21. Radiometric Dating Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating) is a technique used to date materials, usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally http://english.turkcebilgi.com/Radiometric dating

EnglishInfo Search Türkçe Home Information Translation ... radiometric dating Information about radiometric dating radiometric dating Information about radiometric dating Double click any English word, to find Turkish meaning Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating ) is a technique used to date materials, based on a comparison between the observed abundance of particular naturally occurring radioactive isotopes and their known decay rates. It is the principal source of information about the absolute age of rocks and other geological features, including the age of the Earth itself. Among the best-known techniques are potassium-argon dating and uranium-lead dating . By allowing the establishment of geological timescales, it provides a significant source of information about the dates of fossils and the deduced rates of evolutionary change. Radiometric dating is also used to date archaeological remains and ancient artifacts, the best known technique in this field being radiocarbon dating The different techniques of radiometric dating vary in the timescale over which they are accurate, and their use may also be limited by cost. Fundamentals of radiometric dating All ordinary matter is made up of combinations of chemical elements , each with its own atomic number , indicating the number of protons in the atomic nucleus . Additionally, elements may exist in different

22. Burgess Shale Educational materials on the topic. http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/geo102/burgess/burgess.htm

Fossils of the Burgess Shale - Middle Cambrian Background information on the Burgess Shale and the Cambrian in General Phylum Porifera Eiffelia This is a complex globular sponge with a body supported by six-rayed calcareous spicules in various sizes. Phylum Annelida Class Polychaeta - Polychaete Worms Canadia This segmented marine worm has bristle-like appendages on each segment which resemble feathers. The head has a pair of appendages which are curved backwards. The digestive tract can be seen passing along the mid-line of the body. Burgessochaeta Note the pair of appendages on the head, and the segmented body with paired bristle-like biramous (branching into two) appendages. Phylum Priapulida Ottoia Priapulid worm. Note the anterior proboscis (on the left) and the dark trace of the interior digestive tract. Ottoia was carnivorous. Phylum Onychophora Aysheaia - a lobe-limbed, segmented animal. Also note the spines on the legs. The head end has a pair of tapering limbs with spines, and three small projections near the mouth. Traces of the digestive tract can also be seen. Hallucigenia sparsa Note the paired spines (now interpreted to stick up on the dorsal side - or back), and the slightly curved legs. Caterpillar-like.

23. Radiometric Dating How do we determine the age of a rock? Relative dating Steno's Laws, etc. A is older than B Absolute dating Quantify the date in years. Radiometric Dating http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/geo102/radio.htm

Radiometric Dating Pamela J. W. Gore Georgia Perimeter College How do we determine the age of a rock? Relative dating - Steno's Laws, etc. "A is older than B" Absolute dating Quantify the date in years. Radiometric Dating Principles of Radiometric Dating Naturally-occurring radioactive materials break down into other materials at known rates. This is known as radioactive decay Radioactive parent elements decay to stable daughter elements. Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. In 1905, Rutherford and Boltwood used the principle of radioactive decay to measure the age of rocks and minerals (using Uranium decaying to produce Helium. In 1907, Boltwood dated a sample of urananite based on uranium/lead ratios. Amazingly, this was all done before isotopes were known, and before the decay rates were known accurately. The invention of the MASS SPECTROMETER after World War I (post-1918) led to the discovery of more than 200 isotopes. Many radioactive elements can be used as geologic clocks. Each radioactive element decays at its own nearly constant rate. Once this rate is known, geologists can estimate the length of time over which decay has been occurring by measuring the amount of radioactive parent element and the amount of stable daughter elements Examples: Radioactive parent isotopes and their stable daughter products Radioactive Parent Stable Daughter Potassium 40 Argon 40 Rubidium 87 Strontium 87 Thorium 232 Lead 208 Uranium 235 Lead 207 Uranium 238

24. Radiometric Dating Radiometric Dating In the early 1900's, scientists made a great discovery. They found that radioactive isotopes in rocks decay at a constant rate into a more stable element. http://library.thinkquest.org/C0110291/basic/earth/radiometric.php

Radiometric Dating Radiometric Dating Computer Memory Animal Memory Earth Memory Radiometric Dating In the early 1900's, scientists made a great discovery. They found that radioactive isotopes in rocks decay at a constant rate into a more stable element. This is significant because it meant that a geologist, by measuring the amount of an isotope contained in a rock, could estimate the age of that rock. The time it takes for the half of the material made up of the "parent element" to decay into the "daughter element" is different for different isotopes. Here are some elements that are commonly used to date rocks: Element Changes to Half-life Pb206 (lead) 4,500 million years Pb207 (lead) 700 million years 48,600 million years 1,300 million years 5,730 years A mass spectrometer is used to measure the Parent/daughter ratio, which can be used to calculate how long the rock has been around. Bibliography Igneous Rocks and Radiometric Dating Determining the 'time' in the geologic timescale. Retrieved June 7, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://dept.kent.edu/geology/ehlab/radio_dating/radio_dating.htm Join our email memory listserv to find out about current memory research here This WebPage was designed for

