41. Definition Of Scattering Cross Section Introduction to cross section, an important concept in scattering. http://www.jupiterscientific.org/sciinfo/crosssection.html

What is a Cross Section? W hen a beam of particles of type B strikes a target consisting of particles of type T, some of the B particles pass directly through the target while others are deflected. Those that are deflected are said to interact or collide with the T particles. The cross section, which is denoted by by physicists, is a measure of the effectiveness of the B-T interaction. The larger the cross section, the more likely it is that the B particles are deflected. A cross section depends on the types of particles involved and usually depends on the energy of the particles in the beam. To emphasize the dependence on particle types, we denote the cross section by BT below. If one throw darks at a board of area A then the chance of hitting the dark board is proportional to A. Indeed, the cross section for this process is A. Cross section has dimensions of area or length In general, the cross section is the effective area of the collision region. Here is another classical example that illustrates the concept. Suppose that the target T is a solid ball of radius R and suppose that the beam particles B are point-like. A B particle will strike the ball if it passes within a distance of R of the center of the ball. The cross section BT for this case is the area of a circle of radius R or R The cross section for point-like particles colliding with a sphere is just the area of the sphere projected onto the transverse plane, that is, a circular disk of radius R.

42. Inquiring Minds Particle physics and astrophysics go hand in hand studying the universe at the smallest and biggest scales. http://www.fnal.gov/pub/inquiring/matter/index.html

Fermilab U.S. Department of Energy Skip over navigation to main content Home ... Fermilab at Work Search Skip over navigation to main content Science at Fermilab Frontiers of Particle Physics Energy Frontier ... Quantum Diaries Inquiring Minds The science of matter, space and time what is the world made of? how to find the smallest particles what to expect in the future why support science ... Standard Model discoveries Particle physics and astrophysics go hand in hand: studying the universe at the smallest and biggest scales. Have you ever wondered how often you could split a grain of sand into smaller pieces? Have you asked yourself what the sky is made of? Perhaps you have dreamed of traveling backwards in time? Physicists are as curious as you are. They look for answers to questions that people have pondered since they first began to wonder about the world and their place within it. It often seems that for every answer physicists find, two new questions arise. Exploring the nature of nature (video, 4 min.) Particle physicists try to understand the nature of nature at the smallest scales possible. Today, we know that atoms do not represent the smallest unit of matter. Particles called quarks and leptons seem to be the fundamental building blocks - but perhaps there is something even smaller. Physicists are still far from understanding why a proton has about 2,000 times more mass than an electron. And on top of it all, scientists suspect a whole new class of undiscovered supersymmetric particles to complete the subatomic family.

43. General Atomics Fusion Education resources for teachers and students; links to a more technical GAT fusion site http://fusioned.gat.com/

Quick Links Mission Statement What is Fusion? Teacher Resources Student Resources Calendar Contact Us Driving Directions Free Material Ask the Wizard Movies Photo Gallery DIII-D Tours Teacher Workshops Slide Show Presentations Join us in Chicago at the APS/DPP Meeting CONTACT DIRECTIONS AC_FL_RunContent( 'codebase','http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=5,0,0,0','width','103','height','24','src','button1','base','.','quality','high','pluginspage','http://www.macromedia.com/shockwave/download/index.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash','bgcolor','#336699','movie','button1' ); //end AC code Home Mission Statement What is Fusion? Teacher Resources ... Contact Us

44. Theory: Decays (SLAC VVC) Introductory information on particle decays produced by the Stanford Linear Accelerator. http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/decays.html

Skip to main content. Virtual Visitor Center at SLAC Main Topics Home Accelerator Detectors Experiments ... Theory Interactive Areas EGS FGST LAT LAT instrument FGST LAT Simulator ... Cosmic Ray Detector Guided Tour Quick Bits Introduction to Cosmic Rays Environment Glossary More Educational Sites ... Site Map document.write('') Decays In a decay, the original particle disappears and two or more less massive particles are produced. For example: Particle decays are like radioactive decays of atomic nuclei. When a nucleus decays radioactively, some of the decay products are constituents that were present before the decay, but others, such as photons or electrons, are entirely new objects produced by the decay process. When a fundamental particle decays, all the produced particles are new objects that were not present before the decay. A single type of fundamental particle can have many possible sets of decay products. Basic Rules of Decays Any decay that can happen, will happen. Decay rates depend on the type of interaction and on the amount of energy "released," that is, energy converted from mass energy to kinetic energy.

