia inaequalis , and the disease is called apple scab. However, although they might look unappealing to you, these apples are perfectly good for eating, tasting exactly the same and with the same texture as uninfected apples, without any toxin production at all. Every year I go across the river to the apple orchards where I can get a large brown grocery bag full of infected apples for about US $5. I can also get beautiful uninfected apples at Applefest , held every September in La Crescent, Minnesota. Venturia inaequalis actually grows only very superficially on the apple. The ascospores may infect the young leaves or the very young ovary in the flower, penetrating the cuticle. The infection remains outside the epidermis. eventually forming conidia (asexual spores) that push up the cuticle. The conidia are blown about by the wind, where they can infect new leaves and developing fruits. The cycle may be repeated throughout the summer, as long as conditions remain moist. Thus this infection cycle is said to be polycyclic. As winter approaches, the infected leaves fall to the ground. in the moister conditions near the ground, the mycelium of the fungus grows through the leaf. Any leaf that has been infected by more than one

91. Pilze : Pilzgalerie - Bulgaria Two photographs of these cup fungi. http://www.pilzepilze.de/galerie/v/Lateinisch/B/bulgaria/inquinans/

Pilze Pilze Pilze: Startseite Forum Die 100 neuesten Bilder Anmelden ... Bulgaria Bulgaria inquinans Erweiterte Suche Neuestes Bild Zufallsbild Suchen auf www.pilzepilze.de: Geben Sie Ihre Suchbegriffe ein Web pilzepilze.de Suchformular senden Bulgaria inquinans Betrachtungen: 1335 Betrachtungen: 961 Betrachtungen: 972 Betrachtungen: 890 Seite:

92. Penicillium - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Information from Wikipedia including a list of the several species of ascomyceteous fungi in this genus. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium

Penicillium From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Penicillium Penicillium sp. Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Eurotiales Family: Trichocomaceae Genus: Penicillium Species See text Penicillium (from Latin penicillus paintbrush ) is a genus of ascomycetous fungi of major importance in the natural environment as well as food and drug production. It produces penicillin , a molecule that is used as an antibiotic, which kills or stops the growth of certain kinds of bacteria inside the body. Contents Characteristics Ecology Economic value Some species ... edit Characteristics The thallus mycelium ) typically consists of a highly branched network of multinucleate, septate, usually colorless hyphae . Many-branched conidiophores sprout on the mycelia, bearing individually constricted conidiospores . The conidiospores, are the main dispersal route of the fungi, and often green. Sexual reproduction involves the production of ascospores , commencing with the fusion of an archegonium and an antheridium , with sharing of nuclei. The irregularly distributed

93. Erysiphales - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Wikipedia article on the ascomycete fungi that cause powdery mildew on plants. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erysiphales

Erysiphales From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Erysiphales Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Leotiomycetes Order: Erysiphales Gwynne-Vaughan, 1922 Families Erysiphaceae Erysiphales are an order of ascomycete fungi . The order contains one family, Erysiphaceae . Many of them cause plant diseases called powdery mildew Contents Systematics Characteristics Life cycle Ecology ... edit Systematics The order contains one family (Erysiphaceae), 28 genera and approximately 100 species . Many imperfect fungi (fungi whose sexual reproduction is unknown) belong here, especially the genus Oidium . Recent molecular data have revealed the existence of six main evolutionary lineages. Clade 1 consists of Erysiphe Microsphaera , and Uncinula , all of which have an Oidium subgenus Pseudoidium mitosporic state. Clade 2 consists of Erysiphe galeopsidis and Erysiphe cumminsiana anamorphs in Oidium subgenus Striatoidium ). Clade 3 consists of Erysiphe species with anamorphs in Oidium subgenus Reticuloidium . Clade 4 consists of Leveillula and Phyllactinia , which have Oidiopsis and Ovulariopsis mitosporic states, respectively. Clade 5 consists of

94. Helvella Crispa Photographs of this species and an identification guide. http://www.first-nature.com/fungi/id_guide/ascomycetes/helvella_crispa.htm

