41. Collected Essays Includes papers on the basis of his theories, prediction in science, the origin of diamonds, fallacies of radiocarbon dating, and other topics. http://www.varchive.org/ce/index.htm

C OLLECTED E SSAYS by Immanuel Velikovsky How I Arrived at My Concepts Chronicles of Discovery Affidavit (1942) Theses for the Reconstruction of Ancient History ... Sanverim THE SECRET OF BAALBEK The Secret of Baalbek Beyond the Mountains of Darkness A Historical-Geographical Dictionary SINAI AND OLYMPUS ... The Birth of Monotheism THE ORBIT Anaxagoras Aristarchus Plato Cicero and Seneca ... Einstein THE TEST OF TIME On Prediction in Science H. H. Hess and My Memoranda The Ocean Mercury ... Saturn PRO DOMO SUA Worlds in Collision and the Natural Sciences The Acceptance of Correct Ideas in Science Precursors ... Index to the Works of Immanuel Velikovsky HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY Joseph and Potiphar Hammurabi and the Revised Chronology Assuruballit World Fire ... ASH

42. Carbon Dating | Ask.com Encyclopedia Radiocarbon dating, or carbon dating, is a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring radioisotope carbon14 (14 C) to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to http://www.ask.com/wiki/Carbon_dating?qsrc=3044

43. CSI | Claims Of Invalid “Shroud” Radiocarbon Date Cut From Whole Cloth Article by Joe Nickell on an assertion by Rogers in 2005 that radiocarbon tests that dated the linen between 1260 and 1390 were invalid because the sampling was faulty. http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/claims_of_invalid_ldquoshroudrdquo_ra

44. Radiocarbon Dating - What Is Radiocarbon Dating Radiocarbon dating uses the amount of Carbon 14 (C14) available in living creatures as a measuring stick. http://archaeology.about.com/od/rterms/g/radiocarbon.htm

zWASL=1;zGRH=1 zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') zDO=0 Home Education Archaeology Archaeology Search Archaeology Careers Human History Share w(x2+zWl+'?p=1" zT="18/1[N" rel="nofollow">Print') Free Archaeology Newsletter! Sign Up Discuss in my Forum By K. Kris Hirst , About.com Guide See More About: radiocarbon dating archaeological dating methods zSB(3,3) Definition: Radiocarbon dating uses the amount of Carbon 14 (C14) available in living creatures as a measuring stick. All living things maintain a content of carbon 14 in equilibrium with that available in the atmosphere, right up to the moment of death. When an organism dies, the amount of C14 available within it begins to decay at a half life rate of 5730 years; i.e., it takes 5730 years for 1/2 of the C14 available in the organism to decay. Comparing the amount of C14 in a dead organism to available levels in the atmosphere, produces an estimate of when that organism died. So, for example, if a tree was used as a support for a structure, the date that tree stopped living (i.e., when it was cut down) can be used to date the building's construction date. Studies have indicated that the amount of carbon in the atmosphere has not remained constant, and beginning about 1500 BC, dates provided by radiocarbon are too recent. These dates become farther off the older the time is indicated. Calibration of radiocarbon dates to offset the error is accomplished by a fairly complicated set of formulas, but they primarily use comparison to

45. Presentación De PowerPoint - SIDGEIPA: An Archaelogical Information System Presentation of an archaeological information system whose main features are Harris Matrix automization, 3D reconstructions, and database management of stratigraphical units, artifacts, and radiocarbon dates. http://www.uv.es/~amapa/angles/viena.htm

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46. Radiocarbon Radiocarbon Dating Detailed information Detailed information about the method of radiocarbon dating, the active laboratories and the literature is http://www1.phys.uu.nl/AMS/Radiocarbon.htm

Radiocarbon Dating Detailed information Detailed information about the method of radiocarbon dating, the active laboratories and the literature is available on the Radiocarbon website Equilibrium ratio Radiocarbon dating is based on the presence of the an equilibrium ratio of R(0) = C/ C in the carbon cycle. Organisms take up carbon during their life and so obtain the equilibrium value from the environment. During the growth the carbon and its ratio becomes fixed in cells of plants, animals and humans. After the death of the organism the exchange with the environment stops and also the uptake of C. Because of the decay of C, the C/ C ratio decreases according to R(t)=R(0) exp(-t/t ), where t is the half life. So, the ratio R(t) is a measure for the age of the material Reservoir age The equilibrium ratio is not everywhere the same on earth. This causes apparent age differences, known as reservoir ages. In a marine environment, the average reservoir age is 400 years, because of the dissolution of old carbonates from sediment. Such reservoir ages can also be present in lakes, rivers and other carbonates. Other complications exist, which are connected with the possibility to select the correct chemical fraction without contamination (see material). Radiocarbon age The time past since death is derived from the measured ratio R(t) with t = - 8033 ln [R(t)/R(0)]. The uncertainty

