81. (S-8) Nuclear Energy Overviews the principles of nuclear fission and its use to generate power, why uranium can be fissioned, n/p ratio and delayed neutrons, moderators, also Chernobyl and 3-Mile Island. http://www.phy6.org/stargaze/Snuclear.htm

Site Map Glossary Timeline Central Home Page (S-8) Nuclear Power Note: This is a side-excursion into the basics of nuclear energy Bear in mind that even without math, this can be a fairly difficult subject and that the discussion is rather lengthy. Index S-2.Solar Layers S-3.The Magnetic Sun S-3A. Interplanetary ... S-4A.Color Expts. Optional: Quantum Physics Q1.Quantum Physics Q2. Atoms (and 6 more) S-6.The X-ray Sun S-7.The Sun's Energy S-7A. The Black Hole at our Galactic Center ... S-9.Nuclear Weapons The ideas from section S-7 are reviewed in what follows next. The rest of the section is a qualitative discussion of all key processes involved in the practical use nuclear energy. A Review of Nuclear Structure The way the Sun generates its energy helps understand the way a nuclear power station does so. The two processes are however quite different. Here some facts about the way protons and neutrons combine to form nuclei, as covered in section S-7 about the Sun: helium Unlike gravity or electrical forces, the nuclear force is effective only at very short distances.

82. Particle News; Everyday Physics and Investigations; Science Museums; Searches; Organizations; FAQs and Answers; Humor; History and People; References; Resources; Students http://pdgusers.lbl.gov/~aerzber/aps_particle.html

Particle Physics News Everyday Physics and Investigations Science Museums Searches ... Teachers Fields of Physics Atomic Fusion Nuclear Particle ... Particle physics sites. Links to many sites. By Lawrence Berkeley Natl. Lab. Links for the public from Fermilab. High Energy Physics. Links to labs, people, experiments. Particle Physics Outreach from CERN. Particle Adventure. Interactive web tutorial about quarks and leptons by Lawrence Berkeley Natl. Lab. Contemporary Physics Education Project. Wall charts, interactive tutorials, materials... Fermilab Tutorial on particle physics by Fermi National Accelerator Center. Virtual Visitor Center at SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center). Take an informative, virtual tour of accelerators and detectors. Reflections on Matter. A humorous tutorial on particle physics. (French and English.) Bedtime Physics. A whimsical approach to particle physics, with links. By Jefferson Lab. Smallest Particles, Biggest Machine. Series of slides for students. QuarkNet.

83. Bremsstrahlung An overview of bremsstrahlung (or stopping radiation). From The Particle Detector BriefBook. http://rd11.web.cern.ch/RD11/rkb/PH14pp/node16.html

Next: Bubble Chamber Up: No Title Previous: Breit-Wigner Distribution Bremsstrahlung Radiation emitted by a charged particle under acceleration. In particular, the term is used for radiation caused by decelerations (the word is German for braking radiation) when passing through the field of atomic nuclei (external bremsstrahlung) . Radiation emitted by a charged particle moving in a magnetic field is called synchrotron radiation The energy emitted by an accelerated particle is proportional to 1/ m , with m the rest mass of the particle; bremsstrahlung therefore plays a particularly important role for light particles; up to energies of 100 GeV, bremsstrahlung contributes substantially to energy loss in matter for electrons only. At the critical energy , for electrons approximately given by MeV/ Z , the average energy loss by radiation and by ionization is the same ( Z is the atomic number of the traversed material). The energy spectrum of rays due to bremsstrahlung of electrons decelerated in the field of atomic nuclei depends on the energy levels of the atomic electrons, due to the screening effect they have on the moving particle, and on the particle velocity. The spectrum extends up to quanta of the energy of the moving particle. In the high-energy limit the probability density is given by where k = radiated energy

84. Bristol University Physics - Particle Physics Department of Physics Particle Physics Group Welcome to the Particle Physics Group Pages! The Bristol Particle Physics group is one of the oldest in the country and http://www.phy.bris.ac.uk/groups/particle/

contacting people a-z index Faculty of Science news ... Site Index Particle Physics Home Group Members PhD Study Post Doctoral Vacancies ... Outreach Information Contact us Travel and Maps Vacancies University Links Maria Mercer Library Faculty of Science Information Services CHAOS students society External Links Institute of Physics CERN CMS LHCb ... UK Particle Physics Home Particle Physics Group Welcome to the Particle Physics Group Pages! The Bristol Particle Physics group is one of the oldest in the country and currently is made up of 10 full time academic staff, 9 research assistants and 14 PhD students. You can "meet" all the group members on the People page. Particle Physics is all about understanding the fundamental building blocks of matter and how they interact with each other. To do this modern Particle Physicists build large experiments where particles are made to smash into one another. Detectors are built around where these collisions occur, and the particles resulting from the interaction are studied. Now is a very exciting time in Particle Physics. A new collider called the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) will be turned on at

