21. RADIOCARBON Home Page International journal of radio-isotope dating Article indexes; sales of subscriptions and back issues. http://www.radiocarbon.org/

22. The Method Desmond Clark (1979) wrote that were it not for radiocarbon dating, we would still be foundering in a sea of imprecisions sometime bred of inspired guesswork but more often of http://www.c14dating.com/int.html

BY: THOMAS HIGHAM "Everything which has come down to us from heathendom is wrapped in a thick fog; it belongs to a space of time we cannot measure. We know that it is older than Christendom, but whether by a couple of years or a couple of centuries, or even by more than a millenium, we can do no more than guess." [Rasmus Nyerup, (Danish antiquarian), 1802 (in Trigger, 1989:71)]. Nyerup's words illustrate poignantly the critical power and importance of dating; to order time. Radiocarbon dating has been one of the most significant discoveries in 20th century science. Renfrew (1973) called it 'the radiocarbon revolution' in describing its impact upon the human sciences. Oakley (1979) suggested its development meant an almost complete re-writing of the evolution and cultural emergence of the human species. Desmond Clark (1979) wrote that were it not for radiocarbon dating, "we would still be foundering in a sea of imprecisions sometime bred of inspired guesswork but more often of imaginative speculation" (Clark, 1979:7). Writing of the European Upper Palaeolithic, Movius (1960) concluded that

23. Why Is Radiocarbon Dating Important To Archaeology? Official web site for CA State Parks “Archaeology has the ability to open unimaginable vistas of thousands, even millions, of years of past human experience.”Colin Renfrew http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=24000

24. CalPal - Radiocarbon Calibration The Cologne Radiocarbon Calibration and Paleoclimate Research Package is designed to support research on hominid behavioural response to pleistocene climate change. http://www.calpal.de/

Welcome to the world of glacial radiocarbon calibration. CalPal General Information Download Library Climate CalData CalCurves 13 Reasons 14 Reasons 15 Reasons CalPal-Online Interactive Online Radiocarbon Calibration Radiocarbon Laboratory Weyertal 125 This page is maintained by Uwe Danzeglocke

25. Radiocarbon WEB-info A server of information which describes the details of the radiocarbon dating technique, as well as examples and case studies. Includes a K12 page. http://c14dating.com/

Welcome to radiocarbon WEB-info. Radiocarbon dating is the technique upon which chronologies of the late Pleistocene and Holocene have been built. This resource is designed to provide online information concerning the radiocarbon dating method. We hope it will be of occasional use to radiocarbon users and interested students alike. thomas.higham@archaeology-research.oxford.ac.uk INDEX Introduction Measurement Applications WWW Links ... Email LAST MODIFIED 16 May 2002 HTML DOCUMENT BY T. HIGHAM.

26. Has Radiocarbon Dating Been Invalidated By Unreasonable Results? Correction of some commonly circulated stories about radiocarbon dating yielding unreasonable results. http://www.biblicalchronologist.org/answers/c14_results.php

Advanced Search Sign Up New Content e-mail list Home home page About The BC Dr. Gerald E. Aardsma ARP Topics overview Biblical Chronology relevance missing millennium Dendrochronology reliability Radiocarbon Dating basics precision assumptions invalidated? Mt. Sinai location Saudi Arabia Jericho conquest of Wood's chronology Ai conquest of FEATURE The Exodus conventional dates evidence from Egypt evidence from Sinai Noah's Ark search for Contact Us E-mail us Correspondence ark search "The BC" publication Bible chronology Heshbon ... virtual history Resources books The Exodus Happened 2450 B.C. Age of the Earth Collection A New Approach... newsletters ... time charts Store vending machines pdf download items mailed items Has radiocarbon dating been invalidated by unreasonable results? What about the stories of ridiculous radiocarbon dates? A number of stories are commonly circulated about a shell, or a piece of coal, or some other sample which supposedly yielded a radiocarbon date which could not possibly be correct. Such stories misrepresent the truth and do a disservice to science and public knowlege. Presented here are a few examples, exposing the truth about these stories. Example 1: "Pennsylvanian" Coal Coal from Russia from the "Pennsylvanian", supposedly 300 million years old, was dated at 1,680 years. (Ham et al., page 73.)