47. "Figure Stones" - America's (almost) Invisible Prehistory Photos and descriptions of iconographic artifacts from a confirmed prehistoric habitation site in southeastern Ohio. Includes details of research and verification of both lithic and organic artifact material and evidence of prehistoric iron smelting including radiocarbon dating. http://www.daysknob.com

"Figure Stones" America's (almost) Invisible Prehistory Day's Knob in Guernsey County, Ohio Site #33GU218 (Ohio Archaeological Inventory) And Other Figure-Stone Sites/Finds (Optimized for 800x600, Internet Explorer and Firefox) About the Author ceramic fragment and an apparent long, straight, and symmetrical earthwork oriented to true north-south, it appears that the upper artifact layer may date from the Early or Middle Woodland Period. More important by far than just this particular site, the finds here have led to the awareness of a very simple zoo-anthropomorphic iconography appar- ently routinely and usually perfunctorily incorporated into lithic and other artifact material over thousands of years and across widely separated areas of this planet. Subsequent to this author's recognition of the iconographic artifacts at this site, he became aware that in the nineteenth century Boucher de Perthes , an amateur archaeologist in France, conclusively demonstrated with the aid of professional geologists (to the dismay and anger of the archaeological establishment) that stone tools in that part of the world dated from the Ice Age, a now universally accepted fact in the archaeological community. He also noted that many of the artifacts in question incorporated simple anthropomorphic and zoomorphic imagery, calling these " Pierres Figures", or "

48. NOVA | The Bible's Buried Secrets | Radiocarbon Dating | PBS In this interactive feature, find out what is carbon14, and how can it reveal the date of an ancient artifact. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bible/radiocarbon.html

49. Queen's University Belfast | Archaeology And Palaeoecology School of Archaeology and Palaeoecology. Laboratories provide radiocarbon dating, dendrochronology and pollen analysis. http://www.qub.ac.uk/arcpal/

Accessibility Skip to Content School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology About Us ... Education Archaeology and Palaeoecology Careers Gallery Staff/Student Consultative Groups Student Achievements ... Geography Archaeology and Palaeoecology We are the only unit that combines Archaeology with Palaeoecology in the U.K. and Ireland. We have centres of excellence in the Archaeology of Ireland, Dating and Environmental Archaeology. We continue a long tradition of high quality undergraduate and postgraduate teaching with an emphasis on practical and fieldwork techniques. Much of this happens through the Centre for Archaeological Fieldwork ( CAF CHRONO Project (Centre for Chronology, Environment and Climate), resulting in the construction of a new building housing both Archaeology and Palaeoecology, funding for new research on environmental and climate change and the establishment of an AMS radiocarbon laboratory (only the third such facility in the UK and the first in Ireland). We offer Undergraduate Degrees Master’s Degrees and a range of Post Graduate research programmes.

50. Radiocarbon Dating More about radiocarbon dating. By David Thulman. The great promise of radiocarbon (C14) dating is that it provides a method for dating and sequencing specific prehistoric events. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/vertpaleo/aucilla12_1/radio99.htm