85. Tau Decay Physics Summary of decay modes and their probabilities. http://www.lns.cornell.edu/public/CLEO/CLEO3/cleo3/proposal/subsection3_3_3.html

Next: Tau neutrino mass Up: Physics at a Previous: Charm mixing Tau decay physics Results from SLC and LEP indicate that there are only three generations of leptons within the standard gauge theory of electromagnetic and weak interactions . The heaviest of these leptons, the , serves as an excellent laboratory for studying many aspects of the Standard Model . Of all the known leptons only the is massive enough to decay into both purely leptonic states and semileptonic states with accompanying hadrons. The purely leptonic decays allow the study of lepton universality and the vertex, while the semileptonic decays permit the investigation of the weak hadronic current and strong interaction effects. The decay of the allows the measuring of the mass and the search for Standard Model forbidden decays involving three generations of leptons with or without accompanying hadrons. To date all meaningful studies of the properties of the have been carried out at e e colliders. At these facilities the cross section for production is relatively large while the associated backgrounds are both calculable and small. These advantages suggest that e

86. Cherenkov Radiation From The Particle Detector BriefBook. http://rd11.web.cern.ch/RD11/rkb/PH14pp/node26.html

Next: Circularity Up: No Title Previous: Cherenkov Counter Cherenkov Radiation Cherenkov (sometimes spelled ) radiation is emitted whenever charged particles pass through matter with a velocity v exceeding the velocity of light in the medium, with The charged particles polarize the molecules, which then turn back rapidly to their ground state, emitting prompt radiation. The emitted light forms a coherent wavefront if v v t ; Cherenkov light is emitted under a constant Cherenkov angle with the particle trajectory, given by The maximum emission angle is given by and for the threshold A more detailed treatment is given in [ ] and [ The major problem of Cherenkov radiation is the modest light output: the energy loss due to ionization or excitation is two to three orders of magnitude higher than the energy lost in radiating Cherenkov light, in the energy range where photomultipliers can be used (a few eV, or about 400 nm wavelength). By its directionality, Cherenkov light can, however, be separated from the background. The useful photon yield is obtained by integrating over the range of sensitive wavelengths: where For a detailed calculation of the number of photons emitted from the photocathode, the transmission factor

87. Nano, Quantum & Statistical Mechanics & Thermodynamics Educational Sites A collection of resources gathered by the Thermodynamics Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Chicago. http://tigger.uic.edu/~mansoori/Thermodynamics.Educational.Sites_html

Thermodynamics Research Laboratory Educational Sites Basic Principles Basic Principles of Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics / UIC UIC ; ii. U Pittsburgh ; iii. Kids' Almanac ; iv. Eden Prairie High School ; v. School of Champions ; vi. Scitoys vii. THERMO spoken here / J. Phol About Temperature / UCAR Purdue U ; ii. Wikipedia ; iii. Chemtutor ; iv. Cal State i.Ideal Gas: 1. Molecular Model / NTNU Pressure Chamber by U Oregon ii. Carnot Cycle (Heat Engine) / NTNU Thermodynamic Theory (Modular Instruction) / Amazon Properties of Heat and Matter / UC Berkeley Problem Solving - Expert System for Thermodynamics / SDSU / Occidental College ; ii. U Toronto Univ. Hamburg ; ii. Morningside College ; iii. Principia Cybernetica ; iv. Andreas Trupp ; v. Maxwell's Demon: ( a b c A Generalized Vapor Pressure Equation for All Liquids / UIC Multicomponent Mixtures /UIC; ii. Excess Free Energy at Infinite Size Ratio The chemical potential / CAUK Classical Thermo. Basis / UIC; ii. Molecular Basis / UIC; iii. Infinite Dilution: iii1. Uni-Oldenburg UIC i. General: 1.

