101. 5(d). The Gaia Hypothesis May 7, 2009 In 1965, J.E. Lovelock published the first scientific paper suggesting the Gaia hypothesis. The Gaia hypothesis states that the temperature http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/5d.html

FUNDAMENTALS eBOOK HOME FUNDAMENTALS eBOOK UNDERSTANDING ... Share CHAPTER 5: The Universe, Earth, Natural Spheres, and Gaia (d). The Gaia Hypothesis In 1965, J.E. Lovelock published the first scientific paper suggesting the Gaia hypothesis . The Gaia hypothesis states that the temperature and composition of the Earth's surface are actively controlled by life on the planet. It suggests that if changes in the gas composition, temperature or oxidation state of the Earth are caused by extraterrestial, biological, geological, or other disturbances, life responds to these changes by modifying the abiotic environment through growth and metabolism. In simplier terms, biological responses tend to regulate the state of the Earth's environment in their favor.

102. A Definitive History Of The Somali Cat One hypothesis of the history and origin of the breed, presented by the author. http://members.tripod.com/~wdel/somali.html

103. Start [HyPhy] Free multiplatform software package intended to perform maximum likelihood analyses of genetic sequence data. http://www.hyphy.org

104. Definition Of HYPOTHESIS (Meaning Of HYPOTHESIS), A 10 Letter Word hypothesis Review the definition, meaning, pronunciation, explanation, synonyms , and antonyms of the term hypothesis in the Online Dictionary. http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/hypothesis

English Dictionary Computer Dictionary Video Dictionary Thesaurus ... Medical Dictionary Search Dictionary: Meaning of HYPOTHESIS Pronunciation: hI'pâthisis WordNet Dictionary Definition: [n] a tentative theory about the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena; "a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory"; "he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices" [n] a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence [n] a proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations HYPOTHESIS is a 10 letter word that starts with H. Synonyms: conjecture guess possibility speculation ... theory See Also: assumption concept conception conjecture ... view Webster's 1913 Dictionary Definition: Medical Dictionary Definition: A tentative proposal made to explain certain observations or facts that requires further investigation to be verified. Biology Dictionary Definition: In science, an idea or proposition that is based on certain observations about the natural world. Hypotheses are subject to scientific evaluation. Compare with law and theory Glossary Definition: a statement that stipulates a relationship between a phenomenon for which the researcher seeks to account and one or more other phenomena.

105. The Cosmic Time Hypothesis CTH has far-reaching consequences for cosmology and elementary particles physics, especially the big bang theory, cosmological constants, vacuum energy, unification of natural forces and earth expansion. http://www.cosmictime.de

http://www.cosmictime.de Horst Fritsch, Leonberg Neu erschienen Horst Fritsch Zeit und Wirklichkeit, Die "Kosmische Zeit- Hypothese" (KZH) Die Kosmische Zeit- Hypothese (KZH) hat weitreichende Konsequenzen fuer unser kosmologisches Weltbild, insbesondere Urknalltheorie,kosmologische-Konstante,Vakuumenergie, Vereinigung-der-Naturkraefte,Erdexpansion. Time and Reality, The "Cosmic Time Hypothesis" (CTH) The Cosmic Time Hypothesis (CTH) has far- reaching consequences for ourcosmological world view , especially big-bang-theory,cosmological-constant,vacuum-energy, unification-of-natural-forces,earth-expansion. Das Buch Zeit und Wirklichkeit wurde 5/2007 im Shaker Verlag veroeffentlicht und von der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek registriert unter ISBN 978-3-8322-6227-3 Es kann in Deutsch durch Klick heruntergeladen werden werden von: Download PDF Für Kurzfassung (4 Seiten) hier klicken The book Zeit und Wirklichkeit was published (in German) in 5/ 2007 by Shaker Verlag and registered by the German National Library under ISBN 978-3-8322-6227-3 An English translation titled Time and Reality is available on demand from the author as pdf or as booklet Download PDF For a condensed version (4 pages) click here No.

106. Ad Hoc Hypothesis - The Skeptic's Dictionary - Skepdic.com Feb 23, 2009 An ad hoc hypothesis is one created to explain away facts that seem to refute one s belief or theory. Ad hoc hypotheses are common in http://www.skepdic.com/adhoc.html