/*********************************************** * Style Sheet Switcher v1.1- © Dynamic Drive DHTML code library (www.dynamicdrive.com) * This notice MUST stay intact for legal use * Visit Dynamic Drive at http://www.dynamicdrive.com/ for this script and 100s more ***********************************************/ Text style: Aa Aa Aa Fungi Identification CD-ROM Facts Blog Forays Glossary ... Photography Helvella crispa Also in this group... Aleuria aurantia Bulgaria inquinans Chlorociboria aeruginascens Daldrinia concentrica Gyromitra esculenta Helvella crispa Helvella elastica Helvella lacunosa Leotia lubrica Morchella esculenta Sarcoscypha coccinea Xylaria hypoxylon Xylaria polymorpha ASCOMYCETES GALLERY IDENTITY PARADE Helvella crispa is one of several 'saddle fungi' that appear in forest, particularly beside footpaths. They are easily overlooked among fallen leaves in dim light, but on bright days they are very easy to spot. Identification guide Description The saddle-shaped cap may have two or three major undulations and many minor curled contortions. The upper surface is smooth and cream or occasionally pale ochre; the underside is pale ochre and slightly downy.

95. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Bakers' And Brewers' Yeast. Tom Volk's Fungus Of The M Article by Tom Volk on the yeast used by bakers and brewers. http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/dec2002.html

Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for December 2002 by Tom Volk and Anne Galbraith This month's fungus is Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the bakers' and brewers' yeast For the rest of my pages on fungi, please click TomVolkFungi.net For a special holiday treat, be sure to visit Fungi that are necessary for a merry Christmas This month's fungus makes many of our holiday festivities even more festive in many ways, from the "spirits" of Christmas, to bread-making, to important scientific research. It's a very appropriate Fungus of the Month whether you're celebrating Christmas, Hanukkah, or Kwanzaa. Even its scientific name is festive, meaning "the sugar fungus of the beer." The term "Yeast" is a morphological term that refers to a one-celled fungus. Most yeasts, including Saccharomyces reproduce by budding, where the daughter cells bleb off from a small pore in the side of the mother cell, as shown to the left. Sometimes the buds do not completely split off from the mother cells, and chains of yeast cells can be formed, as if to communicate with us. A few yeasts, like Schizosaccharomyces , the "splitting sugar fungus," reproduce by simple fission, where the mother cell divides through the center into two more or less equal parts.

96. Cladonia Rangifera, One Of The Reindeer Lichen, Tom Volk's Fungus Of The Month F Article by Tom Volk on this lichen, often known as Reindeer Moss, and on lichens in general. http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/dec2000.html

Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for December 2000 This month's fungus is Cladonia rangifera , one of the reindeer lichens. For the rest of my pages on fungi, please click TomVolkFungi.net Also be sure to look at some seasonal Christmas Fungi check out my popular updated page: Fungi that are necessary for a merry Christmas It's December and that means it's cold up here in the north. There aren't many fungi around to choose for fungus of the month. But this month's fungus was so easy to come up with it's a wonder I didn't pick it previously. Santa's reindeer have to eat something An important phenomenon here in the north is that many plants die back, and many perennial plants lose at least their leaves. This is important in terms of ecology, since herbivorous animals are left with far fewer meal choices. In Wisconsin the animals are forced to start eating small twigs- and apparently any plant they can find in my yard... In the FAR north, where they're aren't any trees (i.e. past the tree line), animals have to find something else to eat, and for much of the year the reindeer (called caribou in North America) subsist on the carpets of reindeer lichens that cover the ground in the tundra. According to what I've read, the reindeer still have to dig down under the snow to eat these lichens. Often there are significant battles over the use of a particular bed of lichens (the origin of the term "reindeer games" ?). Reindeer may also get frisky from eating hallucinogenic

97. MarLIN - The Marine Life Information Network Photographs and information on a number of species of lichen associated with a marine habitat. http://www.marlin.ac.uk/phylumdetails.php?phylum=2857