27. CalPal - Radiocarbon Calibration Online Dates between 50.000 and 1 BP will be calibrated using the calibration curve CalPal2004_SFCP. http://www.calpal-online.de

The CalPal Online Radiocarbon Calibration. 14C-age BP: How to use CalPal Online: Enter a date above and click "Calibrate". Dates between 50.000 and 1 BP will be calibrated using the calibration curve . The calibration algorithm will calculate the same results as CalPal-Beyond the Ghost. Due to programming details there will be minor differences. CalPal-Online is developed to give a quick reference. For more detailed results, graphical output and different 14C calibration methods, download and use CalPal-Beyond the Ghost . Please report bugs and send suggestions to: quickcal@calpal-online.de This page is maintained by Uwe Danzeglocke CalPal Authors quickcal2007 ver.1.5

28. Radiocarbon Dating Technique | EHow.com Radiocarbon Dating Technique. Scientists have been dating fossils and rocks for more than 100 years. They use two similar methods with names that often confuse people. The process http://www.ehow.com/about_5486157_radiocarbon-dating-technique.html

Family Food Health Home Money Style More Home Education Social Science Education ... Radiocarbon Dating Technique More Articles Like This The Limitations of Radiocarbon Dating Uses of Radioisotopes in Carbon Dating Radiocarbon Dating Techniques Radiocarbon Dating Theory Related Topics Radiocarbon Dating Dating Techniques Radioactive Dating How Carbon Works ... How Carbonators Work Radiocarbon Dating Technique By Russell Huebsch eHow Contributor updated: October 2, 2009 I want to do this! What's This? Scientists have been dating fossils and rocks for more than 100 years. They use two similar methods with names that often confuse people. The process of radiocarbon dating was invented shortly after World War II and estimates the age of new fossils using a carbon isotope. Radiometric dating is usually used on much older material. The radiocarbon process is fairly simple, but its inventor needed ingenious techniques to prove the method works. History W.F. Libby unintentionally discovered radiocarbon dating in the mid-1950s through Serge Koff's work on cosmic radiation. Libby theorized from Koff's work that certain atmospheric reactions should indicate that carbon-14 exists in sizable quantities in nature. He then realized that carbon-14 could date organic objects because of its long half-life and necessity in the photosynthesis process (see Reference 1).

29. Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database (CARD) Compilation of radiocarbon measurements that indicate the ages of archaeological and vertebrate palaeontological sites in North America. http://www.canadianarchaeology.ca/

Welcome ! SUBMIT A DATE TO THE CARD DATABASE The Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon ,CARD, is a compilation of radiocarbon measurements that indicate the ages of archaeological and vertebrate palaeontological sites in North America. During the 50 years since the method of radiocarbon dating was invented, archaeologists and palaeontologists have invested heavily in this method, acquiring tens of thousands of radiocarbon dates. These dates represent a substantial financial investment, but their potential for developing the chronology of archaeology and palaeontology remains under-utilized and in some respects misused. The dates are widely scattered in published and unpublished sources, and many have not been reported at all. Furthermore, the dates are not all created equal, as they represent the results of analytical methods and techniques that have evolved over a 50-year period. This database seeks to improve our understanding and use of radiocarbon dating by compiling and evaluating the analyses. "Building the Database" describes the background, methods, and scope of the database, and it acknowledges the many people who have contributed to its compilation. "Using the Database" provides a short description of the searchable fields and the sequence of pages that can be opened. "Look up a Date" and “Look up a Reference” delivers you directly pages where you specify your search criteria. "Mapping Ancient History" presents the distributions of archaeological and vertebrate paleontological sites in their paleoenvironmental contexts at millennium intervals. Both “Fundamental” and “Technical Aspects” of radiocarbon dating are briefly summarized.