More about radiocarbon dating By David Thulman The great promise of radiocarbon (C14) dating is that it provides a method for dating and sequencing specific prehistoric events. On the Aucilla projects, C14 dating is used as a method for weeding out unpromising sties that are either too old or too young. In addition, it provides a method for determining the relative chronologies at the various sites and their relation to sites elsewhere in the world. Are we working on some of the earliest human cultural remains in North America? C14 dating can help provide the answer. Given the pervasive reliance on C14 dating in archeology, it is necessary to understand the limitations of C14 dating and how the results can be skewed and misused. A C14 date is not really a �date� at all; it is an estimation of the number of years it would take the radioactive carbon in a dead organism to decay to leave the amount of radioactive carbon actually found when a sample of that organism is analyzed. Carbon 14 dating is based upon a number of important assumptions, but only one will be discussed here. In order to compare C14 dates meaningfully, we must assume that all organisms contained the same amount of C14 when they died. Otherwise, organisms with less C14 will appear older because there will be less C14 than expected when the sample is tested. Unfortunately, that assumption is faulty. As Mary Hudson explained in her Aucilla River Times article two years ago, C14 is created by cosmic radiation in the upper atmosphere. That radiation fluctuates year to year and therefore so does the creation of C14 . That means if our branch grew at a time when relatively lower levels of C14 were in the atmosphere, it would have less C14 when it died and would show an older apparent age than it should. Conversely, if it grew at a time of abundant C14 it would appear younger than it should. This differential C14 concentration may give our branch a younger C14 age than another branch that died hundreds of years after our branch, making comparison of the two samples misleading.

51. Lund University Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Provides information on the lab, the equipment, history, prices and staff. http://www.geol.lu.se/c14/en/

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52. The UnMuseum - Radiocarbon Dating Radiocarbon Dating . Until the middle of the twentieth century archaeologists had a real problem. If they found a bit of pottery, an old coin http://www.unmuseum.org/radiocar.htm

53. ORIGINS OF ANGKOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT The University of Otago investigates the Mun River valley of Northeast Thailand. Report on Bronze and Iron Age sites includes site notes, radiocarbon dates, graphics, maps, biographies, and bibliography. http://www.otago.ac.nz/Anthropology/Angkor/index.html

The Origins of Angkor Archaeological Project is a multi-disciplinary research project being undertaken by the University of Otago Department of Anthropology and the Fine Arts Department of Thailand. The aim of the project is to assess the seminal aspects of the social, cultural and technological development in the Mun River valley of Northeast Thailand. Four sites have been excavated, a Bronze Age site Ban Lum Khao, and three Iron Age sites, Non Muang Kao Noen U-Loke. and Prasat Phimai. In addition, recent excavations at Phum Snay and Baksei Chamkrong have begun to shed light on the previously poorly understood prehistory of northern Cambodia. This work has been completed with the assistance of Earthwatch and their volunteers. In the 2002 field season, The Origins of Angkor Project began investigations at a new site in Northeast Thailand, Ban Non Wat Contents The Author of this Home page may be reached at: Dr. Dougald O'Reilly, Faculty of Archaeology, University of Fine Arts, Phnom Penh, Cambodia or at dougaldoreilly@hotmail.com

54. Carbon Dating | World’s Largest Radiocarbon Dating Service | Beta Analytic Beta Analytic is an ISO 17025accredited radiocarbon dating lab in Miami, Florida. Founded in 1979, Beta has analyzed over 260,000 samples and has more than 9,500 clients. http://radiocarbon.eu/

55. Apollo 11 (ca. 25,500–23,500 B.C.) And Wonderwerk (ca. 8000 B.C.) Cave Stones | Provides information on paintings from these two locations which have been found by radio-carbon dating to be some of the oldest art in Africa. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/apol/hd_apol.htm

@import url(/toah/includes/globals.css?v=1.08); @import url(/toah/includes/layouts.css?v=1.08); @import url(/toah/includes/thematicessay.css?v=1.08); @import url(/toah/includes/jquery/theme/ui.all.css); @import url(/toah/includes/globals_print.css); @import url(/toah/includes/thematic_print.css); Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art World Regions All regions Select a region North America Europe Central and North Asia East Asia ... South and Southeast Asia Select a time period B.C. B.C. B.C. A.D. ... Timelines by Time Period b.c. b.c. b.c. a.d. ... a.d. by Geographical Region Africa Central America Central and North Asia East Asia ... All Thematic Essays Select a Thematic Category African Art American Art Ancient Near Eastern Art Art of the Americas Asian Art Byzantine Art Egyptian Art European Art Greek and Roman Art Islamic Art Medieval Art Modern and Contemporary Art Oceanic/Pacific Art Prehistory Select a Department American Decorative Arts American Paintings and Sculpture Ancient Near Eastern Art Arms and Armor Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas

56. C-14 Information And Labs RadiocarbonRelated Information Sources Basics Email List Product Info Computer Programs Databases Laboratories Introductions to Radiocarbon Dating http://www.radiocarbon.org/Info/index.html

