41. ARVAL Catalog Of Bright Planetary Nebulas (Nebulosas Planetarias) A text table, with name, size, magnitude, area, NGC number, type, RA, dec., and visual quality. http://www.oarval.org/PNeb.htm

ARVAL Catalog of Bright Planetary Nebulas (Nebulosas Planetarias) Common Name Mag. Size Area NGC Type Const. VQ R.A. (E2000) Dec. (E2000) NGC 40 in Cepheus Planetary nebula disc with central star Cep D 72° 32' N NGC 246 in Pisces Planetary nebula ring Psc C 11° 53' S M76, Little Dumbbell in Perseus Planetary nebula irregular Per C 51° 34' N IC 289 in Cassiopeia Planetary nebula Cas 61° 19' N NGC 1360 in Formax Planetary nebula irregular For c 25° 51' S NGC 1501 in Camelopardus Planetary nebula ring Cam E 60° 55' N NGC 1514 in Taurus Planetary nebula disc with central star Tau D 30° 47' N NGC 1535 in Eridanus Planetary nebula ring with central star Eri D 12° 44' S NGC 2022 in Orion Planetary nebula ring Ori E 09° 05' N Common Name Mag. Size Area NGC Type Const. VQ R.A. (E2000) Dec. (E2000) IC 2149 in Auriga Planetary nebula Aur 46° 07' N IC 2165 in Canis Major Planetary nebula CMa 12° 59' S NGC 2371 in Gemini Planetary nebula irregular Gem E 29° 29' N Eskimo Nebula in Gemini Planetary nebula ring with central star Gem D 20° 55' N NGC 2438 in Puppis Planetary nebula ring (in front of M46) Pup D 14° 44' S NGC 2440 in Puppis Planetary nebula irregular Pup D 18° 13' S Eight-burst planetary in Vela Planetary nebula ring with central star Vel C 40° 26' S PLN 272+12.1 in Vela

42. HubbleSite - NewsCenter - Hubble Witnesses The Final Blaze Of Glory Of Sun-Like A news release that includes photos and videos. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1997/38

43. Interstellar Medium And The Milky Way Interstellar Medium (ISM) Chapter index in this window — — Chapter index in separate window This material (including images) is copyrighted!. http://www.astronomynotes.com/ismnotes/s2.htm

Interstellar Medium (ISM) Chapter index in this window Chapter index in separate window This material (including images) is . See my for fair use practices. Select the photographs to display the original source in another window. Most of the ground-based telescope pictures here are from the Anglo-Australian Observatory (AAO-used by permission). Links to external sites will be displayed in another window. If you are sitting in an ordinary chair, lean over and look at the ground directly below your head. A cylinder the diameter of your eye drawn from your eye to the ground would enclose about as many particles of air as there are interstellar particles in a cylinder of the same diameter but extending between our solar system and the center of our galaxy 27,000 light years away. Though the space between the stars is emptier than the best vacuums created on the Earth (those are enclosed spaces devoid of matter, not the household cleaning appliances), there is some material between the stars composed of gas and dust. This material is called the interstellar medium . The interstellar medium makes up between 10 to 15% of the visible mass of the Milky Way. About 99% of the material is gas and the rest is "dust". Although the dust makes up only about 1% of the interstellar medium, it has a much greater effect on the starlight in the visible band-we can out see only roughly 6000 light years in the plane of the Galaxy because of the dust. Without the dust, we would be able to see through the entire 100,000 light year disk of the Galaxy. Observations of other galaxies are done by looking up or down out of the plane of the Galaxy. Dust provides a place for molecules to form. Finally, probably the most of important of all is that stars and planets form from dust-filled clouds. Therefore, let us look at the dust first and then go on to gas. The structure of the Galaxy is mapped from measurements of the gas.

44. Astrophysics - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Wikipedia article on this branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties of celestial objects and the interstellar medium, as well as their interactions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics

Astrophysics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search For the journal, see The Astrophysical Journal Physics Mass–energy equivalence History of physics Branches Classical mechanics Electromagnetism Statistical mechanics Thermodynamics ... Relativity Research fields Applied physics Astrophysics Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Biophysics Condensed matter physics Geophysics ... Particle physics Past experiments 2-degree-Field Galaxy Redshift Survey 2-Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) Bell test BOOMERanG ... Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Current experiments Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider HERA LHC James Webb Space Telescope Scientists Bohr Dirac Einstein Feynman ... NGC 4414 , a typical spiral galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices , is about 56,000 light-years in diameter and approximately 60 million light-years distant. Astrophysics (Greek: Astro - meaning "star", and Greek: physis - meaning "nature") is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe , including the physical properties ( luminosity density temperature , and chemical composition) of celestial objects such as galaxies stars planets exoplanets , and the interstellar medium , as well as their interactions. The study of