30. Carbon-14 - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Carbon14, 14 C, or radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon with a nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons. Its presence in organic materials is the basis of the radiocarbon http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon

Carbon-14 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Radiocarbon Jump to: navigation search Carbon-14 Full table General Name symbol radiocarbon, C Neutrons Protons Nuclide data Natural abundance 1 part per trillion Half-life Isotope mass u Spin ... Decay energy Beta MeV Carbon-14 C , or radiocarbon , is a radioactive isotope of carbon with a nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons . Its presence in organic materials is the basis of the radiocarbon dating method to date archaeological, geological, and hydrogeological samples. Carbon-14 was discovered on 27 February 1940, by Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben at the University of California Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley , although its existence had been suggested by Franz Kurie in 1934. There are three naturally occurring isotopes of carbon on Earth: 99% of the carbon is carbon-12 , 1% is carbon-13 , and carbon-14 occurs in trace amounts, e.g. making up as much as 1 part per trillion (0.0000000001%) of the carbon in the atmosphere. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730±40 years. It decays into nitrogen-14 through beta decay The activity of the modern radiocarbon standard is about 14 disintegrations per minute (dpm) per gram carbon.

31. Carbon Clock Could Show The Wrong Time - Physicsworld.com From PhysicsWeb, Carbon dating is a mainstay of geology and archaeology, but an enormous peak discovered in the amount of carbon-14 in the atmosphere between 45 thousand and 11 thousand years ago casts doubt on the biological carbon cycle that underpins the technique. http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2676

@import url(http://images.iop.org/cws/css/v2/screen.css); @import url(http://images.iop.org/cws/css/themes/phw2009.css); @import url(http://images.iop.org/cws/css/datePicker.css); @import url(http://images.iop.org/cws/css/jquery.lightbox.css); Skip to the content A website from the Institute of Physics Sign in Forgotten your password? Sign up Contact us ... physicsworld.com Search Filter by topic Condensed matter Home News Blog Multimedia ... Events News archive December 2001 November 2001 October 2001 September 2001 ... January 2001 Webinar series Register now Corporate video "Moving the nanoworld" by Physik Instrumente (PI) view video Key suppliers Corporate partners Contact us for advertising information ... Sign up To enjoy free access to all high-quality "In depth" content, including topical features, reviews and opinion sign up Share this E-mail to a friend Twitter Facebook Connotea ... CiteUlike Related stories Physics and archaeology Uranium reveals the age of the universe Lagging behind the solar cycle Related links Carbonate processes at the University of Bristol University of Arizona Related products New Website on Piezo Technology, Piezo Components and Piezo Actuators

32. NOVA Online | Mystery Of The First Americans | The Dating Game So what's the story behind radiocarbon dating? It's not a love story, to be sure. Rather, it's a way to determine the age of organic remains such as bone, teeth, and seeds by http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/radiocarbon.html

document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js' %3E%3C/script%3E")); How do scientists date skulls such as Kennewick Man's? Bone up on the topic below. The Dating Game by Rick Groleau So what's the story behind radiocarbon dating? It's not a love story, to be sure. Rather, it's a way to determine the age of organic remains such as bone, teeth, and seeds by finding out how much carbon-14 is left in the remains. Check it out for yourself. At the very least you'll find out what it's like to date a 9,000-year-old skeleton such as Kennewick Man's. Close Encounters (of the Cosmic Kind) Eating It (as in Yum) and Eating It (as in Bye-Bye) Everything you eat is radioactive, so watch out! (My So-Called) Half-Life But theoretically, this half-life never dies. (Requires Shockwave Non-Shockwave version Detection Section (What's Your Deflection?) Sorting those atoms with mass acceleration. Does Race Exist? Meet Kennewick Man Claims for the Remains The Dating Game ... WGBH Support provided by

33. Radiocarbon Dating And  American Evangelical Christians Radiocarbon Dating and American Evangelical Christians. SEUNGHUN YANG. Department of the History of Science Helen C. White Hall 4143 Madison, WI 53706 http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1993/PSCF12-93Yang.html