88. ATLAS Experiment The ATLAS Experiment is to be carried out at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a particle accelerator facility of the CERN Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. Website is intended for people of all ages who are curious about fundamental particles and forces as well as about particle research. http://atlasexperiment.org/

hs.graphicsDir = 'highslide/graphics/'; hs.outlineType = 'rounded-white'; hs.wrapperClassName = 'draggable-header'; Press Press Releases ATLAS Press Kits ATLAS in the News ... Collaboration Site About ATLAS Mapping the Secrets of the Universe ATLAS is a particle physics experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The ATLAS detector is searching for new discoveries in the head-on collisions of protons of extraordinarily high energy. ATLAS will learn about the basic forces that have shaped our Universe since the beginning of time and that will determine its fate. Among the possible unknowns are the origin of mass, extra dimensions of space, unification of fundamental forces, and evidence for dark matter candidates in the Universe. Potential Discoveries in ATLAS? What is the schedule of ATLAS? Who are the 3000 physicists in ATLAS? What is the LHC? ... Are students involved? eTours Learn more about ATLAS Take an eTour today! ATLAS 7 TeV Run Status Highest luminosity = 2.1 cm s Total Collisions = 3.2 Recorded luminosity = 44.6 pb

89. CHESS - Publications - X-Ray Vision Brochure Celebration of 100 years since the discovery of X-rays. Elaborates on uses of x-rays and details the research conducted with the CHESS synchrotron located below the Cornell campus. http://www.chess.cornell.edu/pubs/xrybrchr/

Skip to main content Cornell University Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source SEARCH: CHESS Cornell more options /* * this script loads the rollover banner menu */ Publications - X-Ray Vision Brochure CHESS Home Capillary CESR ERL ... CHESS If you had X-ray vision what would you see? 2010 X-ray Runs Feb. 3rd to March 16th June 2nd to July 20th Oct. 13th to Dec 7th Related Resources Cornell Campus Interactive Map Did You Know Events Calendar ... What is a Light Source? Contact Info: Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source 200L Wilson Lab Ithaca, NY 14853 CHESS is funded by: via NSF - support grant DMR-0936384 NIH/NCRR - support grant RR-01646 NCRR NIGMS NSF Direct questions, suggestions or problems to webmaster Cornell University

90. Visual Quantum Mechanics Instructional units that introduce quantum physics to high school and college students who do not have a background in modern physics or higher level math using interactive computer programs and digital multimedia in an activity based environment. http://phys.educ.ksu.edu/

Visual Quantum Mechanics The Visual Quantum Mechanics project, funded by the National Science Foundation, introduces quantum physics to high school and college students who do not have a background in modern physics or higher-level math. To reach these students, the instructional units integrate interactive computer programs and digital multimedia with inexpensive materials and written documents in an activity-based environment. Physics Education Research Group Kansas State University

91. Nuclear Files: Timeline Of The Nuclear Age A chronological record of the nuclear age links to people, documents and educational units. Explore political and ethical dilemmas of the Nuclear Age. http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/timeline/

Timeline of the Nuclear Age During the Nuclear Age, many events occurred that reflect the extreme danger associated with combining human fallibility and nuclear weaponry. The world was brought to the brink of nuclear disaster because of accidents, miscalculations, miscommunications, misperceptions and provocations. Such incidents are easy to lose track of in the busyness of modern times, but they are only forgotten at our peril. The following Nuclear Age Timeline was created by the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation to preserve memory, and to awaken and educate new generations about the profound dangers and extreme risks posed by nuclear weapons. If there is a lesson to be learned from this information, it is that we have survived thus far in the Nuclear Age more by good fortune than by good judgment or sound policy. If humankind is to have a future, it must not lose its collective memory of nuclear arrogance and near disastrous misses, and it must act with a sense of urgency to end the nuclear weapons era. Timeline of the Nuclear Age Full-Length Timeline Nuclear Age Peace Foundation Media Temple

92. Fermilabyrinth Introduction A collection of Web-based games and activities to develop an understanding of the operations and experiments that take place in the Fermilab accelerator and detector halls and the scientific ideas they explore. Has a special section for teachers. http://ed.fnal.gov/projects/labyrinth/

A collection of Web-based games and activities to develop an understanding of the operations and experiments that take place in the Fermilab accelerator and detector halls and the scientific ideas they explore. Education Office Homepage Teachers Students Games Program Contact: Spencer Pasero Program Credits Web Maintainer: ed-webmaster@fnal.gov Last updated: October 11, 1999

93. FusEdWeb | Fusion Education An introduction to the principles of fusion geared towards high school students. Posters in various languages also available for download or ordering. http://fusedweb.llnl.gov/CPEP/

skip to: page content links on this page site navigation footer (site information) Bringing The Power Source of the Stars Down to Earth Home CPEP: Online Fusion Course Main Topics Energy Sources and Conversions Two Key Fusion Reactions How Fusion Reactions Work Creating the Conditions for Fusion ... Achieving Fusion Conditions More Info About CPEP Fusion Chart Images: English + 6 More Languages Main CPEP Web Site Printed Charts in 3 Sizes Webby Awards Honoree April 10, 2007 Links Go - Fusion November 9, 1998 Overview The Guided Tour Click anywhere on this picture to go to the relevant fusion topic, or try the Guided Tour. These introductory educational materials on fusion energy and the physics of plasmas have been created by the Fusion and Plasmas Group of the Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP). CPEP is a non-profit organization of teachers, educators and physicists, with substantial student involvement. CPEP creates educational materials on contemporary physics topics for use in introductory physics classes. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory About Us Contact UCRL-MI-137188

