61. Ornithology At Evergreen Last Updated 11/11/2009. Fall quarter. Faculty Alison Styring ornithology, zoology, natural history. Major areas of study include ornithology, zoology, evolutionary biology and http://www.evergreen.edu/catalog/2009-10/programs/ornithology

Resources for... Prospective Students Current Students Media A-Z Index Site Navigation Home Academics Admissions Athletics ... 2009-10 Catalog Indexes A-Z Index Areas of Study Recently Updated Search Undergraduate Studies Programs for Freshmen Culture, Text and Language Environmental Studies Expressive Arts ... 8-12 Credit Programs Additional Offerings Evening and Weekend Studies Courses Graduate Studies Individual Study and Research Opportunities Study Abroad ... Summer Program Description Ornithology Last Updated: 11/11/2009 Fall quarter Faculty ornithology, zoology, natural history Major areas of study include ornithology, zoology, evolutionary biology and natural history. Class Standing : This all-level program accepts up to 25% freshmen as well as supporting and encouraging those ready for advanced work. Because much of the learning in this program will occur in the field and the lab, participation is of utmost importance. Field trips and labs cannot be repeated or made up if missed, and even one absence from a lab or field trip is grounds for reduced credit. At the end of the program, students will have the opportunity to share their learning via an in-depth research project and species monograph. Credits: 16 per quarter Enrollment Books www.tescbookstore.com

62. BIRDNET :: All About Ornithology, The Scientific Study Of Birds Ornithological Council s website with comprehensive data about North American ornithological resources. http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET/

BIRDNET provides information for and about ornithology , the scientific study of birds. The site serves professional ornithologists and the general public. BIRDNET is provided by the Ornithological Council , a public information organization established and supported by eleven Western Hemisphere ornithological societies. American Ornithologists' Union Association of Field Ornithologists Cooper Ornithological Society Neotropical Ornithological Society Pacific Seabird Group Raptor Research Foundation Society of Canadian Ornithologistes du Canada Society for the Conservation and Study of Caribbean Birds Waterbird Society Wilson Ornithological Society BIRDNET Ornithological Council Ornithology Birds Visits to date: Download a free hit counter here. Our thanks to our server host, the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), which is not responsible in any way for content on BIRDNET or related pages. Send your comments about this site's content or presentation BIRDNET in the subject line. Please direct your specific questions about birds to the appropriate institutions and groups , not to the BIRDNET webmaster.

63. Searchable Ornithological Research Archive An open access electronic journal archive that provides access to extensive literature of international scope. http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/

64. Cooper Ornithological Society Organization whose goal is to advance the scientific study of birds and their habitats and support their conservation. http://www.cooper.org/

About Us President's Welcome What is COS? Leadership ... Site Map Cooper Ornithological Society What's new?

65. Wilson Ornithological Society Organization of people who share a curiosity about birds. Publishes a quarterly journal and holds annual meetings. http://www.wilsonsociety.org/

The Wilson Ornithological Society Contents of Latest Issue 2011 WOS Meeting Kearney, NE 9 - 13 Mar 2011 Call for Symposium proposals (due 30 Sep.) Travel Awards (due 1 Dec.) Abstracts (due 15 Jan.) Online Archive Wilson Bulletin , volumes 1 - 111, 1889-1999. Full facsimiles of the first 111 volumes. Each article is downloadable at no cost. Used Bird Books for Sale The sale of library duplicates funds new book purchases for the library Duplicate Journals Available Scattered issues and runs of various bird journals are available for sale or trade List of Translations Translations of ornithological papers that are held in the library BIRDNET , web site of the Ornithological Council The Wilson Ornithological Society , founded in 1888, is a world-wide organization of nearly 2500 people who share a curiosity about birds. Named in honor of Alexander Wilson , the Father of American Ornithology, the Society publishes a quarterly journal of ornithology, The Wilson Journal of Ornithology , and holds annual meetings Perhaps more than any other biological science, ornithology has been advanced by the contributions of persons in other chosen professions. The Wilson Society recognizes the unique role of the serious amateur in ornithology. Fundamental to its mission, the Society has distinguished itself with a long tradition of promoting a strong working relationship among all who study birds. Each year the Wilson Society awards a number of

66. Latvian Ornithological Society This organization s aim is to maintain conditions ensuring sustainable existence of all bird species in Latvia. http://www.lob.lv/en/

