21. Soil Index And Introduction Educative information about what soil is, how it is formed and how it is lost. Focus on soil conservation and soil ecology. http://www.seafriends.org.nz/enviro/soil/

Soil use, sustainability and conservation by Dr J Floor Anthoni (2000) www.seafriends.org.nz/enviro/soil/index.htm Soil is our most important resource, and also the most maligned and misunderstood. The world population will double in a mere forty years, but agricultural output is not keeping up with demand. In the process, precious soil is lost, waterways and coastal seas polluted. Humans obviously need to be much more knowledgeable about this problem. What is soil? Where does it come from? What kinds of soil exist? Are all soils fertile? How does soil work? Can all places on the planet be farmed? How much food can the planet make? How do we lose soil? How can we prevent erosion? What damage is caused by erosion? What is sustainability? Can soil be farmed sustainably? What can we do? introduction Introduction to this section on soil and erosion. If you're in a hurry, read this first. (on this page, 4 pages) dependence The human race depends on its agricultural soil for food. As the population doubles and the soils degrade, it will become a race between technology and dwindling natural resources in order to save mankind. (9 pages) geology Soils originate from the cauldron of Earth and are recycled and redistributed by the conveyor belts of plate tectonics. Although basic elements are fairly evenly spread, the rocks that contain them, are not. Soil is formed very slowly from the bedrock, under influence of climate and life. (10 pages)

22. Soil Respiration - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia soil respiration normally refers to the total carbon dioxide efflux at the soil surface. It comprises a combination of processes Biotic processes, which include respiration of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_respiration

Soil respiration From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search This article may need to be wikified to meet Wikipedia's quality standards . Please help by adding relevant internal links , or by improving the article's layout (January 2010) Soil respiration normally refers to the total carbon dioxide efflux at the soil surface. It comprises a combination of processes: Biotic processes, which include respiration of the rhizosphere microbes and fauna Chemical processes including oxidation of soil minerals, which can be pronounced at high temperature Physical processes, which include carbon dioxide degassing of the soil and transport of carbon dioxide to the soil's surface Soil respiration is a key ecosystem process that releases carbon from the soil in the form of carbon dioxide (CO ). Carbon is acquired from the atmosphere by plants using the photosynthetic process to convert CO into organic compounds using the energy from the sun. These organic compounds will be used by the plants to build structural components or respired to use the stored energy. Plant respiration will produce CO and when this plant respiration occurs below-ground in the roots, it is considered one form of soil respiration. Over time, plant structural components will be consumed by heterotrophs, which are organisms that consume organic substrates to acquire energy. This heterotrophic consumption releases CO

23. // Soil // soil Digital Media Suite is an not for profit production and presentation facility in Regina organized to serve artists working with interactive and digital media adjunct to http://soilmedia.org/

24. Soils In Mississippi Mississippi State University. Introduction to fundamental properties of soils, soil fertility and fertilization, as well as soil management and conservation. http://msucares.com/crops/soils/

25. Soil: Facts, Discussion Forum, And Encyclopedia Article A mineral is a naturally occurring solid chemical substance that is formed through geological processes and that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Soil

Home Discussion Topics Dictionary ... Login Soil Soil Topic Home Discussion Quotations Definition Overview Soil is a natural body consisting of layers (soil horizons) of mineral Mineral A mineral is a naturally occurring solid chemical substance that is formed through geological processes and that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. By comparison, a rock is an aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids and... constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from the parent materials in their morphological Geomorphology Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them... , physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics. It is composed of particles of broken rock Rock (geology) In geology, rock or stone is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids.The Earth's outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made of rock. In general rocks are of three types, namely, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic... that have been altered by chemical and environmental processes that include weathering Weathering Weathering is the breaking down of Earth's rocks, soils and minerals through direct contact with the planet's atmosphere. Weathering occurs in situ, or "with no movement", and thus should not be confused with erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice,...

26. Soil Screening Guidance | Superfund | US EPA This page summarizes the soil Screening Guidance and provides links to the fulltext documents. http://www.epa.gov/superfund/health/conmedia/soil/index.htm

@import 'http://www.epa.gov/epafiles/s/epa.css'; Jump to main content. Superfund Recent Additions Contact Us Search: All EPA Superfund You are here: EPA Home Superfund Soil Screening Guidance Soil Screening Guidance You will need the free Adobe Reader to view the files on this page. See EPA's PDF page to learn more. The Soil Screening Guidance (SSG) presents a framework for developing risk-based, soil screening levels (SSLs) for protection of human health. The framework provides a flexible, tiered approach to site evaluation and screening level development. The SSG focuses on a simple methodology for developing site-specific screening levels, but also includes detailed models and generic SSLs to be used where site conditions warrant. Screening levels are not national cleanup levels; instead, they are intended to be used to streamline the evaluation and cleanup of site soils by helping site managers eliminate areas, pathways and/or chemicals of concern at National Priority List sites. The SSG is presented in three documents: A Quick Reference Fact Sheet , which provides an overview of the development and use of the soil screening levels.