Robert T. Carroll Home Newsletter Feedback ... Site Map Topical Indexes Alternative Medicine Cryptozoology Junk Science New Age ... Who Am I? Other Writings Skeptimedia Mass Media Funk Mass Media Bunk What's the Harm? ... In Memoriam Other Resources Recommended Books For Young Thinkers For Teachers A Skeptic's Halloween ... Predictably Irrational Economics is not useless! Irrationality Are we doomed to act against our own self-interest? From Abracadabra to Zombies View All a b c ... z ad hoc hypothesis pseudoscientists . For example, ESP researchers have been known to blame the hostile thoughts of onlookers for unconsciously influencing pointer readings on sensitive instruments. The hostile vibes, they say, made it impossible for them to duplicate a positive ESP experiment. Being able to duplicate an experiment is essential to confirming its validity. Of course, if this objection is taken seriously, then no experiment on ESP can ever fail. Whatever the results, one can always say they were caused by paranormal psychic forces, either the ones being tested or others not being tested. Martin Gardner reports on this type of ad hoc hypothesizing reaching a ludicrous peak with paraphysicist Helmut Schmidt who put cockroaches in a box where they could give themselves electric shocks. One would assume that cockroaches do not like to be shocked and would give themselves shocks at a chance rate or less, if cockroaches can learn from experience. The cockroaches gave themselves more electric shocks than predicted by chance. Schmidt concluded that "because he hated cockroaches, maybe it was his pk that influenced the randomizer!" (Gardner, p. 59)

107. WritWord-"Physics Without Constants" And "Our Dual Universe" Guy Myhre proposes an alternative approach which provides simple and logical explanations for all physical phenomena related to matter. http://www.writword.us/unituniv/uu.htm

Our Unitary Universe Our Unitary Universe is equal to zero. Upon examining this model, I believe that you will find it to be the most-plausible one yet because it explains away many of the paradoxes that have perplexed people for a long time. Our Unitary Universe gmyhre@hotmail.com I hope that my presentation of Our Unitary Universe pleases you. Should you have any comments, suggestions, or complaints, please E-mail them to me. For a nonmathematical summary of this book, see Physical Constants Do NOT Exist Table of Contents Preface Appendixes ... WritWord Homepage Table of Contents Title Page Appendixes References To Order This Book ... Introduction Part One. Physics without Constants Chapter 1. The Quantum World A. Continuity , B. Determinism , C. Flow of Time , D. Zooming , E. Classical Physics , F. Systemic Constants , G. Quantum Physics , H. Discontinuity , I. Diffraction , J. Reflection and Refraction , K. Probabilities and Certitudes , L. Quantum Opportunism , M. Mutation and Evolution Chapter 2. Electronic Units of Measure A. Unitary Attributes of Elementary Particles , B.

108. Red Queen Hypothesis Red Queen hypothesis.The Red Queen hypothesis is used to describe two similar ideas, which are both based on coevolution. The original idea is that http://www.indiana.edu/~curtweb/Research/Red_Queen hyp.html

Red Queen Hypothesis. The "Red Queen" hypothesis is used to describe two similar ideas, which are both based on coevolution. The original idea is that coevolution could lead to situations for which the probability of extinction is relatively constant over millions of years (Van Valen 1973). The gist of the idea is that, in tightly coevolved interactions, evolutionary change by one species (e.g., a prey or host) could lead to extinction of other species (e.g. a predator or parasite), and that the probability of such changes might be reasonably independent of species age. Van Valen named the idea "the Red Queen hypothesis," because, under this view, species had to "run" (evolve) in order to stay in the same place (extant). ( Show me the data. The other idea is that coevolution, particularly between hosts and parasites, could lead to sustained oscillations in genotype frequencies (Fig. 1). This idea forms the core for one of the leading hypotheses for the persistence of sexual reproduction see Bell 1982). In species where asexual reproduction is possible (as in many plants and invertebrates), coevolutionary interactions with parasites may select for sexual reproduction in hosts as a way to reduce the risk of infection in offspring. There have been many important contributors to the Red Queen hypothesis as it applies to sex. W.D. Hamilton and John Jaenike were among the earliest pioneers of the idea. Figure 1.

109. CAUSE OF THE SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF QUASARS, AGNs, And QSOs hypothesis which attempts to explain the characteristics of quasi-stellar objects as optical illusions created by gravitational lensing and other phenomena. http://charles_w.tripod.com/quasar.html

CAUSE OF THE SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF QUASARS, AGNs, and QSOs by Charles Weber, MS For a hypothesis explaining the Cosmological Red Shift click on >"RED SHIFT" ABSTRACT This is a hypothesis which attempts to explain the characteristics of QSOs (quasi stellar objects) as an optical illusion created by gravitational lensing of the photons from the opposite jet emanating from a huge [Gaskill] mass at the center of an active galaxy the axis of which is oriented toward [Berthel] the earth, by the magnified emission of atoms and reflection of ultraviolet and X-rays from a dense plate of ions on the surface of an accretion disk, and by infrared rays emitted from dust and gas further out, the last not magnified as greatly. BL Lac objects (BL Lac objects are extragalactic, highly variable, polarized sources with significant emission from radio to X-ray wavelengths) are perceived as QSOs from which primarily rays emitted or reflected by the ions on the accretion disk are seen. BAL QSOs and infrared QSOs are perceived as active galaxies viewed from 90 degrees to the side of the axis. INTRODUCTION QSOs (quasi stellar objects) are point sources of light with such enormous red shifts that they can’t possibly be stars.