Radiocarbon-Related Information Sources Basics Email List Product Info Computer Programs ... Laboratories Introductions to Radiocarbon Dating "Death Starts the Stop-Watch" A brief museum-like display, in English and German WebInfo - Radiocarbon Dating A compendium of online information on the theory and practice of radiocarbon dating, with references to published material. See RADIOCARBON LABS section below. Check links followed by , the INFO symbol. (Most of the labs also provide detailed technical information about their specific dating techniques.) Internet Discussion List C14-L : Radiocarbon Listserv email list (Search the C14-L archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/c14-l.html RADIOCARBON LABS Links to Radiocarbon Laboratory Websites = Lab with AMS (accelerator) Site has information about C method Austria VERA: Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator Absolute Chronology for Early Civilisations in Austria and Central Europe using 14C Dating with AMS (University of Vienna) Australia Australian National University - Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Explanations and applications lists of several varieties of radiosotope dating.

57. Radiocarbon Ages For Two Sites On Ua Huka, Marquesas Asian Perspectives 43(1). Radiocarbon dates are presented and discussed for two sites with deep stratigraphy on Ua Huka Island, Marquesas. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/asian_perspectives/v042/42.1conte.pdf

58. Radiocarbon Dating - Definition Of Radiocarbon Dating By The Free Online Diction Specialist appendices include the stone and ceramic building material, Roman pottery, accessioned finds, plant remains, animal bone, dendrochronology, and radiocarbon dating. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/radiocarbon dating

59. Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory / Laboratories & Facilities / Services / Home - GN At the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand, provides radiocarbon dating services to international scientific, academic, and art/antiquities clients. http://www.rafterradiocarbon.co.nz/

@import url(/design/gns/stylesheets/core.css); @import url(/design/standard/stylesheets/debug.css); @import url(/design/gns/stylesheets/pagelayout.css); @import url(/design/gns/stylesheets/content.css); @import url(/design/gns/stylesheets/websitetoolbar.css); @import url(/design/gns/stylesheets/stylesgns.css); @import url(/design/gns/stylesheets/mouseovertabs11.css); @import url("/extension/ezwebin/design/ezwebin/stylesheets/yui/build/calendar/assets/calendar.css"); @import url(/); @import url(/); Search text: Login Skip to main content Home About Us ... Working at GNS Science //mouseovertabsmenu.init("tabs_container_id", "submenu_container_id", "bool_hidecontentsmouseout") mouseovertabsmenu.init("mytabsmenu", "mysubmenuarea", false) Home Services Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory Consultancy National Isotope Centre Cosmogenic Isotope and Radiochemistry Laboratory Ion Beam Analysis Research Laboratory ... Training Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory Age dating using AMS technology - applications for archaeology, antiquities, environment and others. The Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory is a section within the National Isotope Centre and has a long history in radiocarbon dating.

60. Radiocarbon Dating overview collecting samples calibrating practice 14C data tables Overview. I. The Radiocarbon Revolution. Since its development by Willard Libby in the 1940s, radiocarbon (14C http://www.ncsu.edu/project/archae/enviro_radio/overview.html

overview collecting samples calibrating practice 14C data tables Overview I. The Radiocarbon Revolution Regardless of the particular 14C technique used, the value of this tool for archaeology has clearly been appreciated. Desmond Clark (1979:7) observed that without radiocarbon dating "we would still be foundering in a sea of imprecisions sometime bred of inspired guesswork but more often of imaginative speculation." And as Colin Renfrew (1973) aptly noted over 30 years ago, the "Radiocarbon Revolution" transformed how archaeologists could interpret the past and track cultural changes through a period in human history where we see among other things the massive migration of peoples settling virtually every major region of the world, the transition from hunting and gathering to more intensive forms of food production, and the rise of city-states. The surrounding environment can also influence radiocarbon ages. The introduction of "old" or "artificial" carbon into the atmosphere (i.e., the "Suess Effect" and "Atom Bomb Effect", respectively) can influence the ages of dates making them appear older or younger than they actually are. This is a major concern for bone dates where pretreatment procedures must be employed to isolate protein or a specific amino acid such as hydroxyproline (known to occur almost exclusively in bone collagen) to ensure accurate age assessments of bone specimens. Alone, or in concert, these factors can lead to inaccuracies and misinterpretations by archaeologists without proper investigation of the potential problems associated with sampling and dating.

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