Radiocarbon Dating and American Evangelical Christians SEUNG-HUN YANG Department of the History of Science Helen C. White Hall 4143 Madison, WI 53706 From: PSCF (December 1993): 229-240. R Among several radioactive dating methods, the radiocarbon (C-14) dating method (which was invented by Willard Frank Libby of the University of Chicago in the late 1940s) occupies a special position in archaeology and ancient history, as well as geology, because it can give the absolute age of those carbonaceous archaeological findings that were not older than the half-life of C-14. This method also drew special attention from Christian scholars because of its effect on biblical interpretation. C-14 dating received special attention from evangelical Christians who emphasized the authority and reliability of the Bible, because it could date the age of organic remains of ancient plants, animals and men in terms of the biblical chronology. In particular, the C-14 dating method is important in the study of the Old Testament, since it professes to supply absolute dates for events within the past forty thousand years, which covers the apparent periods of Old Testament history. Since the revival of scientific creationism in the early 1960s, one of the most important events has been the on going debate over the validity of C-14 dating. The apparent contradiction between C-14 dates and the literal interpretation of Genesis has split the evangelical Christians of the United States into two factions: one, fundamentalist evangelicals who attempted to fit scientific findings into the literal interpretation of the Bible; and two, other evangelicals who felt that the Bible does not contain an absolute chronology of earth history.

34. Chrono Home The Radiocarbon Dating Service at the School of Archaeology and Palaeoecology. Sample sizes, staff, cost and time. http://www.chrono.qub.ac.uk/

Queen's University Belfast Home Resources ... Contacts Carbon Dating Dendrochronology QUB Dendro Data Accelerator Mass Spectrometer Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer Prof. Mike Baillie Prof. Keith Bennett Dr Maarten Blaauw Prof. Valerie Hall Dr Chris Hunt Dr Finbar McCormick Dr Eileen Murphy Dr Gill Plunkett Prof. Paula Reimer Dr Luc Rock Dr Alistair Ruffell Dr Nicki Whitehouse Research Staff Technical Staff Radiocarbon Sample Submission Radiocarbon Calibration Marine Reservoir Database Bomb peak calibration Information about Radiocarbon Method INSTAR website INQUA Data-handling Methods Pollen Catalogue of the British Isles Microfossil Data Handling psimpoll The Seahorse in Belfast Symbolism Radiocarbon Animations Use of computers as pollen counters, computer-assisted analysis (routine and multivariate) and plotting of pollen data Keith Bennett A record of rapid Holocene climate change preserved in hyrax middens from southwestern Africa Paula Reimer Quaternary tephrochronology in Greenland, New Zealand, China and Ireland

35. New Zealand Radiocarbon Database A resource for searching for radiocarbon dates from New Zealand Archaeological sites. http://www.waikato.ac.nz/waikato/nzcd/

The Department of Conservation The University of Waikato Radiocarbon Dating Unit Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory The Department of Conservation The University of Waikato Radiocarbon Dating Unit Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory

36. Beta Analytic - World's Largest Radiocarbon Dating Service; AMS, Mass Spectromet Beta Analytic is an ISO 17025accredited radiocarbon dating lab in Miami, Florida. Founded in 1979, Beta has analyzed over 260,000 samples and has more than 9,500 clients. http://radiocarbon.com/

Renewable Carbon Biobased Content Biofuels Groundwater ... Home > > Beta Analytic Send-us an E-Mail Welcome to Beta Analytic ISO 17025 Accredited and ISO 9001 conformant Trusted Worldwide by More than 9,500 Researchers, Universities, Institutions, and Government Agencies Analyzing over 12,000 Samples Each Year for Researchers Worldwide More than 270,000 Analyses Performed since 1979 Results Routinely Available within 2-3 Weeks via Web Access Our Priorities Accurate Results Fast Delivery of results Caring for our Clients Accuracy - First and Foremost We understand your reputation depends on us. We also understand the trust you place upon us. Rapid delivery times reflect the most efficient means of providing you with results while upholding research standards of analytical quality. We maintain an extensive written Quality Assurance program that is audited each year by the United States Geological Survey and Department of Energy. We are the only professional radiocarbon dating laboratory that is "QA Qualified" for work at sensitive USGS and DOE sites and we participate in all recognized International Radiocarbon Intercalibration Studies, such as IAEA, TIRI, FIRI and VIRI. Operating with a Full-Time Professional Staff Beta Analytic is a dedicated radiocarbon dating laboratory. It's sole mission since 1979 is to provide academic and industrial researchers with high accuracy radiocarbon dating results within a promised, rapid delivery time.