45. Explore - Particle Physics UK Explore Particle physics – science doesn’t get much bigger or more exciting than this. It involves the biggest, most complicated experiments in the history of science, with http://www.particlephysics.ac.uk/explore.html

@import url(/css/layout.css); @import url(/css/custom.css); skip to navigation Search: Site Map Image courtesy of Tom Kemp Explore Particle physics – science doesn’t get much bigger or more exciting than this. It involves the biggest, most complicated experiments in the history of science, with the fastest computers, the coldest temperatures and the strongest magnets on Earth. Particle physics re-creates the universe just after the Big Bang and hopes to answer the questions that humans have been asking for eternity; “Where do we come from?”  “What are we made of?” So what exactly is particle physics?  Find out, from atoms and particles to accelerators and detectors in our introductory pages. You can link direct to the biggest particle physics experiments around the world and visit our news section to see what goes on in particle physics in the UK and worldwide. And if that’s not enough, find out more by clicking through a collection of the best particle physics links on the web. Main Navigation Home Explore Atoms and Particles The Standard Model Particle Accelerators Detectors ... Privacy Statement Powered by Defacto

46. Theory: Leptons (SLAC VVC) Introductory information on leptons (electrons, muons, taus, and neutrinos). http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/leptons.html

Skip to main content. Virtual Visitor Center at SLAC Main Topics Home Accelerator Detectors Experiments ... Theory Interactive Areas EGS FGST LAT LAT instrument FGST LAT Simulator ... Cosmic Ray Detector Guided Tour Quick Bits Introduction to Cosmic Rays Environment Glossary More Educational Sites ... Site Map document.write('') Leptons Leptons are fundamental particles that have no strong interactions . The six known types of leptons are shown in the table below. There are also six anti-lepton types, one for each lepton. Flavor Mass (GeV/c Electric Charge (e) electron neutrino electron muon neutrino muon (mu-minus) tau neutrino tau (tau-minus) Electrons and Positrons The electron has a mass of 0.000511 GeV/c . The electron is the least massive charged particle of any type. It is absolutely stable because conservation of energy and electric charge together forbid any decay The antiparticle of the electron is called a positron ) can produce an electron and a positron this is called pair production. Muons ( The muon has a mass of 0.106 GeV/c

47. Oxford Physics - Oxford Particle Physics Home Page The Oxford University Physics Website. Oxford Particle Physics Home Page Particle Physics at Oxford. Oxford has the largest university particle physics group in the UK http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/pp/

48. Antimatter:Mirror Of The Universe A thorough discussion covering all aspects of antimatter. http://livefromcern.web.cern.ch/livefromcern/antimatter/

49. Particle Data Group goes here. News. The 2010 web edition of Reviews, Particle Listings, Summary Tables, and pdgLive are now available....... http://pdg.lbl.gov/

MIRRORS: USA (LBNL) Brazil CERN Indonesia ... UK (Durham) PDG About the PDG PDG authors Order PDG products PDG citation ... Contact Us Downloads 2010 edition of PDG Figures in reviews Other downloads Resources Errata Archives Atomic Nuclear Properties Online HEP Info Databases Durham-RAL databases Current experiments Guide to Data Partial-wave analyses News The 2010 book, booklet, and web editions of the Review of Particle Physics are now available. Funded By: US DOE US NSF CERN MEXT (Japan) ... MEC (Spain) The Review of Particle Physics K. Nakamura et al. (Particle Data Group), J. Phys. G pdgLive Summary Tables Reviews, Tables, Plots Particle Listings ... Atomic Nuclear Properties HEP Papers People Institutions PDG Outreach SLAC-SPIRES US-Hepfolk SLAC database Particle Adventure ... History book

50. FusEdWeb | Fusion Education Leads to several excellent resources which teach about fusion. http://fusedweb.llnl.gov/

51. Plasma Science And Technology Educational information on plasma applications including controlled fusion. http://www.plasmas.org

Visit Plasmas.com Plasmas International Feedback welcome Legal Permissions Enjoy our photo gallery or survey information on plasmas worldwide

52. Introduction To Particle Physics: Menu Atoms to quarks, quantum physics, the big bang, and newer theories about matter. http://molaire1.club.fr/e_plan.html

Web Site Menu: = crazyflash resume! WELCOME PAGE INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF THE ATOM THE CLASSIC ATOM: The proton and the periodic table The neutron Electrons and molecules Radioactivity QUANTUM PHYSICS Photons and wave-particle duality Orbitals and Heisenberg's Principle Pauli's Principle, Fermions and Bosons Quantum Inseparability MATTER TODAY Quarks and neutrinos Antimatter and other families of particles THE 4 INTERACTIONS: Generalities Gravitation Electromagnetic force The strong force ... The weak force CURRENT THEORIES: The standard model The electroweak and electronuclear force Superforce, supersymetry and superstrings Big Bang 1: birth of light ... Bibliography (french) and web sites (french) MY GUESTBOOK FOR YOU! And now, to start our journey into the infinitesimally small... CLICK ON THE SPACE SHIP

