41. Index-english This laboratory at the University of Kiel provides radiometric dating and studies the use of stable and radioactive isotopes for archaeometry, palaeoclimate research and as tracers in environmental studies. http://www.uni-kiel.de/leibniz/Leibniz-web_englisch/index-english.htm

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42. Age Of The Earth Radiometric Dating from The Evolution Evidence Page. Scientists have settled on the age of the earth of about 4.6 billion years as a result of research started almost 50 years ago. http://www.gate.net/~rwms/AgeEarth.html

Radiometric Dating from The Evolution Evidence Page Scientists have settled on the age of the earth of about 4.6 billion years as a result of research started almost 50 years ago. This conclusion was based upon carefully designed and conducted experiments that compared the ratios in rock samples of parent elements to daughter elements ( some of which would have been from radioactive decay of the parent, some of which may have been present in the sample at the time of formation). Since radioactive decay is known to occur at a constant rate, the age of a rock can be determined from the ratio of the parent element to the daughter element. The concerns about these dating methods were exactly the same that creationists continue to raise - presence of the daughter element at the time the rock was formed and possible loss / gain of either the parent or daughter element at some point in the history of the rock. For this reason, the tests were designed to account for those possibilities. The other problem to avoid when dating rocks is the possibility that changes to the rock have caused loss or gain of either the parent or daughter element - this would lead to a false date (too old if parent element were lost, too young if daughter element were lost). I know of two methods that have been designed that can account for this possibility - isochron dating and the uranium-thorium-lead discordia / concordia method (actually three independent age calculations for one sample). Both of these methods have internal checks for the possible loss / gain of elements to the rock.

43. Scientific Theology Develops a theology modeled on science and suggests corrections in current scientific thinking in areas such as origins of life. Extensive coverage of radiometric dating. HTML and PDF format. http://www.scientifictheology.com/

SCIENTIFIC THEOLOGY Access to the book Scientific Theology , by Paul Giem, and related material. Chapters in Scientific Theology , in PDF format: Front Cover (jpeg) Back Cover (jpeg) Spine (jpeg) Title, Table of Contents, and Dedication ... Index: Scripture Chapters in Scientific Theology , in HTML format: (Front Cover is only in jpeg) Back Cover (Spine is only in jpeg) Title, Table of Contents, and Dedication Preface Introduction Chapter 1: Scientific Theology ... Chapter 11: Summary Other works by Paul Giem available on the Web: Science-religion interface: "Carbon-14 Dating Models and Experimental Implications" Origins 1997 (HTML) "In Six Days , Chapter 4" , 1999 (HTML) "Carbon-14 Content of Fossil Carbon" Origins 2001 (HTML) "Literature Review: Creation reconsidered" Origins 2002 (PDF) "Literature Review: Finding Darwin's God" Origins 2004 (PDF) "Does Religion Always Lose?" Origins 2004 (PDF) "Reuniting Facts and Values" Origins 2004 (PDF) (Review of Total Truth by Nancy Pearcey) The Real Problem with Evolution Review of "Faith Healers and PhysiciansTeaching Pseudoscience by Mandate" Isochron Dating (PDF) (html) Science: Giem P, Beeson WL, Fraser GE

44. Radiometric Dating Methods Radioactive Parent Stable Daughter Half life Potassium 40 Argon 40 1.25 billion yrs. Rubidium 87 Strontium 87 48.8 billion yrs Thorium 232 Lead 208 14 billion years http://www.detectingdesign.com/radiometricdating.html

Radiometric Dating Methods Sean D. Pitman M.D. ©July 2001 Updating October 2008 Table of Contents History of Radiometric Dating Lord Kelvin's Dating Method Assumptions Constant Decay Rate? ... Home History of Radiometric Dating Radioactive Parent Stable Daughter Half life Potassium 40 Argon 40 1.25 billion yrs Rubidium 87 Strontium 87 48.8 billion yrs Thorium 232 Lead 208 14 billion years Uranium 235 Lead 207 704 million years Uranium 238 Lead 206 4.47 billion years Carbon 14 Nitrogen 14 5730 years The radioactivity of Potassium 40 is unusual, in that two processes take place: b-decay: electron capture: 11.2% At the time that Darwin's On the Origin of Species was published, the earth was "scientifically" determined to be 100 million years old. By 1932, it was found to be 1.6 billion years old. In 1947, science firmly established that the earth was 3.4 billion years old. Finally in 1976, it was discovered that the earth is "really" 4.6 billion years old… What happened? The study of geology grew out of field studies associated with mining and engineering during the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries. In these early studies the order of sedimentary rocks and structures were used to date geologic time periods and events in a relative way.