45. Interstellar Medium (astronomy) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia interstellar medium (astronomy), region between the stars that contains vast, diffuse clouds of gases and minute solid particles. Such tenuous matter in the interstellar medium of http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/291688/interstellar-medium

document.write(''); Search Site: Advanced Search With all of these words With the exact phrase With any of these words Without these words Home SHOP BROWSE BLOG ... HELP Username: Password: Remember me Forgot your password? Help Email " is the e-mail address you used when you registered. Password " is case sensitive. If you need additional assistance, please contact customer support Enter the e-mail address you used when enrolling for Britannica Premium Service and we will e-mail your password to you. interstellar-medium My Britannica CREATE MY interstellar... NEW ARTICLE ... SAVE interstellar medium Table of Contents: interstellar medium Article Article Related Articles Related Articles External Web sites External Web sites Citations Article Related Articles External Web sites Citations ARTICLE from the interstellar medium region between the stars that contains vast, diffuse clouds of gases and minute solid particles. Such tenuous matter in the interstellar medium of the Milky Way system, in which the Earth The interstellar medium is filled primarily with hydrogen gas. A relatively significant amount of helium has also been detected, along with smaller percentages of such substances as calcium, sodium, water, ammonia, and formaldehyde. Sizable quantities of dust particles of uncertain composition are present as well. In addition, primary

46. University Of Massachusetts - High Energy Astrophysics Group Research group primarily interested in high energy activities in galaxies, particularly the interplay between massive stars and the interstellar medium. http://www.astro.umass.edu/ast_page/xray/heag.html

47. Interstellar Medium | Define Interstellar Medium At Dictionary.com World English Dictionary interstellar medium — n ISM the matter occurring between the stars of our Galaxy, largely in the spiral arms, and consisting mainly of huge clouds http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/interstellar medium

48. CMPD - Center For Multiscale Plasma Dynamics (LAPD) UCLA facility conducting basic plasma physics research on the behavior of naturally occurring plasmas, such as the auroral ionosphere, the magnetosphere, the solar wind, the solar corona, and the interstellar medium. http://www.cscamm.umd.edu/cmpd/lapd.htm

Your browser does not support scripts - Please use Site Index to navigate website [ Contact Us ] [ Site Index ] [ Search ] UCLA's LArge Plasma Device The LArge Plasma Device (LAPD) is the main experimental device at UCLA's Basic Plasma Science Facility (BAPSF). LAPD is an 18 m long, 1 m diameter cylindrical vacuum chamber, surrounded by 90 magnetic field coils. Plasmas are generated using a DC discharge. To produce the discharge, a large area (0.75 m diameter) heated barium oxide coated nickel cathode is used along with a molybdenum mesh anode (0.55 m away). A 4 F capacitor bank is connected between the anode and cathode and is used to generate a discharge current of up to 20 kA using a set of high-power IGBT switches. Uniform magnetized plasmas are created in LAPD with a repetition rate of 1 Hz and pulse lengths of 1-10 ms . Magnetic field strengths of 200 G to 4 kG are achievable in LAPD. The available working gases include helium, neon, argon, and hydrogen. While the parameter regime is not directly fusion relevant, incredibly detailed measurements can be made in LAPD. This allows us to significantly challenge the predictive capability of simulation codes and ultimately to advance our theoretical understanding of the basic plasma physics underlying important phenomena in fusion reactors. The machine has excellent access for probes and optics. There are 450 radial ports; 64 of which are rectangular, allowing a nearly 360 degree view of the plasma in 8 locations along the machine length. There are sixty rotatable "ball valve" flanges, which allow probe placement anywhere in the plasma volume between two axial field magnets. Two portable cryopump vacuum stations allow for evacuation of interlocks attached to these valves so that probes can be moved in and out of the system without breaking vacuum. The machine is outfitted with several computer controlled stepping motors, which can move probes with submillimeter accuracy throughout the plasma volume. Large probes and antennas can be introduced through the rectangular ports at seven locations using custom-built square valves and two additional cryopumps. Data is acquired with 12 channels of 8 bit, 5

