81. Earth Impact Effects Program Online calculator for cratering effects of hypothetical asteroid impacts. http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/impacteffects/

Earth Impact Effects Program Robert Marcus H. Jay Melosh , and Gareth Collins Welcome to the Earth Impact Effects Program: an easy-to-use, interactive web site for estimating the regional environmental consequences of an impact on Earth. This program will estimate the ejecta distribution, ground shaking, atmospheric blast wave, and thermal effects of an impact as well as the size of the crater produced. Please enter values in the boxes below to describe your impact event of choice and your distance away. Then click "Calculate Effects" to learn about the environmental consequences. Distance from Impact Distance from Impact km miles Enter Impact Parameters Impact Examples Projectile Parameters Projectile Diameter m km ft miles Projectile Density (in kg/m or Select from a list 1000 kg/m^3 for ice 1500 kg/m^3 for porous rock 3000 kg/m^3 for dense rock 8000 kg/m^3 for iron Impact Parameters Impact Velocity km/s miles/s This is the velocity of the projectile before it enters the atmosphere. The minimum impact velocity on Earth is 11 km/s. Typical impact velocities are 17 km/s for asteroids and 51 km/s for comets. The maximum Earth impact velocity for objects orbiting the sun is 72 km/s. Impact Angle (in degrees) The impact angle is measured from a plane tangent to the impact surface. This angle is 90 degrees for a vertical impact. The most probable angle of impact is 45 degrees.

82. Soil Erosion Site Background information, links to organizations, projects, meetings, data sets, and models. http://soilerosion.net

Soil Erosion Site What is at the Soil Erosion Site? About soil erosion Links This website Soil erosion by water, wind and tillage affects both agriculture and the natural environment. Soil loss, and its associated impacts, is one of the most important (yet probably the least well-known) of today's environmental problems BBC 2000 Guardian 2004 "The threat of nuclear weapons and man's ability to destroy the environment are really alarming. And yet there are other almost imperceptible changes - I am thinking of the exhaustion of our natural resources, and especially of soil erosion - and these are perhaps more dangerous still, because once we begin to feel their repercussions it will be too late." (p144 of The Dalai Lama's Little Book of Inner Peace : 2002, Element Books, London) It isn't easy to find comprehensive information on erosion, however. To a large extent this is because soil erosion does not fit neatly under any one heading: it is studied by geomorphologists, agricultural engineers, soil scientists, hydrologists and others; and is of interest to policy-makers, farmers, environmentalists and many other individuals and groups. The Soil Erosion Site brings together reliable information on soil erosion from a wide range of disciplines and sources. It aims to be the definitive internet source for those wishing to find out more about soil loss and soil conservation.

83. International Erosion Control Association Pacific Northwest Chapter Describes annual conference schedule and highlights board leadership and organized activities. http://www.pnwieca.org/

84. JCO - The Jamaican Caves Organisation GPS positions of Jamaican caves and sinkholes. http://www.jamaicancaves.org/

The Jamaican Caves Organisation Speleology and Cave Exploration in Jamaica Resources News Guidance The Jamaican Caves Organisation is a non-profit group dedicated to the discovery, exploration, and preservation of the caves and karst of Jamaica. Submissions of news, notes, and data are welcome. Collaboration is invited. Please support the Cockpit Country Transect Memorandum of Association [1] Many thanks to The National Land Agency of Jamaica for the use of the topo maps on this site.

85. Bulletin Bibliographique Spéléologique Speleological Abstracts, an annual review of the world s speleological literature. http://www.isska.ch/bbs/

Bienvenue Welcome Willkommen Collaborators restricted area Bienvenue Welcome Willkommen Collaborators restricted area

86. Draft Cave And Karst Terminology A full glossary maintained by J N Jennings of the Australian Speleological Federation. http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html

CAVE AND KARST TERMINOLOGY J. N. Jennings If you would like to comment on the NEW items or suggest further additions please send mail to Last modified 26 May 1996 Abbreviations and conventions Abb. = abbreviation Syn. = synonym (word with same meaning) Cf. = confer (compare) with the following term which is not identical but related to it. n. = noun v. = verb A word in brackets in the left-hand column is commonly used in conjunction with the preceding word without altering the meaning. A word in bold is defined elsewhere in this list. A word that blinks is a new addition. Square brackets enclose statements not part of the definition but for special reasons included in the list. ABNEY LEVEL A type of clinometer with a bubble tube used in cave survey to determine vertical angles ABSEIL (n.) A controlled descent of a rope using friction obtained by (1) wrapping the rope around the body in a particular way or (2) passing the rope through a karabiner or (3) passing the rope through a descender ABSEIL (v.) To do an abseil.