98. Chapter 3b  Zygomycota Illustrated outline of the classification of the Zygomycota, with 26 pictures and explanatory text. http://www.mycolog.com/CHAP3b.htm

The Fifth Kingdom - Chapter 3 B Kingdom Eumycota Phylum 2 - Zygomycota Conjugating Fungi Hotlinks to : Class Zygomycetes Orders Mucorales Entomophthorales Zoopagales Kickxellales and Class Trichomycetes and Phylum 3 - Glomeromycota arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Hotlink to Class Glomeromycetes Introduction The second eumycotan phylum is the Zygomycota . This phylum contains two classes, class Zygomycetes and class Trichomycetes . Since most Trichomycetes are parasites or commensals inside the guts of living arthropods, they are only a footnote, albeit a fascinating one, to this chapter. Basic features Although the class Zygomycetes contains only about 1% of the known species of fungi, its members are distinctive, and some of them are common, successful, fast-growing, primary colonizers of substrates containing accessible carbon sources like sugar or starch. Others are specialized parasites. Zygosporangia The name of the class is derived from the way in which they reproduce sexually by the physical blending - fusion or conjugation - of morphologically similar gametangia to form a zygosporangium (the teleomorphic phase). 'Zygos' is Greek for a yoke or joining. The gametangia arise from hyphae of a single mycelium in homothallic species, or from different but sexually compatible mycelia in heterothallic species. Zygosporangia usually develop thick walls, and act as resting spores.

99. Zygomycota - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Information from Wikipedia on this phylum of fungi the members of which are molds living on soil or decaying plant or animal material. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygomycota

Zygomycota From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Zygomycota Sporangium of a Phycomyces sp. Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Zygomycota Moreau 1954 (technically invalid) Class: mold Orders Mucoromycotina Endogonales Mucorales Mortierellales ... Zoopagales Zygomycota , or zygote fungi, is a phylum of fungi . The name comes from zygosporangia , where resistant spherical spores are formed during sexual reproduction . Approximately 1060 species are known. They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. Some are parasites of plants, insects, and small animals, while others form symbiotic relationships with plants . Zygomycete hyphae may be coenocytic , forming septa only where gametes are formed or to wall off dead hyphae. Contents Reproduction Phylogeny Evolution of conidia References ... edit Reproduction The common example of a zygomycete is black bread mold Rhizopus stolonifer ), a member of the Mucorales . It spreads over the surface of bread and other food sources, sending hyphae inward to absorb nutrients. In its asexual phase it develops bulbous black sporangia at the tips of upright hyphae, each containing hundreds of haploid

100. File:///D:/webfiles/MISCELLANEOUS/entomoph.htm Flies are sometimes parasitized by fungi of this genus and are killed. Photographs and information. http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/MISCELLANEOUS/entomoph.htm

Entomophthora - The Fly Killer Death of the Flies (more images below) I n the warm days of spring flies by the dozens will often buzz around the windows of your home. This is especially true in some of the older homes and particularly farm houses. The flies congregate frantically around windows trying to escape to the outside. Occasionally they beeline for a lamp and whiz around madly in circles bumping against the shade. These are cluster flies and parasitize earthworms. They overwinter inside the walls of houses and emerge on warm, humid days to lay their eggs on the unsuspecting worms which are themselves emerging from their winter sleep. If they emerge on the inside of the wall instead of the outside then you have a problem! Entomophthora is the genus name for a group of fungi that attack and kill house flies, cluster flies root maggot fly, and many other insects with two wings ( = Diptera in entobabble). The word Entomophthora means insect destroyer. Occasionally you will find a fly stuck to the window by its proboscis with a white halo encircling the body. The fly has been killed by Entomophthora . The halo is produced by large numbers of spores that have been shot off from the body of the victim. If you look carefully you will see that the fly appears striped. The fungus grows inside the body and proliferates to the point where it pushes the abdominal segments apart and bursts through to give the fly a banded appearance (check below for the micrograph of a section through one of these same flies).

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