Latviski Society About LOB Contacts ... Credits Receive news of LOB in Your inbox! E-mail: Name: Surname: I'm member of LOB Start -> Current events News Latvian Ornithological Society wins award On 30 April 2009 LOB received the Latvian NGO Institute’s Award as the ”Most Successful Fundraising NGO in 2008”. “This award represents a great opportunity for our organisation to showcase its development during the year and to present its achievements and future plans. We are very happy to receive this important award, especially on such an important issue as fundraising”, commented a very satisfied Ilze Vilskerste, member of the Board of LOB. In 2008 LOB raised almost € 320.000 from different sources like donations, project grants, sales and membership fees. Moreover, the Latvian NGO, with more than 700 members currently the largest Latvian nature conservation NGO, developed additional commercial activities such as selling toys and badges and designed a school program aimed at attracting new members. The NGO Institute and the Swedbank, organisers of the national contest, applauded this diversity of income as the key to the organisation’s financial stability. Already in 2006, LOB was recognised as Public Benefit Organisation. This title made it possible for big donors supporting LOB to get a refund from the State on their original contribution. It goes without saying that this recognition further encouraged additional donations.

67. The Illinois Ornithological Society - Dedicated To Illinois Birds And Birding Information on field trips for birders, bird alerts, and the Illinois Ornithological Records Committee. http://www.illinoisbirds.org/

The Illinois Ornithological Society Dedicated to Illinois Birds and Birding About IOS Membership Information Field Trip Schedule Contact Information ... Illinois Rare Bird Alert Upcoming IOS field trips include the Miller Beach Lakewatch and Jasper-Pulaski Sandhill Cranes on November 21. This is the final field trip of 2010. See the 2010 Field Trip Schedule for more information about IOS sponsored field trips. The Index for Volume 18, Number 1 - 4 of Meadowlark is now available: Meadowlark Index, Volume 18, Number 1 - 4 . A link to the index can also be found on the Meadowlark Journal Information page. The Early Fall 2010 Photo Quiz is now up. An answer will be given in mid October. Interested in monitoring birds in the Chicago area? See The Bird Conservation Network (BCN) Census page to learn how. The Birds of Illinois series has been updated to reflect the recent taxonomic and nomenclatural changes made by the American Ornithologists' Union. New photos added to the Photo Archives page include Burrowing Owl Bewick's Wren , and Swainson's Warbler The 2010 IOS Grant Awards page is now up.

68. Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center Ecological and land-management research, education, conservation policy, data on migration and fact sheets. http://nationalzoo.si.edu/ConservationAndScience/MigratoryBirds/

69. Welcome The RIS is a free searchable catalog of over 38,000 references about the biology and management of birds of prey. http://ris.wr.usgs.gov/

RIS a keyworded catalog of over 33,000 references about the biology and management of birds of prey. It includes books, articles, theses, government reports, and other gray literature regarding raptors worldwide. You can search by author, title, keyword, year of publication... or any combination of these fields. You can also search for articles on a particular raptor species by typing in the genus and the species or by referring to an extensive 4,000 keyword list. RIS is a service of the USGS, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Snake River Field Station. Development of the RIS as a web-based information resource is part of the National Biological Information Infrastructure program. For further information or assistance contact fresc_library@usgs.gov . Your comments about this website are appreciated.

70. WILL'S SKULL PAGE - HOMEPAGE Images and data about skulls of western Palearctic and Tropical species, with complete skeletons of some species. http://www.skullsite.co.uk/

71. Birds Of Stanford Many articles on every aspect of bird life. A comprehensive and useful resource. http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/SUFRAME.html

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72. Avian Reproduction Notes on the bird reproductive system and the development of the embryo, with explanatory drawings and photographs. http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/avianreproduction.html

BIO 554/754 Ornithology Reproductive Anatomy: Ovary most birds have only left ovary but 2 ovaries are typical of many raptors contains from 500 to several thousand primary oocytes As day length increases, photic stimulation of the hypothalamus results in the secretion of Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH below). When activated by GnRH, the anterior pituitary secretes two gonadotropin hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). FSH acts on sperm-producing structures in the testes, while LH acts on the interstitial cells of the testes causing them to secrete the steroid hormone testosterone. The pituitary gland monitors the amount of testosterone in the blood, thus creating a negative feedback loop to maintain hormone levels within a set range (Akins and Burns 2001). Ambient visual cues, such as daylight, activate photosensitive loci in the brain both indirectly, through the eyes, and directly, through the skull. The hypothalamus of the bird brain contains special cells that are sensitive to extremely low light levels, intensities comparable to the amount of light that can penetrate brain tissue (Akins and Burns 2001). From: Akins and Burns (2001) The pattern of testosterone secretion in free-living populations of Song Sparrows.