53. FusEdWeb | Fusion Education USENET FAQ glossary on fusion energy. http://fusedweb.llnl.gov/Glossary/glossary.html

skip to: page content links on this page site navigation footer (site information) Bringing The Power Source of the Stars Down to Earth Home FusEdWeb: Discover Fusion CPEP's Online Fusion Course Fusion FAQ Fusion and Plasma Glossary Plasma Dictionary ... Other Fusion and Plasma Sites Great Sites Internet Plasma Physics EXperience GA's Fusion Energy Slide Show International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor National Ignition Facility Webby Awards Honoree April 10, 2007 Links Go - Fusion November 9, 1998 Our Sun Other Stars and Galaxies Inertial Confinement Magnetic Confinement The Glossary of Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy Research Browse Search Submit an Entry Introduction, Sources and Contributors This Glossary seeks to provide plain-language definitions of over 3600 frequently used technical terms in Plasma Physics (all areas) and Fusion Energy Research. It is intended for everyone with an interest in science, including journalists, middle school and high school students, and their teachers. The glossary database allows users to submit new terms, search for specific terms or browse alphabetic listings. Visitors are encouraged to add terms and definitions. New submissions or modifications will be reviewed by our editors and posted to the database within one week of the submission date. Terms and definitions must not contain any classified information or export-controlled information. The contributor submitting information is solely responsible for the content. Edited by Robert F. Heeter

54. Poetry Daily: Particle Physics, By Julie Kane Poetry Daily A Featured Poem from the online poetry anthology and bookstore, featuring a new poem every day, and more. http://poems.com/poem.php?date=14500

55. Introduction To Particle Physics This site is meant to give the reader a brief introduction into the fascinating world of particle physics. http://blueflag.phys.yorku.ca/yhep/ppp.html

An Introduction To Particle Physics Welcome to this newly completed website! This site is meant to give the reader a brief introduction into the fascinating world of particle physics. Let's begin our journey into particle physics by asking what exactly is particle physics? Click here to make the links in the left frame bigger.

56. Particle Physics - Hutchinson Encyclopedia Article About Particle particle physics. The study of the properties of elementary particles and of fundamental interactions (see forces, fundamental). Pioneering research took place at the Cavendish http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/particle physics

57. God Particle Discovered A report on one of the potentially most important discoveries of the new millennium, along with a summary of the standard model of particle physics. http://www.jupiterscientific.org/sciinfo/higgs.html

"God Particle" Possibly Discovered O ne of the most important discoveries in particle physics of the last 25 years has possibly just been made by experimentalists at CERN, the giant laboratory just outside of Geneva on the border of Switzerland and France. Scientists there think that they have discovered the Higgs field, also nicknamed the "God particle" by Nobel laureate Leon Lederman who wrote a book with that title . If the result is verified, the Higgs will have a mass about 125 times the mass of the proton, making it as heavy as a medium-sized nucleus, and it will "fill in" the last missing piece of a puzzle involving the solution of one of the great outstanding problems in physics of the 20th century: the origin of all mass . If the properties of the Higgs are confirmed, the picture of fundamental particle forces will have been completed. That picture is known as The Standard Model. The Standard Model of particle physics provides a description of microscopic matter and their fundamental interactions. All matter is comprised of quarks and leptons. Three quarks bind to form the proton and neutron. The neutrons and protons stick together to form nuclei – the tiny, heavy central "hearts" of atoms. Leptons appear in nature in two types: electrically charged and neutral. Neutral leptons are called neutrinos and hardly interact with matter at all. There are three known charged leptons, the lightest of which is the electron. Electrons, which are negatively charged, are attracted to nuclei, which are positively charged, to form atoms. A good pictorial representation of an atom is a cloud of electrons swarming around a tiny nucleus, much the way bees might swarm around a queen who has left her hive. Since atoms make up everything in the world, quarks and leptons are the fundamental building blocks of nature.

58. UCDavis Particle Theory: Terning Particle Physics Jobs Rumor Mill current New Jobs at Fermilab, Maryland, North Carolina, and Stony Brook. This site is maintained by John Terning http://particle.physics.ucdavis.edu/

59. CPEP - Contemporary Physics Education Project - CPEP A product of teachers, educators, and physicists located around the world. Charts, brochures, web features, and classroom activities present the current understanding of cosmic rays, radiation, particle physics, fission, fusion, and similar topics. Award-winning site. http://www.cpepweb.org/

@import url(css/cpep-style.css); Home Fundamental Particles Plasma Physics and Fusion History and Fate of the Universe ... Cheryl Harper wins a Kavli Prize The Contemporary Physics Education Project is a non-profit organization of teachers, educators, and physicists located around the world. CPEP materials present the current understanding of the fundamental nature of matter and energy, incorporating the major research findings of recent years. During the last twenty years, CPEP has distributed almost half a million copies of its charts and other products. CPEP Posters have appeared in the following movies: And in the following TV shows:

60. PARTICLE-PHYSICS.LOVE.COM | All Things Particle Physics A TriState business has built a radiation detector system for seaport containers that could become the standard around the country, said Rob Slagel, co-president of DropBox Inc. http://particle-physics.love.com/

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