110. 6 Introduction To Hypothesis Testing File Format PDF/Adobe Acrobat Quick View http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/gerstman/StatPrimer/hyp-test.pdf

111. The Living Cosmos An extension of The Gaia hypothesis covering geology, planetary origins and cosmology. http://www.livingcosmos.com/

This web site was constructed to offer a new look at our living universe from the microcosm to the macrocosm. More things are alive and structurally similar than we have been told. Moreover, life has dominion over the cosmos it is an all powerful force in the Universe. This look at the cosmos is a new multidisciplinary, full-blown paradigm. Excerpts and discussions from the book The Vital Vastness , and In Defense of Nature The History Nobody Told You About (use these links for descriptions) embrace this perspective fully, and are included in the presentations. For excerpts and other resources see the links below, or use our search engine. SEARCH OUR SITE: sitemap News and Views In The News News Archives Natural Disasters and Life Earthquakes and Life Hurricanes and Life (includes Katrina, Andrew and others) Tsunamis and Life (includes the Indonesia tsunami of December 26, 2004) About the Books Buy In Defense of Nature Buy The Vital Vastness ... and the founder and president of The Living Cosmos Society The Vital Vastness The Need For A New Model of the Earth The Living and Dynamic Earth Dinosaurs Extinctions No Asteroid or Comet Impact Here Planetary Ejections: Cratering, Tektites, and Animal and Other Unusual Falls

112. Voynich Manuscript Decrypted - Cipher Solution Site detailing Claude Martin s hypothesis. http://www.voynich.info/

113. The Synergism Hypothesis by PA Corning 1998 - Cited by 239 - Related articles http://www.complexsystems.org/publications/synhypo.html

About the Director Abstracts Publications Commentaries Book Review Essays Major Books Synergism Hypothesis Nature's Magic Holistic Darwinism The Synergism Hypothesis On the Concept of Synergy and It's Role in the Evolution of Complex Systems Peter A. Corning, Ph.D. Institute for the Study of Complex Systems 119 Bryant Street, Suite 212 Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA Phone: (650) 325-5717 Fax: (650) 325-3775 Email: pacorning@complexsystems.org JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEMS "Generalizations derived from a juxtaposition of facts are not fruitful unless some conceptual, theoretical scheme guided the generalizations and, incidentally, the selection of facts..." Anatol Rapoport "Experiments unguided by an appropriate theoretical framework usually amount to little more than ‘watching the pot boil'... We need experiments to inform theory, but without theory all is lost." John H. Holland INTRODUCTION It is one of the paradoxes of our age that as the tools of scientific research have grown ever more powerful from positron emission tomography to electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and massively parallel computers the phenomena we are able to investigate (and their causal dynamics) seem to grow ever more complex. The relentless reductionism of particle physics, polymer chemistry, molecular biology and neurobiology, among other disciplines, has not (so far) revealed the decisive "mechanisms" or underlying "laws" of the phenomenal world. Instead, the "microcosmos" (to borrow Lynn Margulis's term) displays profound complexity, interactionism, interrelatedness and, not least, historical specificity.

114. SNOWBALL EARTH Discussion of a hypothesis that Earth was covered by ice from pole to pole for long periods in the geological past. http://www.snowballearth.org/

Overview Questions Teaching Slides Bibliography ... There was a symposium "Breakup of Rodinia and Snowball Earth" at the Gondwana 13 conference held in Dali, western China, 14-21 September 2008. This web site contains a number of teaching slides available for your use. They are organized into a 13 week course. You can view thumbnails and download slides here Educational Rock sample suite for Snowball Earth now available What is Snowball Earth? ... Paul F. Hoffman , with additional funding from Harvard University. Site design, construction, maintainence, and additional financial support by R.S. Hildebrand

115. Scientific Laws, Hypotheses, And Theories - The Scientific Method hypothesis This is an educated guess based upon observation. It is a rational explanation of a single event or phenomenon based upon what is observed, http://wilstar.com/theories.htm

Scientific Laws, Hypotheses, and Theories Lay people often misinterpret the language used by scientists. And for that reason, they sometimes draw the wrong conclusions as to what the scientific terms mean. Three such terms that are often used interchangeably are "scientific law," "hypothesis," and "theory." In layman’s terms, if something is said to be “just a theory,” it usually means that it is a mere guess, or is unproved. It might even lack credibility. But in scientific terms, a theory implies that something has been proven and is generally accepted as being true. Here is what each of these terms means to a scientist: Scientific Law: This is a statement of fact meant to describe, in concise terms, an action or set of actions. It is generally accepted to be true and universal, and can sometimes be expressed in terms of a single mathematical equation. Scientific laws are similar to mathematical postulates. They don’t really need any complex external proofs; they are accepted at face value based upon the fact that they have always been observed to be true. Specifically, scientific laws must be simple, true, universal, and absolute. They represent the cornerstone of scientific discovery, because if a law ever did not apply, then all science based upon that law would collapse.