37. Beta Analytic - World's Largest Radiocarbon Dating Service; AMS, Mass Spectromet Commercial radiocarbon dating laboratory in Miami, Florida, US. Detailed description of methods and services. http://www.radiocarbon.com/

Renewable Carbon Biobased Content Biofuels Groundwater ... Home > > Beta Analytic Send-us an E-Mail Welcome to Beta Analytic ISO 17025 Accredited and ISO 9001 conformant Trusted Worldwide by More than 9,500 Researchers, Universities, Institutions, and Government Agencies Analyzing over 12,000 Samples Each Year for Researchers Worldwide More than 270,000 Analyses Performed since 1979 Results Routinely Available within 2-3 Weeks via Web Access Our Priorities Accurate Results Fast Delivery of results Caring for our Clients Accuracy - First and Foremost We understand your reputation depends on us. We also understand the trust you place upon us. Rapid delivery times reflect the most efficient means of providing you with results while upholding research standards of analytical quality. We maintain an extensive written Quality Assurance program that is audited each year by the United States Geological Survey and Department of Energy. We are the only professional radiocarbon dating laboratory that is "QA Qualified" for work at sensitive USGS and DOE sites and we participate in all recognized International Radiocarbon Intercalibration Studies, such as IAEA, TIRI, FIRI and VIRI. Operating with a Full-Time Professional Staff Beta Analytic is a dedicated radiocarbon dating laboratory. It's sole mission since 1979 is to provide academic and industrial researchers with high accuracy radiocarbon dating results within a promised, rapid delivery time.

38. Radiocarbon Dating | Define Radiocarbon Dating At Dictionary.com –noun the determination of the age of objects of organic origin by measurement of the radioactivity of their carbon content. Use radiocarbon dating in a Sentence See images http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/radiocarbon dating

39. Radiation Physics And Radiocarbon Laboratories, Ireland Measurement of man-made and natural radionuclides in the environment. Radiochemical lab including radiocarbon dating service from the University College Dublin. http://www.ucd.ie/radphys/

Introduction The radiation physics and radiocarbon research laboratory specialises in the measurement of minute traces of artificial and natural radionuclides in the environment. The laboratory is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities for high resolution alpha spectrometry, low-level beta spectrometry, and high resolution gamma and x-ray spectrometry. Advanced radiochemical separation techniques for nuclides such as plutonium, uranium, thorium, americium, technetium, radiostrontium and radiocaesium have been developed. We also apply radiometric dating techniques for reconstructing environmental histories. Current Research Programmes 1. Marine Radioecology Consequences of radioactive contamination of Arctic waters Transport of contaminated sediments in estuarine and coastal waters (Irish Sea, NE Atlantic, Seine and Gironde estuaries) Solid speciation of radionuclides in fine-grained sediments Ocean scavenging processes using Th/ U disequilibrium 2. Terrestrial Radioecology

40. BBC - H2g2 - Radiocarbon Dating h2g2 is the unconventional guide to life, the universe and everything, a guide that's written by visitors to the website, creating an organic and evolving encyclopedia of life http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A637418

@import '/h2g2/skins/brunel/brunel.css'; @import '/dnaimages/bbcpage/v3-0/toolbar.xhtml-transitional.css'; Skip to main content Text Only version of this page Access keys help Home Explore the BBC 2nd November 2010 Accessibility help Text only Guide ID: A637418 (Edited) Edited Guide Entry SEARCH h2g2 Edited Entries only Advanced Search Sign in or register to join or start a new conversation. BBC Homepage The Guide to Life The Universe and Everything 3. Everything Historical Events 3. Everything ... Physics Created: 25th October 2001 Radiocarbon Dating Front Page What is h2g2? Who's Online Write an Entry ... Contact Us Like this page? Send it to a friend! Radiocarbon dating is probably the most important scientific method used by archaeologists to date objects. It is also an indispensable tool to researchers in other fields such as geology, geophysics and environmental science. Radiocarbon Dating Carbon usually exists as C atoms. Radiocarbon is the unstable isotope C. It is produced by cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere, and quickly diffuses through the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, dissolves in the oceans and enters all living matter through photosynthesis and the food chain.

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