87. CRF Main Page Dedicated to documenting, studying and protecting caves and karst resources, USA. http://www.cave-research.org/

Main About CRF Grants Membership Officers ... Page Calendar August 2010 - 70th Congress of the Cuban Speleological Society/VI Congress of FEALC - Matanzas, Cuba. For more information contact obonacci@gradst.hr October 22-24, 2010 - Cave Research Foundation 2010 Annual Meeting - Van Buren, Missouri. Contact Scott House. January 10-14, 2010 - 12th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst - St. Louis, Missouri. For information - sinkholeconference2011@pela.com April, 2011 - 2nd Central American Congress of Speleology - Coban, Guatemala. Contact proiceke@gmail.com or gquesada@anthros.org Cave Research Foundation A private, non-profit organization dedicated to: facilitating research, management and interpretation of caves and karst resources forming partnerships to study, protect and preserve cave resources and karst areas promoting the long term conservation of caves and karst ecosystems Contact CRF Download Our Current Newsletter CRF Graduate Research Grants CRF Treasurer Bob Hoke, 6304 Kaybro Street Laurel, MD 20707 tel# 301-725-5877 bob@rhoke.net

88. Karsts Of Australia Short discussion of karst development in Australia. http://wasg.iinet.net.au/karsts.html

Karsts of Australia by Australia is well known as a dry continent; this reputation can be best demonstrated by the fact that two thirds of the continent has no runoff at all. One third has less than 250 mm of rainfall and the 750 mm isohyet is rarely more than 250 kilometres inland. Much of the remainder is only seasonally or episodically moist and therefore karst processes can only operate for relatively short periods. The fact that many of the larger bodies of soluble rocks are found in the drier areas further reduces the opportunity for karst development. Even the well watered fringe is subject to extreme variability and the precipitation/evaporation ratio generally does not favour the ready availability of water.The distribution of Australian karsts is shown in Figure 1 ; this is about 4% of the continent and is an underestimate due to incomplete geological mapping. . It should be noted that a much larger area (around 15%) is underlain by limestone groundwater basins with a thick overburden of Quaternary deposits. Climatic control of karst development can be seen dramatically in the difference between the dry Nullarbor Plain and the moist southeast of South Australia. Although the lithologies of the horizontally bedded, Tertiary limestones are very similar, the latter has extensive karstification in stark contrast to the Nullarbor. This may in part be due to watertable change through tectonics as well as sea level fluctuations. Sea level changes have had an influence on the development of the Nullarbor caves but it may well be that the karst features of the Nullarbor are relics of former, more effective, precipitation regimes. There is, however, little evidence for this over the fifteen million years that the limestones have been above sea level.

89. Cancaver - Glossary Of Karst Related Terms Compiled by Caving Canada. http://www.cancaver.ca/docs/glossary.htm

Glossary of Karst related terms Abbreviations and conventions Syn. = synonym (word with same meaning); Cf. = confer (compare) with the following term which is not identical but related to it; n. = noun; adj. = adjective; A word in brackets on the left-hand side (in upper case) is commonly used in conjunction with the following or preceding word without altering the meaning; A word underlined is defined elsewhere in this list. A B C D ... Z ABIOTIC: Non-living. E.g. abiotic factors in cave environments would include physical and chemical attributes such as temperature, humidity and acidity (pH). ACCIDENTAL: (n.) An animal accidentally living in a cave, usually either fallen or washed in, but can include those carried in: i.e., parasites on mammals, other vertebrates or invertebrates . Used for both aquatic and terrestrial species. ADAPTATION: An inherited structural, functional or behavioural characteristic of an organism which improves its chances for survival and reproduction in a particular microhabitat or environment. (See also

90. Canadian Karst Resources And Issues Discussions, papers, glossary of terminology as well as Canada related links. http://www.cancaver.ca/conserv/

Canadian Karst Resources and Issues Canadian Cave Conservancy What is Karst? Karst Resource Issues of Vancouver Island BC Forest Service Karst Pages Reports,Papers and sites Relating to Karst Resource Issues British Columbia Cave Protection Act (Draft) BC Forests Practices Code - Part 4, Sect 51 BC Karst Management Handbook Training Cave and Karst Terminology ... The Canadian Cave and Karst Information Server This site created September 1995 last updated

91. Carolina Bay Menu Investigation into the possible origin of these enigmatic wetland depressions scattered across the Eastern U.S. coastal plain from southern New Jersey to northern Florida. http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/cbaymenu.html