25. Radiometric Dating: Radioactive Carbon, Potassium Argon, Uranium Lead of three radioactive dating methods and their flaws. Radioactive Carbon, Potassium Argon and Uranium Lead methods are explained....... http://www.eadshome.com/RadiometricDating.htm

Updated: Monday, February 19, 2007 home "In the beginning..." Creation vs. Evolution How old is the earth? ... What about transitional forms? Radiometric Dating explained Overview of Radiometric Dating: There is no instrument available to measure the age of any substance. We can examine a rock, measure its composition and ratio of various elements, but we can never get a direct age. We must make assumptions based upon the chemical and mineral composition of a specimen before we can draw a conclusion about its age. These assumptions Uranium-Lead Dating: This dating method is used primarily on igneous rocks and is used to date objects thought to be quite old. Uranium-238 has a half-life of about 4.5 billion years. This means that if we could watch a sample of U-238 for 4.5 billion years, we would note that half of it would be gone, having decayed to Lead [Pb]-206. U-Pb dating is based upon three assumptions: 1) A constant decay rate this is a reasonable assumption based upon observed physical properties. 2) No loss or gain of Uranium or Lead during the "life" of the rock.To avoid this problem, paleontologists choose specimes that appear to have no erosion forces acting on it. This is difficult to objectively guarantee, but it is nonetheless a reasonable assumption.

26. Radiometric Dating Presents a broad overview of radiometric dating techniques and refutes various misconceptions held by Christians who doubt these methods because they contradict their beliefs in a young earth. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/resources/Wiens.html

Science in Christian Perspective Radiometric Dating A Christian Perspective Dr. Roger C. Wiens 941 Estates Drive, Los Alamos, NM 87544 RCWiens@MSN.Com [A PDF version of this document is also available.] First edition 1994; revised version 2002. Radiometric datingthe process of determining the age of rocks from the decay of their radioactive elementshas been in widespread use for over half a century. There are over forty such techniques, each using a different radioactive element or a different way of measuring them. It has become increasingly clear that these radiometric dating techniques agree with each other and as a whole, present a coherent picture in which the Earth was created a very long time ago. Further evidence comes from the complete agreement between radiometric dates and other dating methods such as counting tree rings or glacier ice core layers. Many Christians have been led to distrust radiometric dating and are completely unaware of the great number of laboratory measurements that have shown these methods to be consistent. Many are also unaware that Bible-believing Christians are among those actively involved in radiometric dating. This paper describes in relatively simple terms how a number of the dating techniques work, how accurately the half-lives of the radioactive elements and the rock dates themselves are known, and how dates are checked with one another. In the process the paper refutes a number of misconceptions prevalent among Christians today. This paper is available on the web via the American Scientific Affiliation and related sites to promote greater understanding and wisdom on this issue, particularly within the Christian community.

27. Evolution: Library: Radiometric Dating Geologist Ralph Harvey and historian Mott Greene explain the principles of radiometric dating and its application in determining the age of Earth. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/3/l_033_01.html

document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js' %3E%3C/script%3E")); Radiometric Dating Geologist Ralph Harvey and historian Mott Greene explain the principles of radiometric dating and its application in determining the age of Earth. As the uranium in rocks decays, it emits subatomic particles and turns into lead at a constant rate. Measuring the uranium-to-lead ratios in the oldest rocks on Earth gave scientists an estimated age of the planet of 4.6 billion years. Segment from A Science Odyssey: "Origins." Credits: View in: QuickTime RealPlayer Resource Type: Video Format: QuickTime or RealPlayer Length: 1 min, 39 sec Topics Covered: Deep Time/History of Life Backgrounder Radiometric Dating: Geologists have calculated the age of Earth at 4.6 billion years. But for humans whose life span rarely reaches more than 100 years, how can we be so sure of that ancient date? It turns out the answers are in Earth's rocks. Even the Greeks and Romans realized that layers of sediment in rock signified old age. But it wasn't until the late 1700s when Scottish geologist James Hutton, who observed sediments building up on the landscape, set out to show that rocks were time clocks that serious scientific interest in geological age began. Before then, the Bible had provided the only estimate for the age of the world: about 6,000 years, with Genesis as the history book. Hutton's theories were short on evidence at first, but by 1830 most scientists concurred that Noah's ark was more allegory than reality as they documented geological layering. Using fossils as guides, they began to piece together a crude history of Earth, but it was an imperfect history. After all, the ever-changing Earth rarely left a complete geological record. The age of the planet, though, was important to