94. Institute For Particle Physics Phenomenology Based at the University of Durham in the United Kingdom, the group aims to increase understanding of Particle Physics Phenomenology. http://www.ippp.dur.ac.uk/

/*********************************************** * Animated Collapsible DIV v2.0- (c) Dynamic Drive DHTML code library (www.dynamicdrive.com) * This notice MUST stay intact for legal use * Visit Dynamic Drive at http://www.dynamicdrive.com/ for this script and 100s more ***********************************************/ Contact Visitors Workshops Graduate Studies ... Home Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology You are in: IPPP Home Home About Members Research News ... The LHC Links CPT HEPDATA Maths Physics ... Login The Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology (IPPP) aims to foster world-class research in particle physics phenomenology - the bridge between theory and experiment in the study of the tiny building blocks of all matter in the universe and of the fundamental forces that operate between them. The IPPP is a joint venture of Durham University and the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) It is part of the Centre for Particle Theory in Durham, based jointly in the Departments of

95. Home - IFAE High Energy Physics Institute with research groups in experimental and theoretical particle physics. IFAE participates in several international projects in accelerator-based particle physics and particle astrophysics. http://www.ifae.es/

eng  cast  cat  About IFAE ... Support documentation HIGHLIGHTS news First Source discovered with MAGIC II First W boson candidate event in ATLAS First Super-K beam neutrino candidate featured events events search content Username: Password: Remember Me Forgot your password? Forgot your username? Experiments ATLAS A Toroidal LHC Apparatus ATLAS investigates a broad range of physics, including the search for the Higgs boson, extra dimensions, and new particles that could make up dark matter. CDF Collider Detector at Fermilab The CDF and D0 experiments record proton-antiproton collisions at the TeVatron and will continue exploring the energy frontier in particle physics until the new LHC at CERN starts operations. CTA Cherenkov Telescope Array It will be an advanced facility for ground based very- high-energy gamma ray astronomy, based on the observation of Cerenkov radiation. DES The Dark Energy Survey The main goal of the project is to survey 5000 sq. deg. of the southern galactic sky, measuring positions on the sky, shapes and redshifts of about 300 million galaxies and 15000 galaxy clusters.

96. Elementary Particle Physics : SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory SLAC is participating in BaBar experiment and contributing to the design, computing and scientific collaborations for the Large Hadron Collider. http://www6.slac.stanford.edu/Research_ElementaryParticlePhysics.aspx

HOME RESEARCH Research at SLAC Accelerator Physics ... CONTACT qm_create(0,false,0,500,false,false,false,false,false); About SLAC Overview About SLAC About Our Name SLAC History ... Relationship with Stanford Community Outreach Public Events Public Lecture Series Colloquium Series Science Bowl ... Virtual Visitors Center Visiting SLAC Stanford Guest House Staff Resources Staff Resources Emergency Information ... Site Index qm_create(1,true,0,500,false,false,false,false,false); Research at SLAC Elementary Particle Physics at SLAC In a decades-long search for answers about the fundamental structure of matter and the forces between subatomic particles, SLAC scientists study the collisions of particles accelerated to nearly the speed of light. BaBar and Antimatter For each type of matter particle there exists a nearly identical anti-particle, but with opposite charge and other slight differences. Theories predict that the tremendous abundance of energy after the Big Bang should have created particles and anti-particles in equal amounts. Yet we live in a world of particles, not anti-particles. What happened to the antimatter? The BaBar experiment explores this asymmetry in nature by looking at the decays of short-lived subatomic particles called B mesons. If B mesons disintegrate differently than their antiparticles

97. ATLAS Experiment Technical terms related to ATLAS, the particle physics experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. http://atlas.ch/glossary/glossary.html

