61. Cairngorm Landscapes Images and analysis of preglacial, glacial and periglacial landforms in Scotland s Cairngorm Mountains. http://www.fettes.com/Cairngorms/index.htm

62. Drumlins And Subglacial Meltwater Floods Discusses the theory of drumlin formation by catastrophic flooding due to the release of meltwater from beneath melting ice sheets. http://www.sentex.net/~tcc/sgfcrit.html

Drumlins and subglacial meltwater floods Since 1983, several investigators have developed a theory of drumlin formation by catastrophic flooding due to the release of meltwater that is believed to have accumulated beneath melting ice sheets. The proposed catastrophic sheet floods, as wide as the drumlin fields, formed the drumlins and related streamlined landforms, such as flutings, over wide areas. So-called rogen moraine, consisting of transverse ridges of drift, often found associated with drumlins, is reinterpreted in the meltwater flood hypothesis as possible giant current ripples. Existing drumlin fields reveal the extent of the areas affected by the proposed catastrophic floods. The Livingstone Lake drumlin field in Saskatchewan, where some very striking examples of streamlining occur, was the type region for the development of the new theory [Shaw et al., 1984] . The sheet flood flows proposed for this area by Shaw et al were about 150 km wide, and the total volume of the meltwater reservior was estimated as about 84,000 km The subglacial flood hypothesis for drumlin origin has been applied to drumlins in New York, southern Ontario, the northeast shore of Georgian Bay in Ontario, and to the interpretation of hummocky terrain in southern Alberta, and other areas, by various workers. Shaw suggested as many as 10 meltwater discharges, similar to those which caused the Livingstone Lake drumlins, would be needed to account for drumlin fields in other areas

63. Sedimentary Evidence Favouring The Formation Of Rogen Landscapes By Outburst Flo Evidence for formation of Rogen landscapes by outburst floods of subglacial meltwater. http://www.sentex.net/~tcc/rogen/index.html

Sedimentary evidence favouring the formation of rogen landscapes by outburst floods This page has moved. If not redirected, click here to go to the page. Please update your bookmarks accordingly.

64. Glacial Geology At The University Of Cincinnati Glacier images, reports on subglacial volcanism and meltwater floods in Iceland, and information for students. http://tvl1.geo.uc.edu/ice/glacier.html

65. USGS Coastal And Marine Geology Program Describes ongoing projects and research plans for assessing coastal, estuary, and continental shelf processes, sediment transfer, and related geologic hazards. http://marine.usgs.gov/

66. Glacial Deposition And Depositional Landforms Describes, illustrates, and explains glacial and fluvioglacial deposits and landforms, including drumlins, erratics, eskers, kames, kettles, varves, and outwash. http://www.geography-site.co.uk/pages/physical/glaciers/deposit.html

Glacial Deposition And Depositional Landforms The intense erosive action of a glacier produces vast volumes of sediments. Very fine material, called rock flour, is produced by the scraping and grinding or rock surfaces, whilst larger particles are produced by plucking and freeze-thaw. Massive rocks that fell from the valley walls onto the moving ice can also be transported, and then deposited hundreds of miles from their origins. Geographers classify glacial sediment according to it's mode of deposition. The collective name for all the sediments and debris deposited under glacial conditions is Glacial Drift . Sediments that were deposited by melting ice or by glacial streams are called Fluvio-glacial . Debris deposited directly by the glacier, such as moraine and intra-glacial material dropped 'in situ' by retreating ice, is known as Till The range of sediment sizes and processes of deposition produce a wide range of landforms. We have pages about the following landforms: Braided Streams Drumlins Erratics Eskers ... Varves We value your ideas and suggestions. Please contact the maintainer of this site.

67. Mystery Of Pothole Origins Photo essay on potholes of the Niagara Escarpment. Links to other sites on potholes. http://www.sentex.net/~tcc/pothole.html

