121. Significance Tests / Hypothesis Testing Suppose someone suggests a hypothesis that a certain population is 0. Recalling the convoluted way in which statistics works, one way to do this would be to http://www.jerrydallal.com/LHSP/sigtest.htm

Significance Tests / Hypothesis Testing Suppose someone suggests a hypothesis that a certain population is 0. Recalling the convoluted way in which statistics works, one way to do this would be to construct a confidence interval for the population mean and reject the hypothesis if the interval failed to include 0. We would fail to reject the hypothesis if the interval contained 0. We fail to reject the hypothesis if -1.96 SEM +1.96 SEM which can be rewritten On the other hand, we reject the hypothesis if -1.96 or The statistic is denoted by the symbol t . The test can be summarized as: Reject the hypothesis that the population mean is if and only if the absolute value of t is greater than 1.96. There is a 5% chance of obtaining a 95% CI that excludes when it is in fact the population mean. For this reason, we say that this test has been performed at the 0.05 level of significance. Had a 99% CI been used, we would say that the test had been performed at the 0.01 level of significance, that is, the significance level (or simply the level ) of the test is the probability of rejecting a hypothesis when it is true.

122. THE FORMATION OF BINARY STARS Highly-detailed but brief paper concerning the Classical Fission hypothesis. http://www.phys.lsu.edu/astro/nap98/bf.final.html

THE FORMATION OF COMMON-ENVELOPE, PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE BINARY STARS J.E. TOHLINE , J.E. CAZES, AND H.S. COHL Louisiana State University , 202 Nicholson Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4001 U.S.A. 1. Introduction Recent observational investigations of the frequency of occurrence of pre-main-sequence binary stars have reinforced earlier suspicions that ''binary formation is the primary branch of the star-formation process'' ( Mathieu 1994 ). As Bodenheimer et al. have reviewed, a number of different theories have been proposed to explain the preponderance of binary stars. Klein et al. show how the direct fragmentation of protostellar gas clouds may occur in early phases of collapse (at cloud densities n = 10 cm ). But at higher densities, clouds are unable to cool efficiently upon contraction. Consequently, direct fragmentation becomes problematical. Because higher mean densities are associated with systems having shorter dynamical times, one is led to consider mechanisms other than direct cloud fragmentation for forming binary systems with orbital periods less than a few hundred years. Here we investigate whether such binaries can form by spontaneous fission of rapidly rotating protostars. 2. The Classical Fission Hypothesis

123. Vangelis - Hypothesis Giorgio Gomelsky produced the recordings for both hypothesis and The Dragon , but claims never to have been involved in getting them released. http://www.vangelismovements.com/hypothesis.htm

a look at the music of Vangelis Papathanassiou Introduction What do you do when you have some time to spare, and feel like experimenting with Jazz and Funk ? Exactly, you take off for London, team up with a few fellow musicians, and jam away :-) Still in 1971, Vangelis played several sessions in the London Marquee Studios, some of them together with violinist Michel Ripoche, bass guitarist Brian Odger and drummer Tony Oxley. For some reason the recordings were never released at the time, and lay shelved until 1978, when Charly Records suddenly released the music under the name 'Hypothesis'. Apparently this release wasn't approved by Vangelis, as he successfully went to court to get the album off the market. Other recordings of these jam-sessions were released at the same time, titled ' The Dragon Tracklist and Credits Cover Illustration (not Platinum release) by Angus McKie. Discography LP 1978 Affinity 77-AFF2 Spain 1978 Charly/Bellaphon CR 3037 West-Germany 1980 Oxford OX3162 Italy Affinity AFF11 UK 1985 Platinum PLP 71 "

124. Selected Classic Papers From The History Of Chemistry Including many for early to present atomic hypothesis and the discrete nature of matter. http://webserver.lemoyne.edu/faculty/giunta/papers.html

Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry The following papers from the history of chemistry are available as html files. Many are seminal papers in their fields. Some are interesting curiosities. Papers are arranged by subject below, or alphabetically Most of the entries reside either at the Classic Chemistry site at Le Moyne College or on the historical papers section of John Park's ChemTeam site. Links to classic papers outside the Classic Chemistry site are clearly credited. Analytical, instrumental, and spectroscopic techniques Atomic hypothesis and discrete nature of matter Biochemistry Bonding and Structure ... Others Analytical, instrumental, and spectroscopic techniques Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen (1860): bright-line flame spectra (applied to alkali metals and alkaline earths). This paper is at the ChemTeam site. (Link to biographical data on Bunsen and Kirchhoff Chandrasekhara V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan : 1928 paper on the Raman effect (posted by Jim Holler , Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky). View a biographical sketch of Raman.