45. Paleosols This site supports the scientific views of these topics against the arguments of young-earth creationists. http://gondwanaresearch.com/hp/paleosol.htm

Radiometric Dating, Paleosols and the Geologic Column Three strikes against Young Earth Creationism by Joe Meert Original Verison Fall 1999, Updated November 2003 Figure 1 : Paleosol located between the 1470 Ma Butler Hill Granite and the Cambrian Lamotte Sandstone. Photo taken by author in Missouri along State Highway 67. The weathered granite is overlain by a shaly regolith and the Lamotte sandstone overlaps this irregular surface. This photo is updated as the old photo was improperly formatted (the update was made solely to provide proper perspective and to highlight the absurdity of Tas Walker's 'analysis' rather than to Walker's blustering about 'changing the story'). Also shown below (click for a larger version) is a photo of the paleosol taken from the other side of the road. Figure 2: Click to enlarge. 100 dpi photo of the same outcrop taken from the opposite side of the road showing from bottom to top (regolith of Butler Hill Granite, dark paleosol formed on top of the granite, shaly Lamotte Formation (basal), Lamotte sandstone (top). A geologist hammer is shown for scale. Photo courtesy E. Kisvarsanyi et al. TAS WALKER'S BLUNDER FROM THE ANTIPODES DISCUSSED HERE here are several concepts in Geology that are anathema to young-earth (ye) creationism because they pose such a difficult problem for the concept of a young earth. The collective observations from:

46. Evolution 101: Molecular Clocks Adding Time; How we know what happened when. Radiometric dating; Stratigraphy; Molecular clocks. Important events in the history of life. Origins of life http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIE1aAtomicclocks.shtml

47. The Age Of The Earth A site critical of radiometric dating, continental drift and the big bang and favors a worldwide flood. http://www.earthage.org/EarthOldorYoung/The_Age_of_the_Earth.htm

The Age of the Earth This is a five-part series on the Age of the Earth. In Part One we look at some rarely reported problems with Radiometric Dating . Part Two discusses a number of problems with the theory of Continental Drift : problems that seem to say that millions of years for the separation of the Continents are neither indicated or necessary. Part Three discusses a number of problems with the concept of a Big Bang. Part Four takes a close look at some of the mounting evidence for a Worldwide Flood : evidence which tells us that virtually all of the Pancake-Like, sedimentary layers of the world were laid down at the same time, one after the other, and in a very short period of time. This would also mean that the whole Geological Time Chart is simply evidence for a Worldwide Flood rather than evidence for the theory of evolution. And in Part Five we discuss 22 Scientific Indicators that the Earth, Solar System and Universe are all Young . Additional Links are provided at the end of each article and also within the text. Introduction: The age of the earth is Loudly proclaimed by the scientific establishment of evolution believers and the mass media as being around 4.6 billion years old. But is it really THAT old, or is there an underlying

48. Age Of The Earth - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The age of the Earth has been determined to be 4.54 billion years (4.54 10 9 years 1%). This age is based on evidence from radiometric age dating of meteorite material http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_earth

Age of the Earth From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Age of earth Jump to: navigation search For religious ideas about the age of the Earth, see Dating Creation Earth as seen from Apollo 17 The age of the Earth has been determined to be years ± 1%). This age is based on evidence from radiometric age dating of meteorite material and is consistent with the ages of the oldest-known terrestrial and lunar samples Following the scientific revolution and the development of radiometric age dating, measurements of lead in uranium-rich minerals showed that some were in excess of a billion years old. zircon from the Jack Hills of Western Australia Comparing the mass and luminosity of the Sun to the multitudes of other stars , it appears that the solar system cannot be much older than those rocks. Ca-Al-rich inclusions (inclusions rich in calcium and aluminium meteorites giving an age for the solar system and an upper limit for the age of Earth . It is hypothesised that the accretion of Earth began soon after the formation of the Ca-Al-rich inclusions and the meteorites. Because the exact accretion time of Earth is not yet known, and the predictions from different accretion models range from a few millions up to about 100 million years, the exact age of Earth is difficult to determine. It is also difficult to determine the exact age of the oldest rocks on Earth, exposed at the surface, as they are aggregates of minerals of possibly different ages.