The mosaic of images that began the C-bay-origin debate. Click the image for more info. Recent (2005) photos of C-bays More Carolina Bay Information: The Age and Tropic History of Lake Waccamaw, North Carolina Sediment cores were collected in Lake Waccamaw, a Bay Lake in southeastern North Carolina. The cores were analyzed for information that might be relevant to concerns about the age and trophic status of the lake which is home to several endemic species. Analysis of the diatoms and sponge spicules in the sediments revealed that the lake has always been nearly eutrophic. Analyses of sediment carbon and phosphorus content also support this view. The sediment record indicates that Lake Waccamaw has had periods of shallowing followed by deeper phases. Our interpretation of the geologic history of the Lake Waccamaw area, the sediment record, and the relevant data of others is that Lake Waccamaw is a relatively young lake, probably around 15,000 years old or less. The presence of endemic fauna in the lake is probably a result of the lake's unique chemistry and productivity and not the result of a long period of reproductive isolation from other populations. Clay Mineralogy of Some Carolina Bay Sediments Kaolinite, a 14 A

92. Deserts: Geology And Resources USGS online book, written for a general audience. Covers desert climates, desert landforms, sand dunes and aeolian processes, evaporite mineral deposits, and related topics. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/

TABLE OF CONTENTS FIRST ROW: Granite Mountain in the Great Basin Desert (photograph by Terrence Moore). SECOND ROW: Zabriskie Point in Death Valley, California; Sonoran Desert (photographs by Peter Kresan). THIRD ROW: Artists Point in Monument Valley (photograph by Peter Kresan); Death Valley, California (photograph by Cecil Stoughton). FOURTH ROW: Cacti in the Sonoran Desert (photograph by John Olsen). VIEW a list of other USGS General Interest Publicationss Maintained by Publications Service Center Last modified 10/29/97

93. Hazards - USGS WCMG USGS research in coastal and nearshore erosion - El Nino, Hurricane Andrew, North Carolina, Oregon. Understanding the geological environment; changing weather patterns and cycles, and their effects on shorelines. http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/hazards/erosion.html

USGS Home Contact USGS Search USGS Research by Topic ... Program Home Page Hazards Earthquakes: Global Geoengineering Research General information poster: Tsunami Hazards in the Santa Barbara Channel USGS Earthquake Hazards Program Latest earthquake information Northern California General USGS earthquake information Northern California Past WCMG Earthquake Studies: Central California/San Francisco Bay Earthquake Hazards , through 2002 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound: SHIPS Earthquake and Tsunami Potential in the Pacific Northwest: Cascadia The Chile Triple Junction, a seismic analogue to Cascadia? Also check out the Bay Area Earthquake Hazards Maps - ABAG Landslides: Coastal and Marine Catastrophic Hazards Project Global Geoengineering Research General information posters: Giant Hawaiian Underwater Landslides Tsunami Hazards in the Santa Barbara Channel Big Sur Coastal Landslides USGS Fact Sheet 2004-3072: Landslide Types and Processes Beach Disappears in Landslide, Sleeping Bear Dunes, Michigan Landslide Hazards Program of the USGS Coastal and Nearshore Erosion: USGS Pleasure Point Study National Assessment of Coastal Change Hazards The California Urban Ocean Project Coastal Evolution: Process-based Multi-scale Modeling ... Global Geoengineering Research General information posters: Does Pleasure Point Need A Seawall?

94. Beach Restoration And Erosion Control Provides information on a program to preserve and protect the California shoreline, minimize the economic losses caused by beach erosion and maintain urgently needed recreational beach areas. http://www.dbw.ca.gov/Environmental/Beach.aspx

Skip to: Content Footer Accessibility Search: California This Site CA.GOV Home For Boaters Basics of Boating ... Site Index Additional Links Coastal Sediment Management Workgroup Right Column California Beach Restoration Study Beach Restoration and Erosion Links Fiscal Impact of Beaches in California Coastal Data Information Program California Beach Restoration Study Beach Erosion Control Law ... California Public Beach Restoration Act The general objectives of the program are to preserve and protect the California shoreline, minimize the economic losses caused by beach erosion and maintain urgently needed recreational beach areas. This can be achieved by: Cosponsoring the construction of beach erosion control projects with local and federal agencies, Improving present knowledge of oceanic forces, beach erosion and shoreline conditions, and Using this knowledge to prevent future erosion. California's coast, one of our most precious resources, is a naturally eroding shoreline. It is both economically and socially important to minimize the loss of the State's beaches and to preserve its coastal resources. When erosion threatens to damage valuable infrastructure, or there is not enough beach width to accommodate the recreational needs of the local population and the State's many visitors, beach erosion control projects at carefully selected places can halt the erosion. Much of the natural sand that replenishes the beaches has been prevented from reaching the coastline by increasing urban development and flood control projects, especially in southern California. On the other hand, hundreds of millions of cubic yards of sand have been supplied to the shoreline over the past 50 years, mainly in southern California, as a byproduct of coastal projects such as harbors, sewer plants and power plants. This vast quantity of sand has widened many beaches well beyond their natural size. The beaches from Santa Monica south to Palos Verdes in the Los Angeles area, and those from Coronado to Silver Strand near San Diego, provide excellent examples of beaches widened by nourishment.