27. Laboratory Of Soil Physics & Soil Hydrology Details of courses, research and faculty at The Laboratory of soil Physics and soil Hydrology, University of Tokyo. http://soil.en.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp/english/chisui-e.html

The University of Tokyo Soil Physics and Soil Hydrology Program Japanese INTRODUCTION The Laboratory of Soil Physics and Soil Hydrology (known as SPSH) within the Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering at the the University of Tokyo includes instruction and research in various aspects of transport, distribution, and storage of water and solute in the soils. The Laboratory of Soil Physics and Soil Hydrology at Univerisyt of Tokyo has been a world-leading program in education and research for over half a century. The SPSH Program is quite flexible, so a wide variety of student interests and backgrounds can be accommodated. The objective of the doctoral program is to provide qualified individuals with the fundamental background required for careers in teaching and research, and for related positions involving research, development, and advanced management and planning in consulting organizations, industry, and government agencies. Cooperation with various departments and programs in the University provides a coordinated approach to the solution of complex environmental problems. CORE COURSES GRADUATE COURSES Advanced Soil Physics Advanced Soil Hydrology UNDERGRADUATE COURSES Soil Physics Experiments in Soil Physics Soil Hydrology Soil Mechanics Exercise in Soil Mechanics TEXTBOOK Miyazaki T., Water flow in soils, Second Edition, CRC Press, 2005. ISBN: 0824753259. [

28. Soil Easier soil is the loose top layer of our planet's crust. It is dirt or earth in which plant life can grow. Harder - soil covers a http://42explore.com/dirt.htm

The Topic: Soils Easier - Soil is the loose top layer of our planet's crust. It is dirt or earth in which plant life can grow. Harder - Soil covers a major portion of the earth's land surface. It is an important natural resource that either directly or indirectly supports most of the planet's life. Life here depends upon soil for food. Plants are rooted in soil and obtain needed nutrients there. Animals get their nutrients from plants or from other animals that eat plants. Many animals make their homes or are sheltered in the soil. Microbes in the soil cause the breakdown and decay of dead organisms, a process that in turn adds more nutrients to the soil. Soil is a mixture of mineral and organic materials plus air and water. The contents of soil varies in different locations and is constantly changing. There are many different kinds and types of soils. Each has certain characteristics including a specific color and composition. Different kinds of soils support the growth of different types of plants and also determine how well that plant life grows. Soil is formed slowly, but can be easily destroyed. Therefore, soil conservation is important for continued support of life.

29. Soil Fertility 1 Answers questions related to the enhancement and maintenance of soil fertility. http://www.seafriends.org.nz/enviro/soil/fertile.htm

Soil fertility the factors that add to soil productivity by Dr J Floor Anthoni (2000) www.seafriends.org.nz/enviro/soil/fertile.htm Farmers have known for a very long time that certain substances (such as dung and ash), when added to the soil, improve production. These are now called fertilisers. For reasons of cost and ease of use, chemical fertilisers have replaced natural ones. Although plants can't distinguish the difference, artificial fertilisers can easily be over-used, resulting in damage to the soil, rivers and ocean. Learn to know how to produce more, while damaging the soil and environment less. What do plants need, how are nutrients formed and maintained and what can we do to increase the natural fertility of the soil? This document consists of (this page) and plant needs What do plants need? Liebig's law states that the need in shortest supply will be the main factor limiting growth. Often overlooked needs are light and warmth. watering A plant's most important need is water. In most places on Earth, water is a problem. There is either too much of it or too little. Water is needed by soil organisms too, so a farmer's most urgent task is to manage the supply of water. nutrients Nutrients are found in the rocks. Once weathered into soil, these become available to plants. This supply is not enough, the reason why all terrestrial ecosystems recycle their nutrients with minimal losses. Agricultural soil should recycle its nutrients too, but there are insurmountable problems.