49. Radiometric Dating - Definition Of Radiometric Dating By The Free Online Diction For many years at Durham he was the only person in the geology department and he had to borrow or patch up old equipment in order to continue his radiometric dating of rocks. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/radiometric dating

50. Radiometric Dating by Frank Steiger Copyright 1996 Radiometric dating is a means of determining the age of a mineral specimen by determining the relative amounts present of certain http://www.holysmoke.org/cretins/chrono.htm

Radiometric dating by Frank Steiger Radiometric dating is a means of determining the "age" of a mineral specimen by determining the relative amounts present of certain radioactive elements. By "age" we mean the elapsed time from when the mineral specimen was formed. Radioactive elements "decay" (that is, change into other elements) by "half lives." If a half life is equal to one year, then one half of the radioactive element will have decayed in the first year after the mineral was formed; one half of the remainder will decay in the next year (leaving one-fourth remaining), and so forth. The formula for the fraction remaining is one-half raised to the power given by the number of years divided by the half-life (in other words raised to a power equal to the number of half-lives). If we knew the fraction of a radioactive element still remaining in a mineral, it would be a simple matter to calculate its age by the formula log F = N/Hlog(1/2) (1) where: F = fraction remaining N = number of years and H = half life. To determine the fraction still remaining, we must know both the amount now present and also the amount present when the mineral was formed. Contrary to creationist claims, it is possible to make that determination, as the following will explain:

51. Teachers' Domain: Radiometric Dating In this video segment from A Science Odyssey Origins, scientists explain how Earth's age was determined by radiometric dating. http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.evo.radiodating/

52. Does Radiometric Dating Prove The Earth Is Old? - Answers In Genesis Many accept radiometric dating methods as proof that the earth is millions of years old, in contrast to the biblical timeline. Mike Riddle exposes the unbiblical assumptions http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/nab/does-radiometric-dating-prove

53. Untitled Document Radiometric Dating Activity _ This handson activity is a simulation of some of the radiometric dating http://www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/BIOL/classes/bio302/Pages/Half-life.html

Radiometric Dating Activity This hands-on activity is a simulation of some of the radiometric dating techniques used by scientists to determine the age of a mineral or fossil. The activity uses the basic principle of radioactive half-life, and is a good follow-up lesson after the students have learned about half-life properties. See the background information on radioactive half-life and carbon dating for more details on these subjects Objective: Students will use half-life properties of isotopes to determine the age of different "rocks" and "fossils" made out of bags of beads. Through this simulation, they will gain an understanding of how scientists are able to use isotopes such as U-235 and Pb-207 to determine the age of ancient minerals. National Science Education Standards : Grades 5-8: CONTENT STANDARD A (Science as Inquiry): Mathematics is important in all aspects of scientific inquiry. CONTENT STANDARD E (Science and Technology): Science and technology are reciprocal. Science helps drive technology, as it addresses questions that demand more sophisticated instruments and provides principles for better instrumentation and technique. Technology is essential to science, because it provides instruments and techniques that enable observations of objects and phenomena that are otherwise unobservable due to factors such as quantity, distance, location, size, and speed. Technology also provides tools for investigations, inquiry, and analysis.

54. Radiometric Dating Is the Earth really billions of years old? Radiometric Dating does not prove an Old Earth any more than recorded history proves a young one. http://www.earthage.org/EarthOldorYoung/Radiometric Dating, and The Age of the E

Radiometric Dating and the Age of the Earth Part One of a Five-Part Series on The Age of the Earth. The only dating methods discussed (over and over again) by evolution-believing scientists and the mass media are ones that supposedly "prove" that the earth is billions of years old. One of the most popular of these is known as radiometric dating. However, not as well known is the fact that such methods have a number of serious flaws which are usually glossed over, or ignored when writing on, or discussing this subject in public. With the exception of Carbon-14, radiometric dating is used to date either igneous or metamorphic rocks that contain radioactive elements such as uranium. And even though various radioactive elements have been used to "date" these rocks, for the most part, the methods are basically the same. They consist of measuring the amount of radioactive (mother) element and comparing it to the amount of stable (daughter) element. A discussion of the Uranium/Lead method follows. Uranium is radioactive, which means it is in the process of changing from an unstable element into a stable one. The most common form is uranium-238. It has a half-life of about 4.5 billion years. This means that if you had some pure uranium-238 with no lead in it, 4.5 billion years later one half of it would have decayed into its stable daughter product (lead-206). And after 9 billion years there would be 75% lead and 25% uranium, and so on. Few people realize it but all radiometric dating methods require making at least three assumptions. These are:

55. Radiometric Dating (chronology) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia radiometric dating (chronology), Email is the email address you used when you registered. Password is case sensitive. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/489205/radiometric-dating

document.write(''); Search Site: Advanced Search With all of these words With the exact phrase With any of these words Without these words Home SHOP BROWSE BLOG ... HELP Username: Password: Remember me Forgot your password? Help Email " is the e-mail address you used when you registered. Password " is case sensitive. If you need additional assistance, please contact customer support Enter the e-mail address you used when enrolling for Britannica Premium Service and we will e-mail your password to you. radiometric-dating My Britannica CREATE MY radiometric ... NEW ARTICLE ... SAVE radiometric dating Table of Contents: radiometric dating Article Article Related Articles Related Articles External Web sites External Web sites Citations Article Related Articles External Web sites Citations LINKS Related Articles Aspects of the topic radiometric dating are discussed in the following places at Britannica. Assorted References lunar rocks in One new and fundamental result has come from radiometric age dating of the samples. When a rock cools from the molten to the solid state, its radioactive isotopes are immobilized in mineral crystal lattices and then decay in place. Knowing the rate of decay of one nuclear species... meteorites in meteorite (astronomy): The ages of meteorites and their components ...or when they were last heated and the strontium isotopes in them rehomogenized. Consequently, other evidence about a rock or suite of rocks is needed to determine what the isochron is actually dating. If the data points for minerals or rocks do not fall on a line, it indicates that the system has been disturbed and cannot be used for dating. Shock is the most common cause of disturbed...

56. Teachers' Domain: Radiometric Dating In this video segment from A Science Odyssey, scientists explain how Earth's age was determined by examining the radioactive rocks in Earth's crust. http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.phys.matter.radiodating/

57. Foundational Concepts : Introduction To Dating Methods Absolute Dating Radiometric Dating Radiometric dating provides science with a powerful tool for reconstructing our planet’s history. http://paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/main/foundation_dating3.html

references and links Absolute Dating Radiometric Dating Atoms are composed of a nucleus orbited by negatively charged electrons. The nucleus is made up of protons, particles with a positive charge, and neutrons, particles with no charge. Every atom of a given element has the same number of protons in the nucleus. Each element may have one or more isotopes. Different isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. Potassium-40, for example, decays into Argon-40 with a half-life of 1.25 billion years, so that after 1.25 billion years half of the Potassium-40 in a rock will have become Argon-40. This means that if a rock sample contained equal amounts of Potassium-40 and Argon-40, it would be 1.25 billion years old. If the sample contained three atoms of Potassium-40 for every one atom of Argon-40, it would be 625 million years old. And if it contained one atom of Potassium-40 for every three atoms of Argon-40 it would be 1.875 billion years old. Most radioactive isotopes decay too rapidly to be useful in determining age on a geologic scale. Carbon-14 dating is probably one of the best-known dating methods, but the half-life of Carbon-14 is approximately 5730 years, plus or minus 40 years. That makes the half-life far too short for dating material that is millions of years old. A few isotopes, however, do decay extremely slowly and can be used as geologic clocks. These isotopes are:

58. How Does Radiometric Dating Fit With The View Of A Young Earth? How does radiometric dating fit with the view of a young earth? Is the earth billions of years old, or thousands of years old? http://www.gotquestions.org/radiometric-dating.html

How does radiometric dating fit with the view of a young earth? Question: "How does radiometric dating fit with the view of a young earth?" Answer: Radiometric dating does not fit with the “young earth” view. Radiometric dating is a method which scientists use to determine the age of various specimens, mainly inorganic matter (rocks, etc), though there is one radiometric dating technique, radiocarbon dating, which is used to date organic specimens. How do these dating techniques work? Basically, scientists take advantage of a natural process by which unstable radioactive “parent” isotopes decay into stable “daughter” isotopes spontaneously over time. Uranium-238 (U238) for example is an unstable radioactive isotope which decays into Lead-206 (Pb206) naturally over time (it goes through 13 unstable intermediate stages before it finally stabilizes into Pb206). In this case, U238 is the “parent” and Pb206 is the “daughter.” Scientists begin by measuring how long it takes for a parent isotope to decay into a daughter isotope. In this particular case, it takes 4,460,000,000 years for half of a sample of U238 to decay into Pb206. It takes another 4,460,000,000 years for half of the remaining sample to decay into Pb206 and then another 4,460,000,000 years for half of what’s then left to decay and so on. The time it takes for half of a sample to decay is called a “half-life.” By measuring radioactive half-lives, by measuring how much parent and daughter are present in any given specimen, and by making certain key assumptions, scientists believe they are able to accurately determine the age of a specimen. The measurements involved can be quite accurate. The question is what are the underlying key assumptions and how reliable are they?

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