Mystery of Pothole Origins Eagle's Nest Potholes Along the top of the spectacular cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment in Ontario there are several locations where potholes occur. On the Bruce Peninsula, a large pothole is exposed in the face of the cliff near Lion's Head. It is locally known as the "Eagles' Nest" because of several rounded boulders that remain in it, that are visible from boats on the lake. Its location is in the center of the cliff in the photo at right. These two photos show the location of the potholes depicted on this page in a high cliff overlooking the lake. The 'Eagle's Nest' is a pothole in the cliff face behind the trees, overlooking Isthmus Bay near Lion's Head. It is associated with several smaller potholes. The map at right shows the location of the village of Lion's Head, at latitude 45 o North on the eastern shore of the Bruce Peninsula. Potholes are found on the cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment nearby. According to the conventional uniformitarian explanation of potholes found in many geology text books, potholes like these were caused by vortices in former streams that rotated and vibrated "grinding stones" over long ages of time, the process gradually wearing down a deep, cylindical hole into the rock. In this case, however, the circumstances seem to discredit this explanation. Of course it is unlikely vortices could have existed high on the face of a steep cliff, and rotation could not be maintained in a hole if one side of it was missing. The picture at left shows portions of two potholes that intersect, at the top of the cliff near the site of the previous pothole.

68. Origins Of Niagara Falls - A Geological History How bedrock geology and glacial meltwater interacted to form an impressive waterfall. http://www.iaw.com/~falls/origins.html

69. Disappearing Beaches Provides scientific information on the causes of coastal erosion. http://whyfiles.org/091beach/

Disappearing beaches Grim examples Role of beaches Solving beach erosion? ... Update: Flooded Island The Cape Hatteras Lighthouse has movin' on its mind. With the help of mucho rails, mondo beams, and macho hydraulic jacks, the lighthouse inches to its new perch overlooking the Atlantic. The Cape Hatteras Lighthouse photos courtesy of International Chimney Corporation Think you've seen coastal erosion? Check out this 577k QuickTime movie! Movie courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey Invited to the house-warming? 22 JULY 1999. If you need some second-hand boxes, the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse is the place to look. After all, the 208-foot tall landmark was just hauled more than a quarter-mile back from its former perch, where it was threatened by the encroaching sea. And the end of every big move, we know, is signaled by a curbside littered with cardboard. The lighthouse went a'truckin' after coastal erosion chewed away about 1,300 feet of beach, bringing the waves to within 150 feet of the 4,800-ton sentinel. When the light was erected in 1870, it stood about 1,500 feet back from the waves. (Need a map of the area?)

70. Coping With Beach Erosion Online pamphlet from UNESCO. http://www.unesco.org/csi/pub/source/ero1.htm

Environment and development in coastal regions and in small islands COPING WITH BEACH EROSION Coastal management sourcebooks 1 Acknowledgements by Gillian Cambers with contributions from Malcolm Hendry Cover photographs: Aerial view of Caribbean islands (Yann Arthus-Bertrand); Pre- and post-hurricane beach conditions, Barnes Bay, Anguilla (Gillian Cambers) cover design: Claude Vacheret web version: Claire Blackburn To order a copy: Foreword Contents Introduction ... Subject index Coping with Beach Erosion is a practical guide for beach users, builders and homeowners as well as other coastal stakeholders. Written in a language and style accessible to the non-specialist, it provides expert advice concerning the dangers to consider when buying property and constructing houses, hotels etc. in erosion-prone beach areas. The question of how to conserve existing beaches is dealt with by demonstrating well tested shoreline protection and other management measures for current and potential erosion and accretion problems. Amply cross-referenced and illustrated, this user-friendly book includes a glossary of terms and a subject index. Its popularized and well structured guidelines are based on technical information gathered over a decade and a half of field studies jointly sponsored by UNESCO and the Sea Grant College Program of the University of Puerto Rico. The designations employed and the presentation of the material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The author is responsible for the choice and presentation of facts and material in this book as well as for any opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. This includes mention of any specific equipment and materials as well as methods employed.

71. Upham Beach Erosion Control Photographs and information on the coastal erosion on this beach in Florida. http://www.beachhunter.net/upham-tubes.htm

Upham Beach Erosion BeachHunter.net Florida beaches: reviews, photos, info. Message Board Sun Protection Contact BeachHunter Media / Press Florida Beaches ... Sunsets Upham Beach: What's going on here? Above: Upham beach is a popular with locals as well as visitors from around the world. It is the only public beach access on the north end of Long Key (St. Pete Beach). Below is a slide show with photos of the Upham Beach armoring project in various stages. Scroll down for more photos and explanations. Consider supporting the Suncoast Chapter of the Surfrider Foundation's efforts to have the Geotubes removed from Upham Beach. Look at the evidence and come to your own conclusion. If you live nearby, pay a visit to Upham Beach for a first-hand look at the Geotubes. The Surfrider Foundation isn't a bunch of radical environmentalists trying to stir up trouble. They are solid people who live HERE in Pinellas County and use this beach all the time. Such radical changes to a beach shouldn't be made without plenty of discussion and input from people who live here. Everyone needs to weigh-in on this. Consider signing the PETITION to have the Geotubes removed.