For Press For Students For Teachers Home ... U-Z A: accelerator annihilation antimatter antiparticle ... ATLAS B: baryon baryon-antibaryon asymmetry beam ... b C: calorimeter CERN charge charge conservation ... conservation D: decay detector down quark ( d E: electric charge electromagnetic interaction electron ... exclusion principle F: Fermilab fermion fixed-target experiment flavor ... fundamental particle G: generation GeV gluon grand unified theory ... graviton H: hadron Higgs boson I: interaction J: jet K: kaon ( K L: lepton LHC linac luminosity M: mass meson MeV microwave ... muon chamber N: neutral neutrino neutron nucleon ... nucleus O: P: particle photon pion plasma ... proton Q: quantum quantum mechanics quantum theory quark R: residual interaction rest mass S: SLAC spin stable Standard Model ... synchrotron T: tau lepton TeV top quark track ... tracking U: uncertainty principle up quark V: vertex detector virtual particle W: W boson weak interaction X: Y: Z: Z boson accelerator: A machine used to accelerate particles to high speeds (and thus high energy compared to their rest mass-energy). annihilation: A process in which a particle meets its corresponding antiparticle and both disappear. The energy appears in some other form, perhaps as a different particle and its antiparticle (and their energy), perhaps as many mesons, perhaps as a single neutral boson such as a Z boson. The produced particles may be any combination allowed by conservation of energy and momentum and of all the charge types and other rules.

98. Karsh, Yousuf A brief biography at the Well Known Canadians site. http://particle.physics.ucdavis.edu/bios/Karsh.html

Yousuf Karsh (1908-2002) portrait photographer born to an Armenian family in Mardin, Turkey, December 23, 1908 died July 13, 2002 grew up during the Armenian massacres brought to Canada in 1924 by his uncle brief schooling in Sherbrooke , Quebec apprenticed with portrait photographer John Garo of Boston opened his studio in Ottawa in 1932 a portrait of Winston Churchill in 1941 brought him international prominence work is in the permanent collections of the Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Art Institute of Chicago, The National Portrait Gallery in London, and the National Gallery of Canada books include: Faces of destiny; portraits by Karsh Canada : as seen by the camera of Yousuf Karsh and described in words by John Fisher In search of greatness; reflections of Yousuf Karsh Karsh portfolio Karsh portraits Karsh Canadians Karsh: a fifty-year retrospective Karsh: American legends view his work: Weston Gallery Artcyclopedia back to the Well Known Canadians Page

99. Robertson Davies Biographical and bibliographical information. http://particle.physics.ucdavis.edu/bios/Davies.html

Robertson Davies (1913-1995) born in Thamesville , Ontario died in Orangeville , Ontario on Dec. 2, 1995 son of Senator William Rupert Davies educated at Queen's University , Ontario and Balliol College, Oxford joined the Old Vic Repertory Company in 1938, later taught drama at the Old Vic Theater School married Brenda Mathews after returning to Canada, became literary editor of Saturday Night Magazine became editor of the Peterborough Examiner in 1960 he began teaching literature at Trinity College, University of Toronto, and continued until 1981 in 1961 became Master of Massey College , and Professor of English, University of Toronto Novels: Salterton Trilogy: Tempest-Tost Leaven of Malice (1954) received the Stephen Leacock Medal for Humour A Mixture of Frailties Deptford Trilogy: Fifth Business The Manticore (1972) received the Governor General's Award World of Wonders Cornish Trilogy: Rebel Angels What's Bred in the Bone The Lyre of Orpheus Others: High Spirits Murther and Walking Spirits The Cunning Man Humorous Essays: The Diary of Samuel Marchbanks The Table Talk of Samuel Marchbanks Samuel Marchbanks' Almanack Plays: Overlaid Eros at Breakfast and Other Plays Fortune, My Foe

100. Gabrielle Roy Biography and list of works. http://particle.physics.ucdavis.edu/bios/Roy.html

Gabrielle Roy (1909-1983 ) born in St. Boniface , Manitoba educated in St. Boniface and at the Norman School in Winnipeg taught in rural schools in Manitoba for several years in 1939 went to study drama in London and Paris married in 1947, moved to Quebec City Novels: Bonheur d'Occasion (1945), translated as The Tin Flute (1947), a realistic portrayal of life in a Montreal slum, received the Prix Femina in France and the Governor-General's award La Petite Poule D'Eau (1950) translated as Where Nests the Water Hen Alexandre Chenevert (1954) translated as The Cashier La Monttagne Secrete (1961) translated as The Hidden Mountain La Route D'Altamont (1966) translated as The Road Past Altamont Windflower (1970) novella translated from the collection La Riviere sans Repos Collections of Shorter Works Rue Deschambault (1955) translated as Street of Riches (1957), won the Governor-General's award Cet Ete qui Chantait (1972) translated as Enchanted Summer Un Jardin au bout du Monde (1975) translated as Garden in the Wind Ces Enfants de Ma Vie (1977) translated as Children of My Heart back to the Well Known Canadians Page

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