49. Interstellar Medium: Hot Supernova Remnants The most violent, and therefore hottest, ejection of gas into the interstellar medium is from supernova explosions. Many thin, arclike nebula are found through http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~js/ast122/lectures/lec24.html

Supernova Remnants The most violent, and therefore hottest, ejection of gas into the interstellar medium is from supernova explosions. Many thin, arc-like nebula are found through out the Galaxy that are remnants of expanding shells of gas moving away from dead supernova at supersonic velocities. One such supernova remnant is the Cygnus Loop shown below. Supersonic motion is always accompanied by a shock wave that compresses the medium in front of it. This compression causes the gas to heat and glow. The most recent supernova near the Earth was in 1024 B.C. and its remnant is seen as the Crab Nebula shown below. In the center of the Crab Nebula is a fast rotating pulsar. The shock wave from a supernova sweeps up matter in front of it and continues to heat this gas. Because supernova remnants are so hot, they emit a great deal of their energy in the x-ray region of the spectrum, shown in the x-ray picture of Cas A below. Notice that although the shock wave starts out as a symmetric explosion, the supernova remnant later develops structure and asymmetry. This is due to the fact that the density distribution of the interstellar medium is lumpy. The supernova remnant expands fastest in directions where the density is low. When pockets of dense gas are swept up, they radiate strongly and are visible as bright spots. So as a supernova remnant ages, it appears less round and regular. As millions of years pass, the supernova remnant slows down and merges with the interstellar medium. All the heavy elements produced in the original supernova explosion are mixed into newly forming molecular clouds enhancing the number of heavy elements in future stars and solar systems.

50. METEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE Journal Of The Meteoritical Society The journal of The Meteoritical Society. Topics include asteroids, comets, craters, interplanetary dust, interstellar medium, lunar samples, meteors, meteorites, natural satellites, planets, tektites, and origin and history of the solar system. http://cavern.uark.edu/~meteor/

New Editor for 2003 Current issue cover Upcoming meetings Editorials (Table of contents service) Abstracts and Table of Contents Free preview of electronic issues For subscribers only (Electronic service) Electronic Issues Categories of Papers Published Information for ... Contributors • Submitting a manuscript • Submitting a review Notes for Associate Editors Editor Associate Editors ... Enter here M P LANETARY S CIENCE The Journal of the Meteoritical Society THE CENTRAL FORUM FOR RESEARCH IN PLANETARY SCIENCE: The journal publishes invited reviews surveying major topics in planetary science, research articles describing the results of major new studies, editorials on topics of current interest and book reviews. MAPS brings together professional scientists from a variety of backgrounds and disciplines including astronomy, chemistry, geology, physics, and biology. THE LATEST RESEARCH: is published monthly. It is available in hard copy and on-line. 75% of accepted articles are in print within six months of submission. Starting January 1, 2003 all journal operations will be under

51. Interstellar Medium - Definition Of Interstellar Medium By The Free Online Dicti The new map reveals the region that separates the nearest reaches of our galaxy, called the local interstellar medium, from our http://www.thefreedictionary.com/interstellar medium

52. IOPscience::.. The Astronomical Journal Founded in 1849 and published by the American Astronomical Society with an emphasis on observational papers. Its expanded coverage of quasars, galaxies, supernova remnants, and studies of the interstellar medium complements the more traditional areas of astronomy, including galactic structure and dynamics, astrometry, variable and binary stars, solar system studies, and cosmology. http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/aj

Accessibility Links Skip to content Skip to search IOPscience Skip to Journals list Accessibility help ... The Astronomical Journal All Fields Title/Abstract Author Affiliation Fulltext PACS/MSC Codes Last Week Last Month This Year Last Year 3 Years 5 Years 10 Years All Dates All journals This journal only IOPscience Home Search Collections ... Librarians ISSN 0004-6256 (Print) ISSN 1538-3881 (Online) The AJ publishes original astronomical research, with an emphasis on significant scientific results derived from observations, including descriptions of data capture, surveys, analysis techniques, and astronomical interpretation. Latest Issue (Complete) Number 5, 2010 November (1129-1568) Open Issue Number 6, 2010 December (1569-1765) Create an alert RSS this journal Volume listings Current volume Number 6, 2010 December Number 5, 2010 November Number 4, 2010 October Number 3, 2010 September Number 2, 2010 August Number 1, 2010 July Journal archive Vol 140, 2010 Vol 139, 2010 Vol 138, 2009 Vol 137, 2009 Vol 136, 2008 Vol 135, 2008 Vol 134, 2007 Vol 133, 2007 Vol 132, 2006