72. BEACH EROSION PROTECTION, WAVE ATTENUATOR, FLOATING BREAKWATER & PORT SECURITY T Beach erosion control devices. http://www.whisprwave.com/

Contact: E-Mail Info Request Form GSA Press Release GSA FAQ's ... Schedule 84 Contract # GS-07F-0820N NEW PRESS RELEASE Wave Dispersion Technologies Signs $100 million Floating Security Barrier Agreement WDT CEO Meets with Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Announces AED 67 mm Contract MISSION - To be recognized by the world's militaries, security agencies and marine industry as the global leader in port security barrier and floating breakwater erosion control technology solutions. patented module . A module is a highly engineered polygon shaped object made of high-density polyethylene. A standard module weighs approximately 36 lbs. empty. The design of the module enables it to be filled with or vacuated of water (with the help of a standard air compressor) to precisely adjust its buoyancy. The module can be "puncture proofed" by filling it with marine grade buoyant foam. Homeland Security / Force Protection EROSION PROTECTION ADVICE A few closing thoughts from the beach erosion protection Telephone: 908.233.7503

73. Solar System Collisions Online calculator for effects of asteroid impact. http://janus.astro.umd.edu/astro/impact/

S olar S ystem C ollisions Send an asteroid or comet hurtling toward your favorite planet! Target: Mercury Venus Earth (land only) Earth the Moon Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Projectile Composition: Ice Rock Iron Projectile Diameter: micron(s) centimeter(s) meter(s) kilometer(s) Projectile Velocity: (Kilometers per second) (Results are Approximate!) There have been incoming visitors since January 1, 2000. Check out other programs in the Astronomy Workshop Solar System Collisions written by Dr. Douglas P. Hamilton

74. Meteor Crater Official site for the visitors center at the Barringer meteor crater. Short history, animations, visitor information. http://www.meteorcrater.com

Visitors Center Visitors Center Overview Gift Shop, Theater, Subway Online Store ... Blog Meteor Crater The most well known, best preserved meteorite crater on Earth! Today, Meteor Crater is nearly one mile across, 2.4 miles in circumference and more than 550 feet deep. It is an international tourist venue with outdoor observation trails, air conditioned indoor viewing, wide screen movie theater, interactive discovery center, unique gift and rock shop, and Astronaut Memorial Park at the modern Visitor Center located on the crater rim. Meteor Crater's "Collisions And Impacts" movie allows viewers to experience the thunderous sound and explosive fury of the meteor's super-heated trip through the Earth's atmosphere. Then, the spectacular result of the collision that rocked the American Southwest with the energy of more than 20 million tons of TNT can be explored first-hand just outside the Visitor Center at Meteor Crater Arizona. Meteor Crater Visitor Center is  currently open: 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM Meteor Crater is located off I-40 at exit 233, then 6 miles south on the paved road. 35 miles east of Flagstaff, 20 miles west of Winslow, in Arizona, USA

75. Terrestrial Impact Craters Slide Set Text describing formation of impact craters. Images, glossary. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/slidesets/craters.html

Lunar and Planetary Institute Home About Us Science Meetings ... The Moon Compiled by Christian Koeberl and Virgil L. Sharpton View Slides Now Introduction Impact cratering research has gained attention throughout the world following the suggestion that a large impact event caused the extinction of about 50% of all living species, including the dinosaurs, approximately 65 million years ago. The evidence that a large asteroid or comet struck the Earth at that time came from detailed studies of the thin clay layer that globally marks the stratigraphic boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary (K-T) geological periods. This layer is enriched in the siderophile elements slide #37 ) was confirmed as the long-sought Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary impact crater. An environmental crisis, triggered by the gigantic collision, contributed to the extinctions. Based on apparent correspondences between periodicities observed in the marine extinction record and in the terrestrial impact record, some scientists have suggested that large meteorite Impact craters are formed when a large meteoroid cratons of North America, Europe, southern Africa, and Australia; this is also where most of the crater searches have taken place. Spacecraft orbital imagery and geophysical surveys for resource exploration have helped to identify structures in more remote locations.