73. Bird Respiratory System Article explaining how air sacs play an important part in the gaseous exchange in birds, with many diagrams. http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/RITCHISO/birdrespiration.html

BIO 554/754 Ornithology Avian Respiration An updated version of these notes can be accessed from a new "Avian Biology' page (http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/avian_biology.html) The avian respiratory system delivers oxygen from the air to the tissues and also removes carbon dioxide. In addition, the respiratory system plays an important role in thermoregulation (maintaining normal body temperature). The avian respiratory system is different from that of other vertebrates, with birds having relatively small lungs plus nine air sacs that play an important role in respiration (but are not directly involved in the exchange of gases). (A). Dorsal view of the trachea (circled) and the lung of the Ostrich ( Struthio camelus ). The lungs are deeply entrenched into the ribs on the dorsolateral aspects (arrowhead). Filled circle, right extrapulmonary primary bronchus (EPPB). Note that the right EPPB is relatively longer, rather horizontal and relatively narrower compared with the left EPPB. Scale bar, 1 cm. (B) Close up of the dorsal aspect of the lung showing the deep costal sulci (s). Trachea, circled; filled circle, right extrapulmonary primary bronchus. Scale bar, 2 cm (Maina and Nathaniel 2001). Used with permission of John Kimball.

74. Note: Respiration Notes and diagrams explaining how birds ventilate their lungs. http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab26/Notes/birdresp.htm

Mechanics of Respiration in Birds Birds ventilate their lungs not by expanding the lungs themselves, but by expanding the air sacs, a uniquely avian anatomical feature. The air sacs are balloon-like structures at the "ends" of the airway system, each with a wall of squamous epithelium. In the chicken, the "model" species, there are eight such sacs: an unpaired one in the cervical region; another unpaired one in the clavicular area; two paired sets (cranial and caudal) in the thorax; and a paired set in the caudal abdomen. The key to the system is that distention and compression of the air sacs, not the lungs, moves air in and out and that at any given moment air may be moving into and out of the lung and being "parked" in the air sacs. The lungs are stiff and noncompliant, not at all like the distensible lungs of mammals. The air sacs act as "bellows" to suck air in and blow it out, and also to hold part of the total volume. Here's the condition at the beginning of each inspiration of the respiratory cycle (only one side is shown). The cranial end of the system is shown to the left, and the trachea is shown. Air will enter and leave via the trachea as it does in mammals. All the air sacs are deflated at this stage. There is "resting" air in the lungs. Each one of a bird's paired lungs has a single large mesobronchus, essentially the intrapulmonary continuation of the trachea, which runs straight through it. This is a long straight airway, much like a mammalian bronchus in construction, which connects the trachea to the caudal air sacs. It also serves to ventilate the lung directly with part of each incoming breath.

75. Population Dynamics Essay discussing the factors behind the variation in the number of individuals in a bird population over time. http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Population_Dynamics.html

Population Dynamics T he "dynamics" of bird populations, the ways in which their numbers grow and shrink as time goes by, are controlled by the same general factors that control the size of human populations. An avian or human population has two kinds of input birth (natality) and immigration. And each population has the same two outputs death (mortality) and emigration. If the inputs are greater than the outputs, the population will grow. If the outputs are higher than the inputs, it will shrink. If the two are in balance, the population size will not change, or as ecologists would say, the population "density" is constant. Population density is, technically, the number of individuals per unit area. But since a population normally occupies a limited area of suitable habitat, its size increases, decreases, or remains stable along with its density. In 1937, two male and six female Ring-necked Pheasants were introduced onto a 450-acre island off the coast of Washington State. The island had not previously had a pheasant population, but with superabundant food and few predators, the population exploded. Even though many birds died each winter, the original flock of eight became a horde of nearly two thousand within six breeding seasons. During that period, however, the rate of growth of the population was gradually slowed. This decrease in growth rate was probably due, at least in part, to diminishing space for male territories and possibly to decreased food supply, leading to higher juvenile mortality.

76. Site Tenacity Many birds return to the same nesting site each season. This essay discusses why this should be so. http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Site_Tenacity.html

Site Tenacity T he tendency to return each season to the same nest site or breeding colony is known as "site tenacity," "site fidelity," or "philopatry." The realization that site tenacity exists grew out of ornithologist Oliver Austin's long-term studies of Common Terns in Massachusetts. Austin found that individual terns tended to return to the same colony site and often to the same nest site within the colony. From banding studies, he discovered that this tendency increases with the age of the bird. Subsequent field studies have shown that this behavior occurs to varying degrees in a wide variety of North American birds including Common Goldeneye, Least Tern, Black Skimmer, Spotted Sandpiper, Long-billed Curlew, Broad-tailed Hummingbird, Bank Swallow, and Barn Swallow. Avian biologists think the major advantage of returning to an established breeding site is that the bird's familiarity with the area results in reduced susceptibility to predation and other adverse conditions. Studies have shown that sex and age of the nesting bird, prior reproductive success at the particular site, and physical stability of the nest site are all important factors affecting site tenacity. For all of the aforementioned species, birds that successfully rear young are more likely to return to the nest site the following year than birds that are unsuccessful. A finer discrimination is made by Black Skimmers, which are more likely to abandon a colony site following predation than following flooding. Presumably future failures as a result of predation are more predictable than those resulting from flooding.