30. Soil - Definition Of Soil By The Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus And Encyclope soil 1 (soil) n. 1. The top layer of the earth's surface, consisting of rock and mineral particles mixed with organic matter. 2. A particular kind of earth or ground sandy soil. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/soil

31. Soil Fertility In A Nutshell Information about soil fertility and how it can be improved. http://www.dnagardens.com/Articles/What is soil fertility.htm

Home Catalogue Fruit Information ... Newsletter What is Soil Fertility? What is Soil Fertility? by Dr. Ieuan R. Evans June 1, 1999 Soil fertility for plants in reality is a very simple affair but difficult to explain. There are no miracle fertilizers, only plain and simple chemical nutrients, that are absolutely essential for plant growth. In moist sand loams plant nutrients are generally more accessible than in silt or clay soils although clay soils contain higher fertility resources. Nutrients became restricted or unavailable, in very wet or very dry soils for obvious physical reasons such as a lack of root absorption by most crop species. Plant nutrients, divided into macronutrients and micronutrients are indistinguishable, whether they are from organic or chemical sources. All must be water soluble in order to enter plant root systems. (43% actual P) and potash as K 0. (83% actual K). In almost all soils above pH 6 calcium and magnesium are generally present in non-limiting quantities. Micronutrients are needed in only very small quantities but they are every bit as essential as macronutrients to normal plant growth. Plant essential micronutrients are boron (B), chloride (Cl), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and zinc (Zn) and if deficient they are applied to soil in pounds per acre.

32. Soil PH, Fertilizers, And Lime Information with regard to soil pH, fertilizers and lime application. http://www.ncw.wsu.edu/treefruit/soil/lime.htm

Some Thoughts About Soil pH, Fertilizers and Lime Tim Smith, WSU extension, 400 Washington St., Wenatchee, WA 98801 (My apologies to any soil scientist in the audience.) Link to Tree Fruit Home Page When you apply fertilizers that have ammonium as a portion of the product, or some fraction that will turn into ammonium, you are adding "acidity" to the soil. It doesn't matter what kind or type of fertilizer, conventional or organic source, just that it has ammonium (or ammonia) in it. Ammonium is made up of nitrogen and hydrogen, three atoms of hydrogen for each atom of nitrogen. (NH3-). Shortly after the ammonium reaches the soil, because it has a negative charge, it binds to the positively charged soil or organic matter. Through time, it is converted to nitrate by soil bacteria. The warmer the soil, the faster the conversion. It is the nitrate form of N that is most mobile in the soil, most likely to leach into groundwater, and usually is the form of N most used by the crop. Some soils have a great ability to cope with these added H+ particles, as they have large amounts of natural "lime" to convert the H+ into water, or maybe they have lots of organic matter and clay to bind the H+, taking it (temporarily) out of the soil water solution. Other soils start with lower amounts of carbonates, clays or organic matter, so they have much lower capacity to "buffer" the H+ in the soil, and allow the H+ to build up in the soil water with much less acid forming fertilizer added. Once a soil has become acid, it has lost most of it's ability to bind or otherwise deactivate H+ particles, and is likely to become even more acid rapidly if relatively low amounts of H+ is added to the soil. So, the soil may remain at 7.2 for many years as tons of acid forming fertilizer is applied per acre, then, while you are not watching the pH, drop pH to 6, then 5 in a few years.

33. Hort 403 - Reading - Soil Tropical Horticulture 2002 Jules Janick, Purdue University Reading soil. soil is different things to different people. To most of us it is something to be washed from http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/tropical/lecture_06/chapter_12l_R.html

Tropical Horticulture © 2002 Jules Janick, Purdue University Reading Soil Soil has 3 primary functions in sustaining plant life: It supplies mineral elements, serving both as a medium of exchange and as a place of storage. It supplies water and serves as a storage reservoir. It serves as a medium within which the roots of terrestrial plants, as well as those of many aquatic plants, anchor themselves. One might ask whether soil is really necessary for plant growth. Hydroponics SOIL SYSTEMS For the purposes of crop production, soil must be considered to be a delicate balance of interwoven and interacting systems: Inorganic minerals Organic matter Soil organisms Soil atmosphere Soil water. Although it is convenient to consider each of these systems individually, they are neither separate nor independent in nature. To change one of them results in a change in all. The nature of a soil is greatly modified when one system dominates. For example, a high water table produces a kind of soil that has particular and definite characteristics, no matter where it is found in the world. Soil Minerals original , relatively unchanged from the parent minerals (such as quartz in the form of sand), or secondary , formed by the weathering of less resistant minerals (such as clays). The amount of inorganic material varies greatly, from more than 99% of the weight of sandy and clayey soils, to as little as 1% in some organic soils. The inorganic component of soils consists of a mixture of particles that differ in size, in composition, and in physical and chemical properties.