28. Assumptions Of Radiometric Dating I will attempt to give you a few answers to your questions concerning radiometric dating. If you want to study what creationists say about radiometric dating in depth, I http://www.rae.org/radiodat.html

Assumptions of Radiometric Dating Author: Doug Sharp Subject: Geology Date: updated 3/17/2003 Essays by Author Essays by Subject Essays by Date Shopping Cart ICR IMPACT ARTICLES: Radiometric Dating Study Underway Excess Argon Skews K-Ar Dating Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth I will attempt to give you a few answers to your questions concerning radiometric dating. If you want to study what creationists say about radiometric dating in depth, I recommend three books, The Mythology of Modern Dating Methods and Studies in Flood Geology , both by John Woodmorappe and Creation's Tiny Mystery by Robert Gentry. John Woodmorappe's books are advertised elsewhere on my web site. These books contain an exhaustive study of radiometric dates that do not fit the results evolutionists expect. There is also an exhaustive ongoing study of this subject called the RATE (Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth) Group, a team of six scientists who are investigating the subject in depth, and have published the first of several studies. There are several methods of radiometric dating. Carbon-14 dating has limited value for evolution because its half-life is too short. The method assumes that the production of Carbon-14 in the atmosphere from nitrogen is a process that is in equilibrium, and it is not.

29. Radiometric Dating Radiometric Dating A questionable method for establishing the old age of rocks. The unreliable basis for the Geologic Time Scale of earth. http://www.allaboutcreation.org/radiometric-dating.htm

Radiometric Dating - the Assumptions You are here: Creation Radiometric Dating Radiometric Dating - A Brief Explanation Radiometric Dating - The Assumptions Many of the ages derived by radiometric dating techniques are highly publicized. Nevertheless, the fundamental assumptions employed are not. Here are the three major assumptions for your consideration: The rate of decay remains constant. There has been no contamination (that is, no daughter or intermediate elements have been introduced or leeched from the specimen of rock). We can determine how much daughter there was to begin with (if we assume there was no daughter to begin with, yet there was daughter at the formation of the rock, the rock would have a superficial appearance of age). Learn more now! Footnotes: D. Russel Humphreys, Steven A. Austin, John R. Baumgardner, Andrew A. Snelling, Helium Diffusion Rates Support Accelerated Nuclear Decay; Article available online at http://www.icr.org/research/icc03/pdf/helium_ICC_7-22-03.pdf. The "RATE" project stands for, "Radioisotopes and the Age of The Earth" Carl Wieland, RATE Group Reveal Exciting Breakthroughs, 2003

30. More Bad News For Radiometric Dating More Bad News for Radiometric Dating Most scientists today believe that life has existed on the earth for billions of years. This belief in long ages for the earth and the http://www.cs.unc.edu/~plaisted/ce/dating2.html

More Bad News for Radiometric Dating Most scientists today believe that life has existed on the earth for billions of years. This belief in long ages for the earth and the existence of life is derived largely from radiometric dating. These long time periods are computed by measuring the ratio of daughter to parent substance in a rock and inferring an age based on this ratio. This age is computed under the assumption that the parent substance (say, uranium) gradually decays to the daughter substance (say, lead), so the higher the ratio of lead to uranium, the older the rock must be. Of course, there are many problems with such dating methods, such as parent or daughter substances entering or leaving the rock, as well as daughter product being present at the beginning. Here I want to concentrate on another source of error, namely, processes that take place within magma chambers. To me it has been a real eye opener to see all the processes that are taking place and their potential influence on radiometric dating. Radiometric dating is largely done on rock that has formed from solidified lava. Lava (properly called magma before it erupts) fills large underground chambers called magma chambers. Most people are not aware of the many processes that take place in lava before it erupts and as it solidifies, processes that can have a tremendous influence on daughter to parent ratios. Such processes can cause the daughter product to be enriched relative to the parent, which would make the rock look older, or cause the parent to be enriched relative to the daughter, which would make the rock look younger. This calls the whole radiometric dating scheme into serious question.