116. Christianity And Mathematics Religious influences on Copernicus, Galileo, Brahe and Kepler. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/Heliocentric.html

Christianity and the Mathematical Sciences - the Heliocentric Hypothesis Alphabetical list of History Topics History Topics Index Version for printing The mathematician Freeman Dyson writes in [ ... Western science grew out of Christian theology. It is probably not an accident that modern science grew explosively in Christian Europe and left the rest of the world behind. A thousand years of theological disputes nurtured the habit of analytical thinking that could be applied to the analysis of natural phenomena. On the other hand, the close historical relations between theology and science have caused conflicts between science and Christianity that do not exist between science and other religions ... Christianity has been a major influence on the mathematical sciences, particularly in the 17 th and 18 th Centuries. There is a widespread belief that Christianity and science, particularly mathematical science, were on opposing sides through this period. However, this oversimplifies the situation to such an extent that it gives a quite false impression of the development of the mathematical sciences through this important time. For example four men who perhaps did as much as any to revolutionise the mathematical sciences in the 16 th and 17 th Centuries

117. The Social Brain Hypothesis File Format PDF/Adobe Acrobat Quick View http://psych.colorado.edu/~tito/sp03/7536/Dunbar_1998.pdf

118. COSMIC ANCESTRY: The Modern Version Of Panspermia. By Brig Klyce The Cosmic Ancestry hypothesis - about which this site has a large amount of information - treats all of evolution, not just the origin of life on Earth, as due to interaction with cosmic microorganisms. http://www.panspermia.org/

Quick Guide COSMIC ANCESTRY Introduction: More Than Panspermia Panspermia Asks New Questions A Comparison Chart What'sNEW ... What'sNEW Index Where Does Life Come From? What Is Life? Louis Pasteur The RNA World Bacteria: The Space Colonists ... Comets: The Delivery System How Does Life Evolve? Neo-Darwinism: The Current Paradigm Viruses and Other Gene Transfer Mechanisms Why Sexual Reproduction? Introns: a Mystery ... Gaia The Logic of Neo-Darwinism Evolution vs Creationism ...A Third Aternative ... Macroevolutionary Progress Redefined... Can Meaning Come From Nonmeaning? The Evolution Prize... Hoyle and Wickramasinghe Analysis of Interstellar Dust and ...Resources An Interview with Fred Hoyle, 5 July 1996 Chandra Wickramasinghe in Arkansas, 1981 Tests for Cosmic Ancestry Can The Theory Be Tested? Life on Mars! Life on Europa, Other Moons, Other Planets? Metazoan Genes Older Than Metazoa? ... More Evidence for Indigenous Microfossils... More tests are described in What's NEW From Science to Philosophy How Is It Possible? What Difference Does It Make? The End and the Big Bang The Beginning Afterwords About This Website and Latest Replies Replies Index Site Sponsor: Quick Guide

119. Ward, P.: The Medea Hypothesis: Is Life On Earth Ultimately Self-Destructive?. by P Ward Cited by 8 - Related articles http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8855.html

120. A Wild Hypothesis Essay on the development of civilizations. http://www.stampe.nu/wild/

A wild hypothesis As I was writing my master thesis in political science I could not stop thinking about the implications of one of the theories I was formulating, namely the one concerning critical phases in the development of civilisations. In short my theory suggests that every civilisation, which exceeds a given limit in terms of instrumental influence on its planet's ecosystems and in terms of mass destruction capacity, enters into a critical phase. During this phase it will be decided whether the civilisation dies or whether it manages to transcend its original form and become truly universal. In the essay I argued that humanity right now experiences such a critical phase in its history. But as this was an academic essay and not one of my personal speculations I did not pursue a particular line of thought. As the telescopes and the stars might already have given away I was thinking about the possibility that this theory was not only applicable to human history but rather to all sentient species that might exist in the vastness of space. If that is a valid assumption, the dilemmas we are currently facing in terms of a worsening ecological crises and the development of weapons of mass destruction, may in fact be a self-imposed test of our maturity as a species. If we are to endure this phase (or test) we must develop entirely new ways to interact socially. Ways which will demand the greatest of all of us. To put it simple, we must leave our infancy of war, economic oppression and social alienation. Let us now assume that others have walked down this path ahead of us. Let us further assume that they are aware of our current misery. Yet they have very good reasons not to intervene. Because if we can not prove to be capable of wisely wielding the technological and instrumental power we now possess, how could we possibly be trusted with the technology of a civilisation that has endured for thousands of millennia?

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