77. The Earthlife Web - Flight In Birds How do birds fly? An introduction to flight in birds examining wing shape, airflows, flapping flight and gliding. http://www.earthlife.net/birds/flight.html

Bird Flight The fact that birds fly is one of the most amazing things about them. The sight of crows or ravens playing in the wind, of seagulls gliding effortlessly along seashore or of buzzards soaring silently about the countryside always inspires me. There is no doubt that if I had the ability to change into another animal, something other than a human being I would be a bird simply because of the incredible wonder of flight on a sunny day. Birds are the ultimate flying machines, though insects have been doing it for longer and in many cases are more versatile; their small size makes the physics of it much easier. Birds fly far better than any machinery mankind has yet made and like our machines they use their wings and tails in a variety of ways to achieve their expertise. Bird flight is dependent on the shape of the birds wings and the way they use them. Generally, bird flight can be divided into two modes of functioning, i.e. gliding or soaring flight, and flapping or powered flight. Wing Shape The dynamics of bird flight like all physical actions are governed by the laws of physics. In its simplest expression, flying is a balance between two sets of forces. lift and weight, and thrust and drag. Weight is the result of gravity and is reduced as much as possible in birds (see anatomy). Lift is generated by the flow of air over the wings.

78. BIRDNET: Feather Quest Interactive quiz. Can you identify the birds from which these feathers come? http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET/FeatherQuest/FeatherQuest.html

Feather Quest Feathers are the defining characteristic of the Class Aves - the birds. Much can be learned about a bird from and examination of its feathers. The object of this Feather Quest is to identify the bird from a photograph of a feather. Follow the link below to begin your Quest. Begin Feather Quest Return to JUST FOR FUN Return to BIRDNET

79. Territoriality Article describing how birds try to exclude others of the same species from their home range. http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Territoriality.html

Territoriality M any birds attempt to exclude other birds from all or part of their home range the area they occupy in the course of their normal daily activities. When they do, we say they are defending a "territory." Most often this behavior occurs during the breeding season and is directed toward members of the same species. Territoriality appears, in most cases, to be an attempt to monopolize resources, especially food resources or access to mates. But territoriality may also serve, in part, as a predator defense mechanism. Some birds defend their entire home range. Others defend only their food supply, a place to mate, or the site of their nest. Some tropical hummingbirds chase most other hummingbirds and other nectar-feeding birds (and some butterflies) away from favorite patches of nectar-bearing flowers. On their leks (patches of ground traditionally used for communal mating displays) grouse, some sandpipers, and some other birds defend small territories. Most colonial-nesting seabirds simply defend the immediate vicinity of their nests presumably to protect their eggs and, at least in the case of some penguins, the pebbles from which the nest is constructed. Territoriality tends to space some species of camouflaged birds and their nests rather evenly throughout their habitat; it prevents them from occurring in flocks or clusters while breeding. This, in turn, may reduce the danger from predation, since many predators will concentrate on one kind of prey after one or a few individuals of that prey type are discovered (that is, the predator forms a "search image"). Clustering can promote the formation of a search image by predators and thus reduce the security of each individual prey (birds that are not cryptic, however, may gain protection in clustering).

80. Vocal Dialects Article describing how the songs of many avian species show geographic variation. http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Vocal_Dialects.html

Vocal Dialects J ust as our speech patterns vary regionally, the songs of many avian species also show geographic variation. For example, in states and provinces east of the Mississippi, the songs of Rufous-sided Towhees consist of two introductory notes followed by a buzzy trill. Songs in the Rocky Mountain states begin with a single introductory note followed by the trill, and West Coast populations have dropped the introductory notes entirely their songs are composed of just the buzzy trill. Although such geographic variation is quite evident to the human ear, we still recognize the singer as a Rufous-sided Towhee. The songs of populations often differ markedly on a much smaller geographic scale. Local variants are called dialects. They are commonly found in songbirds with populations restricted to particular habitats and separated from other populations by unsuitable terrain. The separation can be on the order of a mile or so, but in some species it can be much less. Among the White-crowned Sparrow populations of coastal California, distinct dialects may be separated by as little as a few yards in what appears to be essentially continuous habitat! Vocal dialects appear to be learned. Young birds hear the songs sung around their natal territories by their fathers and neighboring males, and acquire the peculiarities of these renditions. Factors that determine the geographic pattern of dialects include the accuracy with which the pitch and temporal characteristics of individual song components are learned, the distance young males disperse from where they hatch to where they breed, and the timing of dispersal relative to the sensitive period for learning.

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