31. Radiometric Dating And Creation Science Links to articles on radiometric dating, defending the method against the arguments of creation science. http://www.answersincreation.org/radiometricdating.htm

YEC Rebuttals YEC Reviews Homeschool Discipleship ... Donate Radiometric Dating and Creation Science The topic of radiometric dating has received some of the most vicious attacks by young earth creation science theorists. However, none of the criticisms of young earth creationists have any scientific merit. Radiometric dating remains a reliable scientific method. For articles on the RATE project, see the Rate Index. Article Submission Policy General Articles Radiometric Dating - A Christian Perspective , by Dr. Roger Wiens RATE Index - A separate index of articles addressing the claims of the RATE project Are Dating Techniques Accurate? , by Greg Neyman Radiometric Dating and the Geologic Time Scale , by Andrew MacRae Isochron Dating , by Chris Stassen An Essay on Radiometric Dating – by Jonathan Woolf Radiometric Dating, Paleosols and the Geologic Column: Three strikes against Young Earth Creationism, by J.G. Meert Geochronology - Radiometric Dating Reappraised Potassium and Argon Dating Ar39 - Ar40 Dating - How serious are errors in Ar Dating and how good are their monitoring standards Shotgun Attack Blind Leading the Blind Mount Saint Helens Dacite Dating Radiocarbon Dating Carbon-14 Dating - Young earth creation science misunderstanding of carbon dating. From 1979

32. Dating Fossils II: Radiometric Dating Radiometric dating is a more precise type of dating used on fossils. http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/paleontology/38275

33. Radiometric Dating Techniques | Reasons To Believe 3/7/2008 by Dr. David Rogstad. Why does the Moon have almost exactly the same apparent size in the sky as the Sun, so that it perfectly blocks out the Sun in a solar eclipse? http://www.reasons.org/age-earth/radiometric-dating-techniques

34. Unreliability Of Radiometric Dating And Old Age Of The Earth Proof of the pudding… There are circumstances that provide opportunities for testing. Dinosaurs which are supposed have lived at least 60 million years ago, should not http://www.bible.ca/tracks/dating-radiometric.htm

Radiometric Dating Photo Gallery of Dating errors Scientific Essay by David A. Plaisted "Proof of the pudding�" There are circumstances that provide opportunities for testing. Dinosaurs which are supposed have lived at least 60 million years ago, should not yield dates of thousands of years. Rocks known to have formed in historical times should not yield dates of millions of years. Dinosaur Bone (Illium bone of an Acrocanthosarus) Radio carbon dated at 19,000 years old! Wood embedded in "110 million year old limestone" Radio carbon dated at 890 years old! Carbonized stick embedded in "110 million year old limestone" Radio carbon dated at 12,900 years old! Mt. St. Helens The new lava dome (dacite) from the at Mount St. Helens was formed in 1986. In 1997 five specimens were taken from this dome at five different locations and subjected to conventional Potassium-Argon dating. The results indicated ages of less than one half to almost three million years old, all from eleven year old rock. (Click on photo for high resolution) We know when this dome formed. When we date rock of known age we test the claims and we see obvious failures. But, when we date rock of unknown age, we are assured that the results are accurate.

35. Radiometric Dating | Define Radiometric Dating At Dictionary.com –noun any method of determining the age of earth materials or objects of organic origin based on measurement of either shortlived radioactive elements or the amount of a http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/radiometric dating

36. TrueAuthority.com - Creation Vs Evolution - Radiometric Dating Methods An explanation of methods used in dating and criticisms of these methods. http://www.trueauthority.com/cvse/radiometric.htm

Search TrueAuthority.com Cryptozoology - C vs E - Dinosaurs Radiometric Dating Methods A Thoughtful Analysis By Jonathan A. Drake ...while you read We are expected to believe that the issue is settled. We are told that there are methods by which we can determine accurately the age of this incredible earth. Does radiometric dating provide the desperately needed 'proof' that evolutionists have long been searching for? Is it accurate enough? Is it valid? In the next few thoughts, I seek to enlighten you to the reality of the fallacy of radiometric dating, and answer these probing questions. In order to correctly understand the issue, you must come to an understanding of the process or mechanics behind the idea of radiometric dating. There are several methods used, but in this small article, only two will be examined: - The Uranium-Thorium-Lead method - And the Potassium-Argon method Each of these methods rely upon the common fact that the parent component in a system (e.g., uranium) will gradually 'decay' into the daughter component (e.g., lead). To gain an index of time since the original formation of the system, you document the relative proportions of the two components. Therefore, based on the certain amounts of the components in a sample, you can tell how old the sample is. This is all seemingly fine until you evaluate the assumptions that this system is built upon. In order for the radiometric dating system to be accurate, the system would:

37. How Accurate Are Carbon-14 And Other Radioactive Dating Methods? - ChristianAnsw Discussion on the inaccuracies found using the Carbon-14 dating method, and the various other radioactive dating methods, plus evidence for a much younger earth using scientific measurements. http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c007.html

How accurate are Carbon-14 and other radioactive dating methods? See this page in: Hungarian Russian Spanish P eople who ask about carbon-14 ( C) dating usually want to know about the radiometric dating methods that are claimed to give millions and billions of years—carbon dating can only give thousands of years. People wonder how millions of years could be squeezed into the biblical account of history Clearly, such huge time periods cannot be fitted into the Bible without compromising what the Bible says about the goodness of God and the origin of sin, death and suffering —the reason Jesus came into the world (See Six Days? Honestly! Christians , by definition, take the statements of Jesus Christ seriously. He said, “But from the beginning of the creation God made them male and female Mark 10:6 This only makes sense with a time-line beginning with the creation week thousands of years ago. It makes no sense at all if man appeared at the end of billions of years. We will deal with carbon dating first and then with the other dating methods. How the carbon clock works Carbon has unique properties that are essential for life on Earth. Familiar to us as the black substance in charred wood, as diamonds, and the graphite in “lead” pencils, carbon comes in several forms, or isotopes. One rare form has atoms that are 14 times as heavy as hydrogen atoms: carbon-14, or

38. Department Of Lithospheric Research » Geochronology Uses radiometric dating and classical geochronological methods to constrain the timing of geological processes, primarily in the Eastern Alps, the Carpathian - Pannonian region and adjoining area, and the Bohemian Massif. Includes descriptions of several isotopic techniques. http://lithosphere.univie.ac.at/geochronology/

39. Dating Of King Hezekiah's Tunnel Verified By Scientists Press release stating that radiometric dating of the Siloam Tunnel in Jerusalem shows that it was excavated about 700 years before the Common Era, and can be safely attributed to the Judean King Hezekiah. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-09/huoj-dok090903.php

Public release date: 10-Sep-2003 E-mail Article Contact: Jerry Barach jerryb@savion.huji.ac.il The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Dating of King Hezekiah's Tunnel verified by scientists Modern radiometric dating of the Siloam Tunnel in Jerusalem shows that it was excavated about 700 years before the Common Era, and can thus be safely attributed to the Judean King Hezekiah. This is the first time that a structure mentioned in the Bible (Kings II 20:20; Chronicles II 32:3, 4) has been radiometrically dated. A report on the study of the Siloam Tunnel will be published on Sept. 11 in the scientific journal Nature. The research was conducted by Dr. Amos Frumkin of the Geography Department at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Dr. Aryeh Shimron of the Israel Geological Survey, and Dr. Jeff Rosenbaum of Reading University in England. Radiometric dating is based on the decay of radioactive elements. These act as physical clocks, allowing researchers to estimate the age of the material being examined. In this case, the scientists used measurements of carbon-14 for dating organic material within the plaster of the Siloam Tunnel, as well as uranium-thorium for dating stalactites which grew in the tunnel since its construction. Dating specific Biblical structures is extremely difficult because of poor archaeological preservation, identification uncertainty, scarcity of datable materials, and restricted scientific access into well-identified worship sites.

40. TWD -- Radiometric Dating An article that explains the basic science behind radiometric dating techniques, and defends it from creationist attacks. http://www.jwoolfden.com/rad_dat.html

Where is this page in my Den? The Virtual Library Worlds of the Past Evolution Creationism Radiometric Dating Homepage Past Nature Human History ... Photo Gallery An Affiliate See my Book Links Policy Comments? Thoughts? Suggestions? E-mail me and let me know, please. Please Note: My site works best with a fully standards-compliant browser such as Firefox . If you don't have Firefox, you can download it for free via the button below. An Introduction to Radiometric Dating When I first got involved in the creationism/evolution controversy, in 1995 or thereabouts, I looked around for an article or book that explained radiometric dating in a way that nonscientists could understand. I couldn't find one. So I set out to write one. This article was the result. Radiometric dating methods are the strongest direct evidence that geologists have for the age of the Earth. All these methods point to Earth being very, very old several billions of years old. Young-Earth creationists that is, creationists who believe that Earth is no more than 10,000 years old are fond of attacking radiometric dating methods as being full of inaccuracies and riddled with sources of error. When I first became interested in the creation-evolution debate, in late 1994, I looked around for sources that clearly and simply explained what radiometric dating is and why young-Earth creationists are driven to discredit it. I found several good sources, but none that seemed both complete enough to stand alone and simple enough for a nongeologist to understand them. Thus this essay, which is my attempt at producing such a source.

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