76. Three Craters In Israel Investigates the possibility they have been caused by comet fragments. http://www.gsanctuary.com/3craters.html

INTRODUCTION SUMMARY THREE CRATER SIZES COMET HALE-BOPP ... REFERENCES THREE CRATERS IN ISRAEL INTRODUCTION In the summer of 1996 I took a five-week study tour in Israel, including a visit to the Three Craters in Israel. Photos are copies of photos that I took at the Little Crater. One can hardly view the actual Little Crater without thinking, "What happened!?" The Little Crater is an ellipse 5.6 miles long and 3.1 miles wide. It looks like a giant explosion had taken place to form the crater. The following is an Israeli geologist's gracious response to my email query regarding the origin of the Three Craters in Israel: February 23, 2001 Best regards, Yossi Hatzor Note: The Miocene Epoch is 23.8 to 5.3 million years ago on the Geologic Time Scale . Examples of anticlines and salt domes may be found on the Gulf coast of Iran . Hatzor's response no doubt reflects the generally accepted explanation for the origin of the Three Craters. However, what if the craters resulted from comet fragment impacts? Is there any evidence to support this alternative? This possibility is investigated using the following well-known illustrations: 1) Comet Hale-Bopp 2) Comet Shoemaker-Levy 3) The Meteor Crater in Arizona 4) 3D Comet Impact Simulation 5) Satellite Image of Israel 6) Wabar Craters in Saudi Arabia

77. Meteor Crater Rim & Floor Tours - Meteorite Articles - Canyon Diablo Images and short explanations of geologic features near the rim of the Barringer meteor crater. http://www.meteorite.com/meteor_crater/

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78. APOD: July 11, 1999 - Barringer Crater On Earth Aerial photograph. http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap990711.html

Astronomy Picture of the Day Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. July 11, 1999 Barringer Crater on Earth Credit: D. Roddy ( LPI Explanation: What happens when a meteor hits the ground? Usually nothing much, as most meteors are small, and indentations they make are soon eroded away. 49,000 years ago, however, a large meteor created Barringer Meteor Crater in Arizona, pictured above Barringer is over a kilometer across. In 1920, it was the first feature on Earth to be recognized as an impact crater . Today, over 100 terrestrial impact craters have been identified. Recent computer modeling now indicates how some of the Canyon Diablo impactor melted during the impact that created Barringer. Tomorrow's picture: A Delta Rocket Launches Archive Index Search ... USRA NASA Technical Rep.: Jay Norris Specific rights apply A service of: LHEA at NASA GSFC Michigan Tech. U.

79. Crater A program that relates crater size to projectile size. http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/tekton/crater.html

Crater H. Jay Melosh and Ross A. Beyer This is a short routine to evaluate the scaling equations to determine the diameter of a crater given details on the nature of the projectile, conditions of impact, and state of the target. The transient crater diameter is evaluated by three independent methods, yield scaling, pi-scaling and Gault's semi-empirical relations supplemented by rules on how crater size depends on gravity and angle of impact. See Melosh, Impact Cratering , chapter 7 for more details Compute crater size from given projectile size Compute projectile size from given crater size Download the FORTRAN 77 program Crater PtyS/LPL Home Page Web form processing provided by PIRL Last Updated: 13 June 2000 webmaster

80. Terrestrial Impact Craters Background information, images, list of craters, references. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/tercrate.htm

Contents What's New Image Index Puzzles ... Search Terrestrial Impact Craters I do not know what I seem to the world, but to myself I appear to have been like a boy playing upon the seashore and diverting myself by now and then finding a smoother pebble or prettier shell than ordinary, while the great ocean of truth lay before me all undiscovered. - Sir Isaac Newton Table of Contents Planet Earth Terrestrial Impact Craters Terrestrial Crater Photo Gallery References More Information Terrestrial Crater Impact Structures Chain of Impact Craters Suggested by Spaceborne Radar Images Terrestrial Impact Structures Educator's Guide to Impact Craters Impact craters are geologic structures formed when a large meteoroid asteroid or comet smashes into a planet or a satellite. All the inner bodies in our solar system have been heavily bombarded by meteoroids throughout their history. The surfaces of the Moon Mars and Mercury , where other geologic processes stopped millions of years ago, record this bombardment clearly. On the Earth , however, which has been even more heavily impacted than the Moon, craters are continually erased by erosion and redeposition as well as by volcanic resurfacing and tectonic activity. Thus only about 120 terrestrial impact craters have been recognized, the majority in geologically stable

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