125. The Hypothesis - Welcome To Penn State S Home On The Web You must develop a hypothesis, or a possible explanation to answer your question . Key The nature of today s research is to prove a hypothesis false. http://www2.lv.psu.edu/jxm57/irp/hypothes.html

126. PharmaDM - DMax Chemistry Assistantâ„¢ Software for small molecule screening data analysis and QSAR hypothesis generation. The models can be used for compound property prediction or as guidelines for lead optimization. http://www.pharmadm.com/DMaxChemistryAssistant.asp

Home News Products Services ... Brochure (PDF) FAQ Tutorial Request a trial Library ... scientific hypotheses that best match your observations. construct hypotheses that combine these building blocks with relational expressions, such as " A is linked to B via a conjugated system ". Thus, a priori descriptors or fingerprints are not required. Still, your existing properties can be imported. The hypotheses are automatically validated on a separate test set, and can be collectively applied to unseen compounds for virtual screening Screenshots tutorial for more. The illustrations are based on data taken from NCI human tumor growth cell line (COLO 205 Colon). Above: you can decide on the eligibility for inclusion in the model of arbitrary types of 2D structural features, HTS observations, and other properties. Below is an example of an automatically generated hypothesis that explains (with very high confidence) low values for "COLO 205 Colon: logGI50". The color codes link the text to the molecule drawings. Below are the statistics (obtained on a separate test set) for the hypothesis in isolation. On the bases of all hypotheses, a model is constructed for the prediction of the property. The performance of that model (again, on a separate test set) is shown as below.

127. Recycled Leather Pieces For The EcoConscious Shopper By Hypothesis Our recycled leather cuffs, wallets, and bags are designed to be unique expressions that are oneof-a kind and very eco-friendly. At this time we. http://www.etsy.com/shop/hypothesis

document.getElementsByTagName("html")[0].className = "js"; Etsy.loader.require('bootstrap/common.js'); Etsy.loader.require('jquery.util.js'); Etsy.loader.require('etsy.orderator.js'); Etsy.loader.require('flagging.js'); Etsy Cart Register Sign In ... Blog Handmade This Shop Handmade Vintage Supplies All Items Sellers Search Home hypothesis hypothesis is on vacation. Thanks for your visit. We are taking a small break and will be back in a jiffy. If you have any immediate questions, please be in touch through the Etsy convo system. Love, Hypothesis Sign in to be notified by email when hypothesis returns. hypothesis' Shop Announcement Our recycled leather cuffs, wallets, and bags are designed to be unique expressions that are one-of-a kind and very eco-friendly. At this time we cannot accept any custom orders, but thank you for your interest. Hypothesis is a proud member of Etsy Team Boston Handmade http://www.bostonhandmade.org Close hypothesis Recycled Leather Pieces for the Eco-Conscious Shopper Shop Owner hypothesis Boston Profile Favorites ... 161, 100% pos.

128. Bayesian Inference - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Encyclopedia article on the statistical inference in which evidence or observations are used to update or to newly infer the probability that a hypothesis may be true. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_analysis

Bayesian inference From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Bayesian analysis Jump to: navigation search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate (April 2009) Bayesian inference is a method of statistical inference in which some kind of evidence or observations are used to calculate the probability that a hypothesis may be true, or else to update its previously-calculated probability. The term "Bayesian" comes from its use of the Bayes' theorem in the calculation process. Bayes' theorem was deduced in several special cases by Thomas Bayes , and then it was extended to the general theorem by other researchers. In practical usage, "Bayesian inference" refers to the use of a prior probability over hypotheses to determine the likelihood of a particular hypothesis given some observed evidence; that is, the likelihood that a particular hypothesis is true given some observed evidence (the so-called posterior probability of the hypothesis) comes from a combination of the inherent likelihood (or prior probability ) of the hypothesis and the compatibility of the observed evidence with the hypothesis (or likelihood of the evidence, in a technical sense). Bayesian inference is opposed to

129. Power Of A Hypothesis Test Applet (24-Mar-1997) Mar 24, 1997 This applet illustrates the fundamental principles of statistical hypothesis testing through the simplest example the test for the mean of http://www.stat.sc.edu/~ogden/javahtml/power/power.html

Power of a Hypothesis Test Applet This applet illustrates the fundamental principles of statistical hypothesis testing through the simplest example: the test for the mean of a single normal population, variance known (the Z test). The basic set-up of the test is this: using only n independent observations from a normal distribution with unknown mean (but known variance), the task is to decide whether to accept a null hypothesis for a specified value of , or to reject the null hypothesis in favor of some alternative hypothesis. In most applications, there are only three alternative hypotheses of interest: respectively, ``upper-tailed,'' ``lower-tailed,'' and ``two-tailed.'' The testing framework consists of computing a ``test statistic'' and then rejecting the null hypothesis if the appropriate condition is satisfied. In the order the alternative hypotheses are given above, the null hypothesis is rejected if where represents the upper critical point of the standard normal distribution. This hypothesis testing procedure is set up to give the null hypothesis ``the benefit of a doubt;'' that is, to accept the null hypothesis unless there is strong evidence to support the alternative. If