34. Map Index | World Soil Resources | NRCS Soils Map showing world wide distribution of soil types. http://soils.usda.gov/use/worldsoils/mapindex/

Soils Home About Us Soil Survey Soil Use ... Contact Us Search Soils All NRCS Sites for Soil Use Hydric Soils Soil Quality State of the Land ... Centers and Institutes World Soil Resources Map Index Last Modified: All global maps shown here are drafts . Your opinions/criticisms are welcome. Send comments to paul.reich@wdc.usda.gov Skip to Regional/Country Maps Global Maps Global Soil Regions Soil Moisture Regimes Soil Temperature Regimes Biomes Major Land Stresses Inherent Land Quality Desertification Water Erosion Wind Erosion Human Induced Desert. Human Induced H2O Er. Human Induced Wind Er. Anthropic Landscapes Anthropic Tension Zones Soil Organic Carbon Soil Inorganic Carbon Wetlands Water Holding Capacity Phosphorus Global Population Density Regional and Country Maps Afghanistan Soil Regions map Lithuania General Soil Map Indonesia This publication requires Adobe Acrobat A Case Study of the Cimanuk Watershed Back to World Soil Resources Back to Top NRCS Soils Home Site Map Contact ... USDA

35. Soil Definition Of Soil In The Free Online Encyclopedia. soil, surface layer of the earth, composed of fine rock material disintegrated by geological processes; and humus humus, organic matter that has decayed to a relatively stable http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/soil

36. Web Laboratory Units Lectures and Laboratory Units of the soil Sciences Courses at the University of Minnesota. Influences on soil fertility are explained and simple soil tests are described. http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil2125/doc/labunts.htm

Introduction to Web Lab Units - This is the course text book Unit 1 The Materials for Making Soil Unit 2 Soil Texture Unit 3 Soil Horizons Unit 4 Soil Forming Factors Unit 5 Soil Taxonomy Unit 6 Soil Bulk Density Unit 7 Soil Water Unit 8 Soil Survey Unit 9 Unit 10 Unit 11 Clay Minerals Unit 12 Unit 13 Home Page for Basic Soils Directions: Chose the Web Laboratory Unit you want to work on. You must complete reading the Web Lab Unit before going to do the laboratory investigation in room 243 Borlaug or e-mail terry.cooper@umn.edu if you have questions. Links of Interest about Soil Internet Glossary of Soil Science Terms http://www.soils.org/sssagloss/ - World Soil Map updated using WRB system: http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/ - Smithsonian Soil Exhibit http://www.soils.org/smithsonian/ -Soil Science Education http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/ - International Union of Soil Scientists http://www.iuss.org/ - World Soil Resources http://soils.usda.gov/use/worldsoils/ -International Soil Reference and Information Centre http://www.isric.nl/ -Soil and Water Conservation Society http://www.swcs.org/

37. The Environmental Literacy Council - Soil soil. soils are the loose materials that cover the Earth's surfaces, an accumulation of parti cles of rock, minerals, microorganisms, and other organic matter formed by http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/36.html

Home About ELC Site Map Contact Us ... Food Soil Soils are a mix of inorganic mineral particles, organic matter, air and water. The mineral particles ? sand, silt, or clay ? contain a variety of chemicals, many of which are utilized for plant growth. Organic matter, typically from plants and/or small organisms that have died and decayed, provides nutrients to the soil which are essential for fertility. The ability of soil to retain and transport water is an important factor in bringing nutrients to plants. However, plant and animal life also needs oxygen for their survival; therefore, a balance between air and water in the soil is extremely important. The composition of a soil, along with a variety of characteristics, is what makes up a soil's properties. It is these properties, and the degree to which they appear, that provide for the level of soil quality. Mineral and organic particles make up about half of a soils volume; pores containing air and water make up the remaining volume. Soils vary in composition, but generally consist of four main mineral types: sand, silt, clay, and loam. Sandy soils have a coarse texture, clay soils have a sticky texture, and silt particles, which are smaller than sand particles but larger than clay particles, give soil a silky, powdery texture. Soils in which all three minerals contribute equally to their texture are called loam soils and thought to be best for agriculture. Soil quality can also be distinguished by a variety of soil characteristics.

38. Soil.hostweb.org.uk An introduction to soil components, acidity, fertility, and care, as well as a collection of links to other soil resources. http://soil.hostweb.org.uk/

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39. Brazilian Soil Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods (soil) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting soil resources, empowering communities and transforming wastes into http://dailyreckoning.com/brazilian-soil/

40. Welcome To Soil-net.com!! A comprehensive resource for education on soils in primary and secondary schools. soil basic properties, geography, functions, threats, activities and careers. http://www.soil-net.com/

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