53. QUARG: Home Research interests at QUARG include solar system dynamics, the interstellar medium, stellar atmospheres and evolution, stellar populations, galaxy structure and formation, extragalactic globular cluster systems, cosmology and general relativity. http://www.astro.queensu.ca/

Text Only Queen's U. Sitemap Contact: Queen's QUARG queensu.ca astro.queensu.ca Home General Information Meet the people Seminars ... Back to Department Investigating the cosmos Let the Universe be Revealed Welcome to the Queen's University Astronomy Research Group Home Page. The QUARG consists of ten faculty plus post-doctoral researchers and graduate students working on a broad array of astronomical and astrophysical research topics. The fields of interest within the group include: solar system dynamics the interstellar medium stellar atmospheres and evolution stellar populations galaxy structure and formation extragalactic globular cluster systems cosmology general relativity Queen's University Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada Web Inquiries webmaster@physics.queensu.ca Departmental Inquiries dept@physics.queensu.ca

54. Interstellar Medium: Information From Answers.com interstellar medium interstellar space including streams of protons moving from the stars http://www.answers.com/topic/interstellar-medium-1

55. Interstellar Medium@Everything2.com A set of haiku s Interstellar Medium The Stuff Between Stars outside of our world, all around our galaxy in between the stars vast clouds of gas swirl http://www.everything2.com/title/interstellar medium

Near Matches Ignore Exact Everything interstellar medium thing by Oolong Wed Apr 18 2001 at 12:16:00 A set of haiku s: Interstellar Medium The Stuff Between Stars outside of our world, all around our galaxy in between the stars vast clouds of gas swirl pushed and lit up by the star s steered by magnetism in places it's cool quiet diffuse hydrogen with sparse specks of dust some places it's warm and ionise d by starlight fluorescent but thin the coldest places are the molecular clouds giant nebula e in their frozen cores compacting and compacting new stars find their birth nuclear fusion sets old dust burning anew the cycle repeats hot, hotter it gets turns old dust into new light illumination round old stars and new hot hydrogen, ionised beautiful halos blown by stellar wind s the clouds form new cavities gases pushed away hot star-driven waves form loops, arcs and shells of stars daughters of giants. I like it! C! thing by Grzcyrgba Sat May 19 2001 at 18:21:15 The interstellar medium (hereafter ISM) was first discovered in , with the observation of stationary calcium absorption lines superimposed on the Doppler shift ing spectrum of a spectroscopic binary . Since the calcium lines were not changing in wavelength , they could not originate in the stellar atmospheres of the binary star , and so had to be between the telescope and the star. Since no terrestrial source was identified, the calcium had to be

56. The Astrophysics Spectator: An Introduction To The Interstellar Medium Gas, dust, magnetic field, and cosmic rays fill the space between the stars. http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/milkyway/InterstellarMedium.html

The Astrophysics Spectator Home Topics Interactive Pages Commentary ... Information Search Site Milky Way Galaxy Structure of the Milky Way The Galactic Center The Sagittarius A Complex Massive Stars of Sgr A* ... Pulsars within the Milky Way Tables Properties of the Galaxy Orbital Parameters of Stars Orbiting Sgr A* Milky Way Galaxy The Interstellar Medium The space between the stars is not a pure vacuum, as is attested by the gaps in the Milky Way; cool clouds of gas and dust within the Galactic plane block out the light of the more distant stars. Less apparent is the tenuous, warm gas that pervades the Galactic disk. Together these two components of the interstellar medium (ISM in the astronomical jargon) fill about half of the space of the Galactic disk. The remainder is fill with extremely low-density gas, much of which is extremely hot. Even the most dense regions of the Galaxy are hard vacuums, with the number of molecules reaching only 10 per cubic centimeter. These regions are the cores of molecular clouds, and they are very cold, with a temperature of around 10° Kelvin. The more common cool regions have a density of several 10s of atoms per cubic centimeter and a temperature below 100° K. In the warm-gas regions of the Galaxy, the density is only about 1 atom per cubic centimeter, but the temperature is several thousand degrees K. The region within 50 parsecs of the Sun is an example of the lowest-density regions of the Galaxy; the hot bubble we sit in has a density of only 0.1 atoms per cubic centimeter and a temperature of about 1 million degrees K. Besides these hot low-density regions, there are cool low-density regions. All total, the average density at the Galactic plane is a little over 1 atom per cubic centimeter. But because of the great distances between the stars, the amount of mass in the interstellar medium rivals the amount of mass in stars. Recent research places the mass density at the galactic plane at 0.076 solar masses per cubic parsec, which means the fraction of mass in gas and dust is about 30% of the total mass.