130. Wessa.net - Free Statistics And Forecasting Software (Calculators) V.1.1.23-r6 Free online software applications (calculators) featuring mathematical equation plotting, descriptive statistics, multiple regression, time series analysis, and hypothesis testing. http://www.wessa.net

131. The Iron Hypothesis The iron hypothesis, as it came to be called, was pure John Martin. It was wild, maverick and simple. If true, it could make a difference to everybody on http://www.palomar.edu/oceanography/iron.htm

The Iron Hypothesis (Excerpted from an article by Caroline Dopyera, Earth magazine, October 1996) John Martin's iron hypothesis—fertilizing the sea with iron—was first put to the test on the open ocean in 1993. According to Martin's iron hypothesis, seeding the ocean surface with iron should make microscopic marine organisms like diatoms multiply dramatically, which might in turn cool the planet. The big question is: Should this type of "global engineering" be done? The research vessel Columbus Iselin was still a ways off when Ken Johnson saw it pass through the Panama Canal and chug toward him. He tensed with a feeling of desperation. The ship was supposed to carry the ocean experiment of the decade, one that could revise textbooks. But to Johnson, the Iselin looked more like a ship that would take the Beverly Hillbillies to sea than a sophisticated research vessel. A portable laboratory and huge plastic tanks were lashed to the deck. A crane towered near the ship's center. Barrels of blue-green iron granules crammed the ship. For six weeks, 23 of the world's top ocean scientists would work in a lab the size of a subway car. It was an enormous mission for such a small ship. How are we going to do this?

132. Probabilistic Learning Activities Network - Homepage Probability activities and simulations in the form of applets and spreadsheets. This site advocates a Question/hypothesis/Experiment approach to learning probability. http://www.planetqhe.com/

planetqhe and the IB Random Behaviour Experimental vs Theoretical Compound Events I ... Credits Welcome to planetqhe ! This site is primarily written for International Baccalaureate students but can be used in any high school math class, especially those involving project work or coursework. There are over 30 probability activities based on questions; answers are deliberately left out. That's why planetqhe stands for Probabilistic Learning Activities; Question, Hypothesis, Experiment. There are two types of question - QHE questions relate to the activities, Essential questions bridge each set of activities. How do I get started? Read teacher support for some ideas about applying planetqhe in the classroom. Don't miss technology support for essential information about how to get everything working properly. IB teachers can see how planetqhe fits with the IB curriculum by checking this curriculum matrix Queries and feedback - email planetqhe@hotmail.com

133. The Efficient Community Hypothesis - Umair Haque - Harvard Business Review Apr 16, 2010 The answer has everything to do with the Efficient Market hypothesis. Last weekend, the world s most eminent economists gathered at King s http://blogs.hbr.org/haque/2010/04/the_efficient_community_hypoth.html

134. Algebraic Curves, Riemann Hypothesis And Coding Marios Magioladitis, University of Crete, 2001. Introduction and text (DOC, PS). http://www.math.uoc.gr/~marios/essay.htm

Algebraic Curves, Riemann hypothesis and coding File moved here

135. Zeta.html By Andrew Odlyzko. http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/zeta.html

Andrew Odlyzko: Papers on Zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function and Related Topics (see also "Tables of zeros of the zeta function" and "Some unpublished materials" on the main home page) The zeta function on the critical line: Numerical evidence for moments and random matrix theory models , G. A. Hiary and A. M. Odlyzko. [PDF] The 10^22-nd zero of the Riemann zeta function , A. M. Odlyzko. Dynamical, Spectral, and Arithmetic Zeta Functions , M. van Frankenhuysen and M. L. Lapidus, eds., Amer. Math. Soc., Contemporary Math. series, no. 290, 2001, pp. 139-144. [Abstract] [PostScript] [PDF] [LaTeX] An improved bound for the de Bruijn-Newman constant , A. M. Odlyzko, Numerical Algorithms , 25 (2000), pp. 293-303. [Abstract] [PostScript] [PDF] [LaTeX] A nonlinear equation and its application to nearest neighbor spacings for zeros of the zeta function and eigenvalues of random matrices , P. J. Forrester and A. M. Odlyzko, in Organic Mathematics , J. Borwein, P. Borwein, L. Jorgenson, and R. Corless, eds., Amer. Math. Soc. 1997, pp. 239-250. Electronic version available at http://www.cecm.sfu.ca/projects/OMP/. [PostScript] [PDF] [LaTeX] A condensed version

136. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis An abstract from Daniel Chandler s 1995 The Art of Writing. Argues for a moderate Whorfianism. http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/short/whorf.html

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Daniel Chandler Greek Translation now available Within linguistic theory, two extreme positions concerning the relationship between language and thought are commonly referred to as 'mould theories’ and 'cloak theories'. Mould theories represent language as 'a mould in terms of which thought categories are cast' (Bruner et al. 1956, p. 11). Cloak theories represent the view that 'language is a cloak conforming to the customary categories of thought of its speakers' (ibid.). The doctrine that language is the 'dress of thought' was fundamental in Neo-Classical literary theory (Abrams 1953, p. 290), but was rejected by the Romantics (ibid.; Stone 1967, Ch. 5). There is also a related view (held by behaviourists, for instance) that language and thought are identical . According to this stance thinking is entirely linguistic: there is no 'non-verbal thought', no 'translation' at all from thought to language. In this sense, thought is seen as completely determined by language. The Sapir-Whorf theory, named after the American linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, is a

137. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis A 2001 student paper by Neil Parr-Davies. Compares the linguistic determinism of Benjamin Lee Whorf with technological determinism, represented by Marshall McLuhan. http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Students/njp0001.html

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: A Critique Neil Parr-Davies 'He gave man speech, and speech created thought – which is the measure of the universe' Shelley – Prometheus Unbound The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is in effect two propositions, which in a very basic form could perhaps be summed up as firstly Linguistic Determinism (language determines thought), and secondly Linguistic relativity (difference in language equals difference in thought). This topic of determinism and relativity can be applied to many areas – the study of to what extent technology influences our lives is termed the technological determinism debate. In psychology, discussion of this nature regarding the effect of environment and genetic makeup on our lives is called the nature/nurture debate. In a ‘purer’ form, there are philosophical questions of free will and determinism. In a historical context, 'The philosophical problem of freedom and determinism is in reality a cluster of problems with different sources' (Dillman 1999). Dilman identifies firstly human emotions, and the early philosophies of Plato and Aristotle, which tried to deal with the question of free will in this context. The advent of Christianity then forced an examination of the idea of God’s foreknowledge of events, and moved the debate on. Science came next, bringing the idea of causality – which required further debate. Most recently, Psychology brought the nature-nurture question. To these I would add the relatively recent birth of linguistics as a science, bringing the linguistic relativity debate, and also the communications revolution, which has brought about the technological determinism debate. This is not a new debate, and neither is it anywhere near conclusion.

138. Computation Of Zeros Of The Zeta Function Verification of RH up to the 10^13-th zero, with details of the computations and further results, by Xavier Gourdon with the help of Patrick Demichel. http://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Miscellaneous/zetazeroscompute.html

Computation of zeros of the Zeta function New Riemann Hypothesis verification record Riemann Hypothesis verified until the 10 -th zero. (October 12th 2004), by Xavier Gourdon with the help of Patrick Demichel. Billions of zeros at very large height (around the 10 -th zero) have also been computed. Details can be found in The 10 first zeros of the riemann zeta function, and zeros computation at very large height The Riemann Hypothesis (RH) is one the most important unsolved problem in mathematics (see Zeta generalities for details about the RH). It has naturally been numerically checked threw the ages, thanks to techniques about the Zeta functions evaluations (see Numerical evaluation of the Riemann Zeta-function for details). History of numerical verification of the RH Numerical computations have been made threw the ages to check the RH on the first zeros. Computer age, starting with Turing computations, permitted to perform verification higher than billions of zeros. An history of the RH verification on the first n zeros is given below. Year n Author J. P. Gram [

139. Framework Interpretation Of Genesis 1 A literal framework for the six days of creation. http://www.asa3.org/ASA/education/origins/fw.htm

The Framework Interpretation of Genesis 1 1. an excerpt from Christian Views of Science and Earth History by Rich Milne and Ray Bohlin: literary framework begins with the earth formless and void as stated in Genesis 1:2. The first three days of creation remove the formlessness of the earth, and the last three days fill the void of the earth. On days one through three God creates light, sea and sky, and the land. On days four through six, God fills the heavens, sky, sea, and land. There was a pattern in the ancient Near East of a perfect work being completed in six days with a seventh day of rest. [editor's note: This supports a claim that the six-day framework is a worldview-related literary structure ] The six days were divided into three groups of two days each. In Genesis chapter one we also have the six days of work with a seventh day of rest, but the six days are divided into two groups of three days. So maybe this was only meant to say that God is Creator and His work is perfect. 8 (footnote): Umberto Cassuto

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