95. What Causes Beach Erosion?: Scientific American Is beach erosion a natural cycle or is it getting worse with rising sea levels? http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-causes-beach-erosion

96. OzCoasts Coastal Indicators Beach Erosion Provides an information source and education tool for managers, students, researchers and policy makers with an interest in the coastal zone. http://www.ozcoasts.org.au/indicators/beach_erosion.jsp

97. Modeling Beach Erosion Science project idea for 6th grade. http://www.jea.com/about/pub/downloads/science/W-6_Beach_Erosion.pdf

98. Holmberg Technologies, Inc. Specialists in beach erosion control. Includes information on the causes of erosion, some projects undertaken and the products supplied. http://www.erosion.com/

Holmberg Technologies, Inc. 7161 Brookhaven Terrace Englewood, FL 34224 Phone: 941-475-2666 FAX: 941-473-2337 Home Video Files Best Kept Secrets Soft Shore Conference ... Contact Us Saving a Scenic Drive Before Treatment 10 Months after treatment Breakthrough in Beach Restoration Technology Patented beach restoration technology reverses erosion without the addition of artificial fill, and independent university studies verified that there were no adverse side effects to adjacent shorelines. The system has successfully restored more than 100 miles of beaches on Great Lakes and ocean shorelines. Studies demonstrate that the technology is a true breakthrough in coastal erosion control. System cost is significantly less than traditional methods because storm energy itself is harnessed to produce lasting benefits. Visit our other web site at: www.blufferosion.com You are visitor number 18144 Last counter reset: 12/26/09.

99. Home Page Background info on the Chicxulub impact crater at the K/T (Cretaceous/Tertiary) boundary with photos of the 2001 NASA/Planetary Society expedition to Belize and Mexico to study and gather ejecta samples. http://members.tripod.com/reubskt53715/

Build your own FREE website at Tripod.com Share: Facebook Twitter Digg reddit document.write(lycos_ad['leaderboard']); document.write(lycos_ad['leaderboard2']); Welcome to Reuben Carl Johnson's home page of the Cretaceous / Tertiary Expedition - 2001 A cooperative endeavor to gather geologic data on the Chicxulub impact ejecta in Belize and Mexico January 16 - 28, 2001 On January 16 th , 1991, the United States began offensive operations against Iraq in the Persian Gulf War. At the time, I was an airman in the US Navy aboard the aircraft carrier, USS John F. Kennedy. As we launched our first air strike that night, I wondered where I would be in ten years if I survived the war. Interestingly, it was ten years later to the day that I left for the Yucatan to begin what would be an event of equal magnitude in the effect it will have on my life. For me, this expedition was more than a simple trip, more than a learning experience... it was and shall remain a symbol of how far I've come in the ten years since feeling the most uncertainty I have ever known. My future is clear to me now. I like where it's going. It's still an extraordinary adventure. For the best imaging, check your monitor’s color settings:

100. Home Page Travelogue of a geology class field trip to the Barringer meteor crater. Images, crater description, topographic map. http://members.tripod.com/reubs376_2001/

Build your own FREE website at Tripod.com Share: Facebook Twitter Digg reddit document.write(lycos_ad['leaderboard']); document.write(lycos_ad['leaderboard2']); Welcome to Reubs' home page of the Geology 376 - 2001 Field Trip A week-long journey to study the geology of Arizona and New Mexico For the best imaging, check your monitor's color settings: Note: The quality of the images will be related to your monitor's resolution capability and screen settings , its contrast and brightness adjustments, and your video card This colorful bar should be a graduated rainbow with red at both ends. Look for a smooth transition between colors with no banding or annoying dots. The two rainbows below do not have smooth gradations. One exhibits dots and a rough transition, and the other is divided into distinct color bands. You will see these types of images with monitors of limited color. Hits since March 20, 2001 Best viewed with Internet Explorer This page was last updated on To report problems, ask questions, etc., please contact Reuben Johnson at: rcjohnson@students.wisc.edu

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