57. List Of Molecules In Interstellar Space - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia This is a list of molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium, grouped by the number of component atoms. The chemical formula is listed for each detected http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_molecules_in_interstellar_space

List of molecules in interstellar space From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search This is a list of molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium , grouped by the number of component atoms . The chemical formula is listed for each detected compound, along with any ionized form that has also been observed. Contents Detection Molecules Diatomic Triatomic ... edit Detection The molecules listed below were detected by spectroscopy . Their spectral features are generated by transitions of component electrons between different energy levels, or by rotational or vibrational spectra. Detection usually occurs in radio microwave , or infrared portions of the spectrum. The first such molecule to be detected in the interstellar medium was the methylidyne radical (CH) in 1937. Interstellar molecules are formed by chemical reactions within very sparse interstellar or circumstellar clouds of dust and gas. Usually this occurs when a molecule becomes ionized, often as the result of an interaction with a cosmic ray . This positively-charged molecule then draws in a nearby reactant by electrostatic attraction of the neutral molecule's electrons. Molecules can also be generated by reactions between neutral atoms and molecules, although this process is generally slower.

58. Interstellar Medium The distribution of ionized hydrogen (known by astronomers as H II from old spectroscopic terminology) in the parts of the Galactic interstellar medium visible from the Earth's http://english.turkcebilgi.com/Interstellar medium

EnglishInfo Search Türkçe Home Information Translation ... interstellar medium Information about interstellar medium interstellar medium Information about interstellar medium Double click any English word, to find Turkish meaning Interstellar (disambiguation) The interstellar medium (or ISM ) is the name astronomers give to the gas and dust that pervade interstellar space. While the interstellar medium refers to the matter that exists between the stars within a galaxy , the energy , in the form of electromagnetic radiation , that occupies the same volume is called the interstellar radiation field The interstellar medium consists of an extremely dilute (by terrestrial standards) mixture of ions atoms molecules , larger dust grains cosmic rays , and magnetic fields . The matter consists of about 99% gas and 1% dust by mass . It fills interstellar space, and blends smoothly into the surrounding intergalactic medium . The ISM is usually extremely tenuous, with densities ranging from a few thousand to a few hundred million particles per cubic meter , and an average value in the Milky Way Galaxy of a million particles per cubic meter. As a result of

59. ASTR 103: Interstellar Medium Interstellar matter is the material lying between stars. Although stars interact with the interstellar medium over the course of their entire lives, we want to divided that http://physics.gmu.edu/~jevans/astr103/CourseNotes/Text/Lec24_interstellarMedium

ASTR 103 - Text Supplement Interstellar Medium Latest Modification: November 11, 1998 Table of Contents Mass Loss by the Sun and Stars The Solar Wind Mass Loss by Stellar Winds Explosive Variable Stars ... What Type of Interstellar Medium Surrounds the Sun? If you exhale your breath once and let it expand into an evacuated cubical enclosure 1 kilometer on a side, the resulting density of your breath will exceed the density in most parts of the interstellar medium. Although this suggests that interstellar space is nearly a vacuum, there is a significant amount of matter lying between the stars because of the vast volume of space. Interstellar matter is primarily a gas, in which hydrogen is the chief component. In regions near very luminous, hot stars the gas is ionized, whereas in other regions it is so cold that molecules exist in it. Thus the interstellar medium is far from uniform in its properties. Mixed with the interstellar gas is a very fine dust, whose grains are about the size of the particles that are seen as small flashes in a shaft of light coming through a window. Interstellar dust, however, has a very different chemical composition and origin than particles of Earth dust. Interstellar matter is not uniformly spread throughout the Galaxy but is clumped together in interstellar clouds that vary in size and the complexity of their association in our Galaxy. The stars of our Galaxyand presumably the stars in all the billions of galaxies in the Universeare born in interstellar clouds. And when they come to the end of their lives, many stars throw off matter that mixes with the interstellar medium, where it forms new interstellar clouds and finally becomes the matter composing new generations of stars. In summary stars form from interstellar matter, and throughout their lives stars in turn structure and transform the interstellar medium.

60. Dust! (Interstellar Medium, Part I) Interstellar dust and its effects are discussed In this and articles to follow, I'll be discussing various components and features of the space between the stars, the interstellar http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/astronomy/34953

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